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Haplosporidian protist parasites are a major concern for aquatic animal health, as they have been responsible for some of the most significant marine epizootics on record. Despite their impact on food security, aquaculture and ecosystem health, characterizing haplosporidian diversity, distributions and host range remains challenging. In this study, water filtering bivalve species, cockles Cerastoderma edule, mussels Mytilus spp. and Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas, were screened using molecular genetic assays using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) markers for the Haplosporidia small subunit ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid region. Two Haplosporidia species, both belonging to the Minchinia clade, were detected in C. edule and in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis in a new geographic range for the first time. No haplosporidians were detected in the C. gigas, Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis or Mytilus hybrids. These findings indicate that host selection and partitioning are occurring amongst cohabiting bivalve species. The detection of these Haplosporidia spp. raises questions as to whether they were always present, were introduced unintentionally via aquaculture and or shipping or were naturally introduced via water currents. These findings support an increase in the known diversity of a significant parasite group and highlight that parasite species may be present in marine environments but remain undetected, even in well-studied host species.

Relatively high E. coli and Faecal Streptococci (FS) numbers have been reported in the waters surrounding Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK, an area containing significant shellfishery industries including mussels and cockles, despite the implementation of development works aimed at reducing residual contamination problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using bacterial analyses and sterol profiling to assess the current levels and source of faecal pollution at Blakeney Point. No evidence of significant human faecal contamination of water in and around Blakeney Point could be found using either traditional microbiological analyses or sterol profile analysis. The presence of significant quantities of sitosterol, however, suggests that faecal contamination of water from birds does occur but at the concentration detected would not affect water quality. Analysis of cockles and mussels taken from the area show that negligible levels of coprostanol were present, confirming that faecal pollution was not causing any contamination issues. Apart from cholesterol, brassicasterol, an algal biomarker, as expected was dominant in shellfish flesh. The results confirm that current water treatment processes are successful in ensuring water quality at Blakeney Point and that a combination of microbial testing with sterol profile analysis confirmed that low microbial concentrations of faecal contaminants present in and around Blakeney Point most probably originate from migratory and/or resident bird species.

The Federal Government created in 2012 the National Shellfish Sanitation Program which states the rules for the sanitary control in the production and trade of oysters, mussels, scallops and cockles. This report points out some possibilities to set up the trade chain according to the stated requirements and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these alternatives. The presented possibilities are: Shellfishermen selling their production to Processing Plants; Shellfisherman hiring Processing Plants to process their production; Implementation of new Processing Plants; Implementation of cooperatives; Registration of fish markets within the Inspection Authority. Resumo: O Governo Federal instituiu, em 2012, o Programa Nacional de Controle Higiênico-Sanitário de Moluscos Bivalves, que definiu as regras para o controle sanitário na produção e na comercialização de ostras, mexilhões, vieiras e berbigões. Este informativo aponta algumas possibilidades para a adequação da cadeia produtiva às regras estabelecidas nessa legislação e discute as vantagens e desvantagens dessas alternativas. As possibilidades apresentadas são: venda da produção dos maricultores para estabelecimentos processadores; estabelecimentos processadores prestando serviço de processamento para maricultores; implantação de novos estabelecimentos processadores de moluscos; criação de cooperativas; registro de peixarias junto ao órgão de inspeção.

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-01-07T14:47:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Ana Beatriz Azevedo Ramos Parte 1.pdf: 2179312 bytes, checksum: e86cf4e74b4900df6df15643de96f2c8 (MD5) Dissertacao Ana Beatriz Azevedo Ramos Parte 2.pdf: 1018261 bytes, checksum: d201f1c2a1daab670b190f55dfce1681 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-07T14:47:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Ana Beatriz Azevedo Ramos Parte 1.pdf: 2179312 bytes, checksum: e86cf4e74b4900df6df15643de96f2c8 (MD5) Dissertacao Ana Beatriz Azevedo Ramos Parte 2.pdf: 1018261 bytes, checksum: d201f1c2a1daab670b190f55dfce1681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are broadly studied due to their deleterious effects on organisms and humans. Many compounds of PAHs are capable to reacting with the DNA and making it carcinogenic and/or mutagenic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of PAHs in tissue of Crassostrea sp. (oyster), Perna perna (mussels) e Anomalocardia brasiliana (clams/cockles) and the distribution of these compounds in suspended particular matter (SPM) and surface sediments in two contrasting Brazilian coastal areas that it is subject to different levels of anthropogenic impact. PAHs were analyzed by GC-MS in three mussels and oyster size-classes samples and two clams size-classes samples further sediments and SPM. The results for Σ total PAHs in the sediments were 160.8 to 219.9 ng.g-1 and 200.5 to 8139.5 in Ribeirão da Ilha and Ilha do Governador, respectively. To the SPM was obtained a variation between 57.2 to 654.5 ng.g-1 in Ribeirão da Ilha and 25.9 to 133.9 ng.g-1 in the Ilha do Governador. In relation to biological samples, the concentration of Σ total PAHs in the Ribeirão da Ilha varied between 432.7 and 700.2 ng.g-1, 115.7 and 731.9 and 159.9 and 888.9 ng.g-1 for mussels, cockles and oysters, respectively. And in Ilha do Governador the mussels, cockles and oysters composite samples varied between 544.9 and 848.8 ng.g-1, 186.2 and 329.9 ng.g-1, and 941.8 and 1785.1 ng.g-1, respectively. In general, it was observed a greater accumulation of the compounds of lowest molecular weight in the samples. And the predominance of the alkylated compounds, which represent more than 75% of the Σ total PAHs for all biological samples, that can indicate an oil contamination and/or derivatives thereof. There were no significant differences between the different size-class, as there were no significant differences for Σ 16 PAHs and Σ total PAHs between the two regions studied. Our results show that Ribeirão da Ilha and Ilha do Governador organisms display low to moderate contamination, confirming the use of these organisms as sentinels of environmental contamination. All samples had benzo(a)pyrene concentrations below the established European Union threshold to tissue of bivalve mollusks. Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) têm sido largamente estudados devido aos seus efeitos tóxicos em espécies aquáticas e seres humanos. Muitos compostos do grupo dos HPAs são capazes de reagir com o DNA, tornando-se potencialmente carcinogênicos e/ou mutagênicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de HPAs em tecido de Crassostrea sp. (ostra), Perna perna (mexilhão) e Anomalocardia brasiliana (vôngole/berbigão) e a distribuição destes compostos no material particulado em suspensão (MPS) e no sedimento superficial em duas áreas da costa brasileira, sujeitas a diferentes graus de contaminação por hidrocarbonetos. Os HPAs foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrofotometria de massas em amostras compostas de 3 diferentes classes de tamanhos para mexilhão e ostra e 2 classes de tamanho para os berbigões, no sedimento e no MPS. Os resultados encontrados para o Σ HPAs totais no sedimento foram de 160,8 a 219,9 ng.g-1 e de 200,5 a 8.139,5 em Ribeirão da Ilha e Ilha do Governador, respectivamente. Já para o MPS foi obtido uma variação de 57,2 a 654,5 ng.g-1em Ribeirão da Ilha e 25,9 a 133,9 ng.g-1 na Ilha do Governador. Em relação às amostras biológicas, a concentração do ΣHPAs totais nas amostras de Ribeirão da Ilha variaram entre 432,7 e 700,2 ng.g-1, 115,7 e 731,9 ng.g-1 e 159,9 e 888,9 ng.g-1 para mexilhões, berbigões e ostras, respectivamente. E na Ilha do Governador as amostras compostas de mexilhões, berbigões e ostras variaram entre 544,9 e 848,8 ng.g-1, 186,2 e 329,9 ng.g-1, e 941,8 e 1.785,1 ng.g-1, respectivamente. De modo geral foi observado um maior acúmulo dos compostos de menor peso molecular nas amostras estudadas e um predomínio dos compostos alquilados, que representaram, em todas as amostras biológicas, sempre mais que 75 % dos HPAs totais determinados, apontando uma contaminação por petróleo e/ou derivados. Em relação a diferença de tamanho dos moluscos bivalves, não houve diferenças significativas entre os mesmos, assim como não houve diferenças significativas para o Σ 16 HPAs e Σ HPAs totais entre as duas regiões estudadas. Os resultados apontam para uma baixa e moderada contaminação de HPAs nos sedimentos em Ribeirão da Ilha e Ilha do Governador, respectivamente. Todas as amostras tiveram concentrações de benzo(a)pireno abaixo dos valores limite estabelecido pela Comissão Europeia para tecido mole dos moluscos bivalves.

Trois études de zones ont été conduites en 1997/1998 dans le bassin de Marennes-Oléron (Charente-Maritime). Deux concernaient la contamination des coquillages fouisseurs de la Seudre et du banc de Ronce-Perquis. La troisième concernait la contamination des coquillages filtreurs des bouchots à moules des Saumonards (Ile d'Oléron). Ces études avaient pour objet d'évaluer les niveaux de contamination microbiologique et chimique de ces zones de production de coquillages afin que l'Administration puisse en effectuer le classement sanitaire conformément à l'arrêté du 21 juillet 1995. La Seudre, à l'aval de la rivière, a montré, pour les fouisseurs, une qualité microbiologique de catégorie B et une qualité microbiologique de catégorie C pour la partie amont. De son côté, le Banc de Ronce-Perquis a présenté, pour les fouisseurs, une qualité microbiologique de catégorie B. Enfin, la catégorie microbiologique des moules des bouchots des Saumonards est de type A. Le suivi du mercure total, du cadmium et du plomb dans la chair des coquillages a mis en évidence des teneurs inférieures aux valeurs seuil.