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The efficiency of element accumulation depends on numerous factors, where the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil seem to be very important, and the role of taxonomic rank in the accumulation of elements by mushrooms seems to be important. The aim of the study was to compare the mineral composition of 7 species belonging to Leccinum and Suillus genera, collected between 2019 and 2021 from localizations in the west-central part of Poland. The research aimed to indicate the role of selected soil parameters in stimulating/inhibiting the accumulation of elements by selected Boletales mushroom species and to answer the question about the role of species belonging to the genus as an indicator determining the specific mineral composition of fruiting bodies. Soil pH and other soil properties (granulometric composition, organic carbon, degree of organic matter decomposition) may significantly affect mushrooms' mineral composition. Mushroom species belonging to Leccinum genus exhibited the higher amount of essential major and trace elements than species of Suillus genus). It suggests that the affiliation of the studied mushroom species to a specific genus may affect their mineral composition, and the physicochemical properties of the soil may be responsible for the lack of a clear division in the efficiency of element(s) accumulation. Selected species contain high amounts of K, Cu, Fe, and Zn, while others, such as selected Suillus gravellei fruiting bodies, also contain As and Cd. The results described serve as an introduction to a broader scientific discussion and require many further studies to confirm the role of taxonomic ranks and the influence of soil characteristics on the accumulation of elements by fruiting bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study monitored the content of 55 elements in 21 wood-growing mushroom species collected between 2013 and 2019 from Lower and Upper Silesia in Poland. Only 27 of the elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, In, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Pt, Rh, Sr, Ti, Tm, V, Y, Zn, and Zr) were detected in all mushroom species, while others (As, Au, B, Be, Bi, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Er, Eu, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Ho, Ir, Li, Lu, Mo, Os, Pb, Rb, Re, Ru, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Tb, Te, Th, Tl, Tm, U, and Yb) were below the limit of detection in the fruit bodies of at least one species. Wide ranges for major elements in the whole population of all the mushroom species were as follows: 15.4–470 (Ca), 6580–44,600 (K), 314–2150 (Mg), 38.0–319 (Na), and 1100–15,500 (P) mg kg−1 dm, respectively. The rank sum revealed that M. giganteus fruit bodies were the most enriched with all detectable elements, while A. mellea had the lowest content of the majority of elements. Mushrooms belonging to the Hymenochaetaceae family were characterized as some of the most enriched with the studied elements, while mushrooms of the Fomitopsidaceae family had the lowest content of elements. Similarities as well as differences between the obtained results and the available literature data confirm the important role of both mushroom species and the tree on which the fungus has grown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been known since the 1970s that differences exist in the profile of element content in wild-growing mushroom species, although knowledge of the role of mushroom species/families as determinants in the accumulation of diverse element remains limited. The aim of this study was to determine the content of 63 mineral elements, divided into six separate groups in the fruit bodies of 17 wild-growing mushroom species. The mushrooms, growing in widely ranging types of soil composition, were collected in Poland in 2018. Lepista nuda and Paralepista gilva contained not only the highest content of essential major (531 and 14,800 mg kg−1, respectively of Ca and P) and trace elements (425 and 66.3 mg kg−1, respectively of Fe and B) but also a high content of trace elements with a detrimental health effect (1.39 and 7.29 mg kg−1, respectively of Tl and Ba). A high content of several elements (Al, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Er, Fe, Mg, Mo, P, Sc, Ti or V) in L. nuda, Lepista personata, P. gilva and/or Tricholoma equestre fruit bodies belonging to the Tricholomataceae family suggests that such species may be characterised by the most effective accumulation of selected major or trace elements. On the other hand, mushrooms belonging to the Agaricaceae family (Agaricus arvensis, Coprinus comatus and Macrolepiota procera) were characterised by significant differences in the content of all determined elements jointly, which suggests that a higher content of one or several elements is mushroom species-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of substrate supplementation with germanium (Ge) and selenium (Se), alone or combined, on the growth, element accumulation and ergosterol content in the fruiting bodies of the mushroom species Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus. Both species were grown in four independent experimental systems with different concentrations of germanium powder (1, 5 and 10 mM), selenite [Se(IV)] and selenate [Se(VI)] (0.1, 0.4 and 0.8 mM of each Se species). Se supplementation caused no observable changes to morphology while the addition of Ge induced changes in size and/or colour, especially for P. ostreatus. A synergistic effect of Ge supplementation on Se accumulation in fruiting bodies of G. lucidum was observed only at the two highest levels of supplementation with both elements. Even though inorganic Se was used to enrich the experimental substrates, organic Se compounds dominated in the fruiting bodies. Increasing levels of Ge in the substrates elevated the content of organic selenium in the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum. No such trend was recorded in P. ostreatus. The maximum mean Ge levels in P. ostreatus and G. lucidum reached up to 70 and 80 mg kg−1, respectively. However, the bioaccessibility of this element was low, in the range 5.4–6.6% (P. ostreatus) and 0.4–7.6% (G. lucidum). Ergosterol content in the fruiting bodies of both species displayed the highest values in all the experimental systems supplemented with Se. The addition of Ge and Se + Ge resulted in losses of ergosterol content in comparison to cultivation with Se supplementation and control. The obtained results show the significant role of Ge–Se interaction in the accumulation of these elements in the studied mushroom species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the comment on our paper entitled: "Family and species as determinants modulating mineral composition of selected wild-growing mushroom species" published in the Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Mleczek et al. [9]) prepared by Jerzy Falandysz, we would like to respond to the comments and suggestions. Answer to "Comments on "Family and species as determinants modulating mineral composition of selected wild-growing mushroom species" by Falandysz, Jerzy (DOI:10.1007/s11356-020-10508-6)" We would like to point out that according to the data presented on the US Geological Survey website, "The rare earths are a relatively abundant group of 17 elements composed of scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides.". [Extracted from the article]

The study investigated effect of substrate supplementation with Se alone or in combination with Cu or/and Zn Se on (1) the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii; (2) elements accumulation in mushrooms; (3) the antioxidant activities of bio-enriched mushroom extracts in human platelets. The accumulation of elements generally increased over concentration gradient reaching its maximum at 1.2 mM for P. ostreatus and P. eryngii: (1) over 100 and 80 mg kg of Se, respectively (Se supplementation); (2) over 15 and 30 mg kg of Cu, respectively (Se+Cu); (3) over 30 and 85 mg kg of Zn, respectively. Se was predominantly accumulated as an organic fraction. Contrary to P. eryngii, the P. ostreatus biomass decreased with substrate elements concentration but was satisfactory up to 0.9 mM of Se, Se+Cu and Se+Zn. The Se+Cu+Zn model yielded low biomass and elements accumulation. Extracts from mushrooms bio-enriched with Se and Se+Zn (0.6-1.2 mM) revealed significant antioxidant activities in human platelets by ameliorating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing lipid peroxidation. The study demonstrated the potential application of Pleurotus mushrooms as functional food products bio-enriched with essential elements. ROS inhibition by extracts of these mushrooms may be useful in control of platelets activation cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has recently been suggested that food fortification with Li is worth serious consideration as a strategy to support psychiatric treatment and decrease violent behaviors in the general population. Therefore, the present study developed the cultivation of three commercially important mushroom species, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus, on substrates enriched with Li (0.25-1.0 mM) in the form of acetate or carbonate. The growth of the mycelium colony, production of fruiting bodies and accumulation of Li were evaluated. Analysis of Li was performed using an optical emission spectrometry with excitation by inductively coupled plasma using an Agilent 5100 ICP-OES spectrometer. As found, LiCO was a more bioavailable form although it had a greater adverse effect on mushroom growth. Substrate supplementation with CHCOOLi resulted in lower or no growth retardation but decreased uptake of Li. The most promising results were obtained for G. lucidum, which accumulated up to 73.58 ± 10.87 (LiCO) and 25.59 ± 9.98 (CHCOOLi) mg Li kg dry mass. Given the popularity of the investigated mushroom species in various cultures as food or alternative medicines, their Li-biofortified forms could potentially find social acceptance. The concentrations of Li accumulated in fruiting bodies were not high enough for application in psychiatric treatments but could potentially support the daily intake of Li for behavior modification or health beneficiary purposes. Further studies are necessary to fully investigate the safety implications of Li-enriched mushrooms for humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the content of 62 elements in the fruiting bodies ofLentinula edodes(Shiitake mushroom) cultivated commercially in Poland on various substrates from 2007–2015. The general mean content (mg kg−1dry weight (DW)) of the studied elements ranked in the following order: K (26,335) > P (11,015) > Mg (2,284) > Ca (607) > Na (131) > Zn (112) > Fe (69) > Mn (33) > B (32) > Rb (17) > Cu (14.5) > Al (11.2) > Te (2.9) > As (1.80) > Cd (1.76) > Ag (1.73) > Nd (1.70) > Sr (1.46) > Se (1.41) > U (1.11) > Pt (0.90) > Ce (0.80) > Ba (0.61) > Co (0.59) > Tl (0.58) > Er (0.50) > Pb (0.42) > Li (0.40) > Pr (0.39) > Ir (0.37) > In (0.35) > Mo (0.31) > Cr (0.29) > Ni (0.28) > Sb (0.26) > Re (0.24) > Ti (0.19) > Bi (0.18) > Th (0.12) > La (0.10) = Pd (0.10) > Os (0.09) = Zr (0.09) > Rh (0.08) > Ho (0.07) > Ru (0.06) > Sm (0.04) = Eu (0.04) = Tm (0.04) > Gd (0.03) > Sc (0.02) = Y (0.02) > Lu (0.01) = Yb (0.01) = V (0.01). The contents of Au, Be, Dy, Ga, Ge, Hf, and Tb were below the limits of detection (0.02, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.02 mg kg−1respectively). The concentrations of Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Er, Fe, In, Lu, Mn, Nd, Sr, Ti, Tm, and Zr were comparable over the period the mushrooms were cultivated. The study revealed thatLentinula edodescontained As and Cd at levels potentially adverse to human health. This highlights the need to monitor these elements in food products obtained from this mushroom species and ensure that only low levels of these elements are present in cultivation substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral composition among mushroom species may be similar or significantly different. It is accepted that mushroom species are one of the main determinants of their varying efficiency of accumulating mineral elements. The aim of this study was to establish whether this statement is accurate and what role the mushroom genus may play. For this purpose, fruit bodies of 5 species belonging to the Lactarius genus and 4 species belonging to Russula genus were collected from a forest area as small as compatible with similar chemical soil characteristics. In total, 4 major (Ca, K, Mg, Na) and 33 trace elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Cd, Ce, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, Hg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta, Ti, Tl, U, V, Zn, Zr) were determined. Generally, species belonging to the Lactarius genus contained a higher content of major elements compared to Russula. The obtained results reveal a similarity in the mineral profile of the studied mushrooms within each individual genus. Moreover, within each mushroom genus, a specific species with significantly higher element(s) content was observed, suggesting that both the mushroom species and genera may play an essential role in modulating element accumulation from soil to soil fruit bodies. Due to the fact that collected mushrooms grew in close proximity to trees, we were able to confirm that the presence of Fagus sylvatica might stimulate the accumulation of toxic elements in Lactarius vellereus bodies. [Display omitted] • Mineral composition of Lactarius and Russula mushroom species were studied. • Species of genus Lactarius contained higher level of major elements than Russula. • Similarity in mineral profile between mushrooms of the particular genera were observed. • Higher accumulation of elements may depend on species and genus. • Fagus sylvatica may stimulate toxic elements accumulation in Lactarius vellereus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading global cause of mortality indicating the need to identify all possible factors reducing primary and secondary risk. This study screened the in vitro antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities of hot water extracts of eight edible mushroom species (Agaricus bisporus, Auricularia auricularia-judae, Coprinuscomatus, Ganodermalucidum, Hericium erinaceus, Lentinulaedodes, Pleurotuseryngii, and Pleurotusostreatus) increasingly cultivated for human consumption, and compared them to those evoked by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The antioxidant capacity and concentration of polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, organic acids, ergosterol, macro elements, and trace elements were also characterized. The most promising antiplatelet effect was exhibited by A. auricularia-judae and P. eryngii extracts as demonstrated by the highest rate of inhibition of adenosine-5′-diphosphate (ADP)-induced and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced aggregation. The response to both extracts exceeded the one evoked by 140 µmol/L of ASA in the ADP test and was comparable to it in the case of the AA test. Such a dual effect was also observed for G. lucidum extract, even though it was proven to be cytotoxic in platelets and leukocytes. The extract of P. ostreatus revealed an additive effect on AA-induced platelet aggregation. None of the mushroom extracts altered the monitored coagulation parameters (prothrombin time, prothrombin ratio, and International Normalized Ratio). The effect of mushroom extracts on platelet function was positively related to their antioxidative properties and concentration of polysaccharides and ergosterol, and inversely related to zinc concentration. The study suggests that selected mushrooms may exert favorable antiplatelet effects, highlighting the need for further experimental and clinical research in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineral composition of wild-growing mushroom species is influenced by various environmental factors, particularly the chemical properties of the soil/substrate. We hypothesised that element uptake might also correlate with taxonomic classification, potentially allowing us to predict contamination levels based on mushrooms within the same taxonomic rank. This study compared the mineral composition (Ag, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) of 16 saprotrophic mushroom species from 11 genera across 4 families and 2 orders. Among these were 13 edible and 3 inedible mushrooms, all collected from natural, wild stands in a forest in central-western Poland between 2017 and 2020. Phallus impudicus exhibited the highest mean content of Ba (together with Phallus hadriani) (6.63 and 8.61 mg kg−1, respectively), Ca (with Paralepista gilva and Stropharia rugosoannulata) (803, 735 and 768 mg kg−1, respectively), Cd (with Lycoperdon perlatum) (3.59 and 3.12 mg kg−1, respectively), Co (0.635 mg kg−1), and Fe (with P. hadriani and S. rugosoannulata) (476, 427 and 477 mg kg−1, respectively), while Macrolepiota mastoidea showed the highest content of Ag (1.96 mg kg−1), As (with Coprinus comatus) (1.56 and 1.62 mg kg−1, respectively) and Cu (with Macrolepiota procera and Chlorophyllum rhacodes) (192, 175 and 180 mg kg−1, respectively). Comparing the content of the analysed elements in the genera represented by at least two species, a similarity was observed, the same as the mean concentration in soil under these species. Soil characteristics could be a superior factor that overshadows the impact of the mushroom genus on the elements accumulation, obscuring its role as a determinant in this process. The results are not definitive evidence that belonging to a particular taxonomic rank is a prerequisite condition affecting the accumulation of all elements. A closer focus on this issue is needed. [Display omitted] • Mineral composition of 16 mushroom species in 2 taxonomic orders was examined. • Taxonomic rank may affect mushroom physiology expressed in uptake of elements. • Discriminative taxonomic rank may be mostly mushroom genus, sometimes the species. • Mineral profile of mushrooms depends on chemical characteristics of soil. • Chosen mushroom species contain high amounts of K and Mg and possibly As and Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the first and Poland the fifth the greatest producers of cultivated mushrooms worldwide. Because new species are being domesticated and gaining popularity there is a need to study their biological activities and chemical composition. In this study, a multi-elemental analysis was conducted on 14 culinary and/or medicinal mushroom species cultivated in China and Poland, all of which were available in German and Polish oriental and internet shops ( Agaricus bisporus , Amauroderma rude , Auricularia auricula-judae , Auricularia nigricans, Ganoderma lucidum , Lentinula edodes, Lignosus rhinocerus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis , Pleurotus ostreatus , Sparassis crispa, Tremella fuciformis, Wolfiporia cocos and Volvariella volvacea ). Overall, the contents of 5 macroelements and 31 trace elements were quantified. The studied mushrooms varied widely in their content of both essential and toxic deleterious elements. A. rude was found to contain the highest content of toxic deleterious elements Al, As and Pt. Platinum content was of particular concern as it exceeded 7 mg kg ö1 dry matter. The studied mushrooms were generally found to contain higher amounts of Pt, Ni (particularly W . cocos ), and rare-earth elements Er and Nd (particularly V. volvacea ) than reported in many literature data. The study generally concludes that the levels of various elements in the analysed mushrooms are not toxic, although further attention should be paid to reducing Ni levels in commercial mushrooms available as culinary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Agaricus genus comprises several commercially cultivated edible species, with A. bisporus being unambiguously the most important mushroom in this regard worldwide. The aim of study was to evaluate the content of 62 elements in fruit bodies of cultivated A. bisporus (brown and white strains), A. arvensis and A . subrufescens available on the Polish market during 2007–2015. Overall, 26 elements were detected in every sample, the content of 25 elements was above the concentration 0.01 mg kg −1 in only some percentage of samples, while contents of Au, Be, Co, Dy, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Li, Sm, Tb and Yb were below 0.01 mg kg −1 . As demonstrated using heatmaps, the variability of elemental composition was the lowest in A. bisporus and the greatest in A. subrufescens . Generally, A. bisporus was also characterized by the lowest content of potentially toxic elements such as Al, As and Cd (3.0 ± 1.2; 0.63 ± 0.37 and 0.36 ± 0.47 mg kg −1 dry matter, respectively). All in all, the present study offers the broadest insight to date into the elemental composition of Agaricus mushrooms cultivated for human consumption, and further indicates that cultivation of A. bisporus is highly standardized compared to other species. It is worth pointing out that toxic element content in the studied mushrooms was generally considered low and safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to compare the mineral composition of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler fruit bodies available on the Polish and German markets in 2019 and grown in 5 countries in Europe and Asia. Organically-cultivated fruit bodies from Europe contained a higher amount of K, Mg and Na but also a lower level of rare earth elements than traditionally cultivated L. edodes from Asia. The highest mean contents of K, Mg and Na were determined in mushrooms from Polish organic food stores (21,700; 1,330 and 144 mg kg−1, respectively). The highest mean content of Al, As, Au, Ba, Cs, Li, Os, Pb, Pt, Sr, Th, Ti and V was determined in dried Vietnamese L. edodes (91.2, 7.09, 0.168, 5.23, 35.0, 0.400, 0.189, 1.07, 1.77, 1.86, 0.172, 4.58 and 0.251 mg kg−1, respectively) with no significant differences in Cd and Hg content between all the studied groups of mushrooms. The highest content of all elements was determined in traditionally cultivated L. edodes fruit bodies from Vietnam and organically-cultivated mushrooms from Poland. The results revealed similarities in terms of the total content of elements, but a different mineral composition, thus providing important information for potential consumers of this mushroom species. [Display omitted] • Traditionally (TC) and organic-cultivated (OC) L. edodes were studied. • Higher amount of nonessential and toxic metals in TC than OC was determined. • TC fruit bodies contained a lower amount of rare earth elements than OC. • Mineral composition of TC market L. edodes should be randomly controlled. • Intake of studied mushrooms was not the cause of potential health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of major- and trace elements in wild-growing mushrooms has been subject to numerous studies, but the data on long-term trends in this regard are scarce. The aim of research was to determine the content of 34 elements in four edible mushroom species Boletus edulis , Imleria badia , Leccinum scabrum and Macrolepiota procera, and associated soil collected from Polish forests between 1974 and 2019. As initially hypothesized, the element concentration in the studied soil revealed an increasing trend and was positively correlated with their levels found in fruit bodies. Bioconcentrafion Factor values exceeding 1 were documented for all mushroom species for K, P, Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn. When compared to the Adequate Intakes, all the mushroom species were found to be a good dietary source of K, P, and Zn (range of 6260–8690, 6260–8690 and 97–135 mg kg−1 dry weight (dw), respectively), and B. edulis and I. badia a moderate source of Fe (mean 71.5 and 76.5 mg kg−1 dw, respectively), B. edulis of Mn and Mo (mean 20.0 and 0.42 mg kg−1 dw, respectively), while L. scabrum and M. procera a source of Cu. Consumption of the studied mushrooms would not lead to significant exposure to Al, As, Cr, or Ni. Considering that wild mushrooms will continue to be collected in Poland, one should bear in mind that they are a limited source of minerals in the human diet while their frequent, regular consumption, associated with exposure to selected toxic elements, should not be recommended. Image 1 • 34 elements in 4 wild edible mushroom species are exmined over a 45 year period. • Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, K, P, and Zn exibit BCF>1. • The contents of the number of elements in mushrooms and soil positively correlate. • Frequent, consecutive consumption may lead to increased intakes of Cd, Hg, and Pb. • All mushrooms are a good dietary source of P, K, Cu, and Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]