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Black, brown, and white mustards are important spice and oil crops cultivated worldwide. In this study, the effect of mustard lines in terms of growth and yield under spring sown conditions during 2 years (2020 and 2021) was investigated under semi-arid climatic conditions in Ankara, Turkey. Fifteen lines and one standard were used in this study. The experiment was carried out according to the randomized block trial design with four replications. The results demonstrated statistically significant lines × years interaction for plant height, number of branches, number of capsules, number of seeds, thousand-seed weight, seed yield and crude oil yield of black, brown, and white mustard lines. The days to emergence, 4–6 leaves rosette stages, 50% flowering, 50% encapsulation, and harvest varied according to species and years. The better production year was 2021, when the highest seed yield (3080 kg ha−1) and oil yield (612 kg ha−1) were determined from the Brassica juncea-Bj3 line, while the lower production year was 2020, when the lowest seed yield (572 kg ha−1) and oil yield (133 kg ha−1) were detected for the B. nigra-Bn5 line. The B. juncea-Bj3 line for crude oil yield (612 kg ha−1) and the Sinapis alba-Sa5 line for seed yield (2282 kg ha−1) appeared to be superior in performance compared to the other lines and standards. The lines can be further exploited for breeding programs through selection and hybridization. Considering the yield data of the lines, it was detected that the lines of Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba and Brassica nigra have an important potential as a raw material resource for different industries. HIGHLIGHTS: The experimental results showed the agronomic potential of growing Brassica species under spring conditions. The yield characteristics of 15 Brassica lines were significantly affected by the environmental situation. The Brassica juncea-Bj3 and Sinapis alba-Sa2 lines were the superior lines and had a high potential for breeding new Brassica cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining and improving soil health is one of the top priorities in organic agriculture to ensure crop production sustainability. Mustard seed meal extracts are promising organic soil amendments that can reduce pesticide pressure and improve crop yields. In this study, we investigated the potential of mustard seed meal extract developed in our laboratory, to improve soil health in organic potato systems. Field trials were conducted on two certified organic farms in Northern Idaho to 1) assess the changes in soil chemical indicators after mustard seed meal extract application; 2) evaluate the effect of mustard seed meal extract on microbial biomass carbon; and 3) measure plant-available nutrients levels in soil after mustard seed meal extract application. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report studying the effect of mustard seed meal extract on soil quality in organic potato systems. Out of 27 soil chemical and biological indicators measured, 19 indicators were sensitive to the addition of mustard seed meal extract. The data obtained for organic and inorganic soil constituents indicate a positive impact of mustard seed meal extract on soil quality. Addition of mustard seed meal extract to soil increases Haney soil health score up to 1.5 times demonstrating the benefit of application for improving soil quality in organic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Sinapis alba and Sinapis arvensis are mustard crops within the Brassiceae tribe of the Brassicaceae family, and represent an important genetic resource for crop improvement. We performed the de novo assembly of Brassica nigra, S. alba, and S. arvensis, and conducted comparative genomics to investigate the pattern of genomic evolution since an ancient whole‐genome triplication event. Both Sinapis species retained evidence of the Brassiceae whole‐genome triplication approximately 20.5 million years ago (Mya), with subgenome dominance observed in gene density, gene expression, and selective constraint. While S. alba diverged from the ancestor of Brassica and Raphanus at approximately 12.5 Mya, the divergence time of S. arvensis and B. nigra was approximately 6.5 Mya. S. arvensis and B. nigra had greater collinearity compared with their relationship to either Brassica rapa or Brassica oleracea. Two chromosomes of S. alba (Sal03 and Sal08) were completely collinear with two ancestral chromosomes proposed in the Ancestral Crucifer Karyotype (ACK) genomic block model, the first time this has been observed in the Brassiceae. These results are consistent with S. alba representing a relatively ancient lineage of the species evolved from the common ancestor of tribe Brassiceae, and suggest that the phylogeny of the Brassica and Sinapis genera requires some revision. Our study provides new insights into the genome evolution and phylogenetic relationships of Brassiceae and provides genomic information for genetic improvement of these plants. Significance Statement: The genomes of Brassica and Sinapis share evidence of the ancestral whole‐genome triplication event that distinguishes tribe Brassiceae from other lineages within the family Brassicaceae. This is validated through high‐quality genome assemblies of Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba and Sinapis arvensis that also reveal that Sinapis may represent the more ancient lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abandoned agricultural land present in most European countries constitutes a resource of land that can be restored to agricultural production. Fallow colonization by invasive plant species contributes to changes in the course of natural secondary succession. This may modify the possibilities of returning fallow lands to agriculture, which constitutes an issue that needs to be investigated. In this study, the phytotoxic effect of invasive black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) on two crop plants commonly used for fallow land utilization, white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), was assessed. The influence of water extracts from P. serotina litter and the soil collected under the individuals of this species was investigated. Sinapis alba was found to be more sensitive to allelochemicals released by P. serotina than F. esculentum. Litter extracts and soil with residues of P. serotina significantly inhibited both germination and growth of S. alba seedlings, estimated with length and mass of the above-ground and underground parts. In the case of F. esculentum, a negative effect of the tested extracts and soil on root mass reduction was observed. Preliminary results of our laboratory tests suggest that cultivation of white mustard should be avoided in the reclamation of fallows with black cherry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of soil microorganisms are characterized as plant growth promoting, but there seems to be a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding plant growth promoting soil yeasts. The aim of the experiment was to analyse the properties of three yeast species: Schwanniomyces occidentalis BK0302D, Cyberlindnera saturnus CK2404I and Candida tropicalis 2TD2912B, important for plant growth (ammonium sulphate transformation, phosphorus, potassium and zinc dissolution), and to evaluate the effect of yeast on the growth of common wheat and white mustard seedlings after seeds' inoculation. Common wheat and white mustard seeds were inoculated with the selected yeasts. The final measurements showed that the highest amount of nitrate (10.40 μg mL-1 NO3-) was produced by C. saturnus CK2404I, while S. occidentalis BK0302D solubilized the largest amount of phosphorus (63.70 μg mL-1 P). All three strains are marked as potassium and zinc solubilizers with both acid and alkaline phosphatase activity. This is the first report on S. occidentalis and C. tropicalis ability to solubilize insoluble potassium and zinc, and C. saturnus ability to solubilize insoluble phosphorus, potassium and zinc. Also, C. tropicalis 2TD2912B exhibited high antagonistic activity (66% growth inhibition) toward Botrytis cinerea. In vivo trial was conducted in a low-nutrient substrate, and S. occidentalis BK0302D was found to have the most considerable influence on common wheat biomass production (34% increase). White mustard inoculation with C. saturnus CK2404I resulted in a 4-fold higher biomass production, while S. occidentalis BK0302D induced a 2-fold increase. The presented results confirmed the multi-functional plant growth promoting characteristics of the tested yeasts and their potential for broad application from conventional agriculture on low-nutrient soils to revegetation of disturbed substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated some biological peculiarities and the quality of fresh and ensiled biomass from white mustard, Sinapis alba, which was cultivated on the experimental land in the National Botanical Garden (Institute), Chisinau. The fresh mass was mowed in the flowering stage, some assessments of the main biochemical parameters: crude protein (CP), ash (CA), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), total soluble sugars (TSS) have been determined by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique PERTEN DA 7200, the concentration of hemicellulose (HC), cellulose (Cel), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEl) and relative feed value (RFV) were calculated according to standard procedures, the sensorial and chemical characteristics of the prepared silage were determined in accordance with the laboratory standard SM 108. It has been determined that the white mustard fresh mass contained 183-208 g/kg dry matter with 18.3-22.9% CP, 9.2-10.9% CA, 43.9-51.8% NDF, 28.3-34.7% ADF, 4.8-5.6% ADL, 23.5-29.1% Cel, 15.6-17.1% HC, 6.3-8.7% TSS, 63.3-75.9% DMD, 57.3-66.1% DOM, RFV=111-142, 12.22-13.08 MJ/kg DE, 10.03-10.74 MJ/kg ME and 6.04-6.77 MJ/kg NEl. this fact indicates a good quality of the natural feed for ruminants. The white mustard silage was distinguished by homogeneous olive colour, pleasant smell specific of pickled cucumbers with pH = 4.12, it contained 7.4 g/kg acetic acid, 41.8/kg lactic acid, 24.6% CP, 14.1% CA, 41.1% NDF, 28.2% ADF, 2.9% ADL, 25.3 % Cel, 12.9 % HC, 5.3% TSS, 81.7% DMD, 71.3% DOM, RFV=151, 13.11 MJ/kg DE, 10.76 MJ/kg ME and 6.78 MJ/kg NEl. The biochemical methane potential of Sinapis alba substrates reached 295-330 L/kg organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the cultivation area of cruciferous oilseed crops and the use of short crop rotation has resulted in the enhanced spread of several major pests in Northern latitudes. There is currently limited information about incidence and severity of Alternaria black spot disease (Alternaria brassicae) on the main oilseed crop, spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus), in the Northern Baltics. Thus, spring oilseed rape and five alternative cruciferous oilseed crops were selected and their resistance to black spot disease was evaluated in field conditions during two growing seasons. We hypothesized that spring oilseed rape is more susceptible to Alternaria black spot disease than other alternative cruciferous oilseed crops. Both growing seasons were warmer and drier compared to the long-term average, and were thus suitable for A. brassicae development and assessments. In both years, incidence of Alternaria black spot infection was recorded on all cruciferous species, yet the disease development differed considerably among the crops. During both growing seasons, black mustard (B. nigra) plants were the most infected. Based on our observations during warm growing seasons we conclude that alternative oilseed crops such as Sinapis alba, Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus are more resistant to the Alternaria black spot infection than the traditional oilseed crops and thus, possess a great potential to grow with limited chemical disease control in Northern Baltic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mustard plants have been widely cultivated and used as spice, medicine and as source of edible oils. Currently, the use of the seeds of the mustard species Sinapis alba (white mustard or yellow mustard), Brassica juncea (brown mustard) and Brassica nigra (black mustard) in the food and beverage industry is immensely growing due to their nutritional and functional properties. The seeds serve as a source for a wide range of biologically active components including isothiocyanates that are responsible for the specific flavor of mustard, and tend to reveal conflicting results regarding possible health effects. Other potentially undesirable or toxic compounds, such as bisphenol F, erucic acid or allergens, may also occur in the seeds and in mustard products intended for human consumption. The aim of this article is to provide comprehensive information about potentially harmful compounds in mustard seeds and to evaluate potential health risks as an increasing use of mustard seeds is expected in the upcoming years.

Summary: The hatching and emergence of juveniles from cysts of Heterodera schachtii in response to various stimuli are well understood. These responses relate to means of optimising the chances of successful reproduction and survival of populations. However, the effect of different cultivars of host species is not so well understood. To gain a further understanding of any differences between cultivars of host species, we conducted a number of experiments using root leachates obtained from a range of cultivars of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), radish (Raphanus sativus) and white mustard (Sinapis alba). Heterodera schachtii cysts were exposed to root leachate solutions in in vitro laboratory assays during which emergence of second-stage juveniles (J2) from cysts was monitored weekly. Significant differences in the stimulation of hatch of J2 were found in response to different sugar beet cultivars and these differences may be driven by differing growth habits of such varieties. However, results obtained from experiments using brassica varieties showed contrasting responses. In one experiment, root leachates appeared to inhibit hatch of J2. However, two experiments did show a stimulation of hatch of J2 and also significant differences in hatch responses due to the age of the plant. These findings may help develop future screening procedures for brassica trap crops and help identify those that show the greatest potential for H. schachtii control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Currently, information on the allergens profiles of different mustard varieties is rather scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess protein profiles and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding patterns of selected Canadian mustard varieties. Optimization of a non-denaturing protein extraction from the seeds of selected mustard varieties was first undertaken, and the various extracts were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by means of protein recovery determination and protein profiling. The IgE-binding patterns of selected mustard seeds extracts were assessed by immunoblotting using sera from mustard sensitized and allergic individuals. In addition to the known mustard allergens—Sin a 2 (11S globulins), Sin a 1, and Bra j 1 (2S albumins)—the presence of other new IgE-binding protein bands was revealed from both Sinapis alba and Brassica juncea varieties. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the in-gel digested IgE-reactive bands identified the unknown ones as being oleosin, β-glucosidase, enolase, and glutathione-S transferase proteins. A bioinformatic comparison of the amino acid sequence of the new IgE-binding mustard proteins with those of know allergens revealed a number of strong homologies that are highly relevant for potential allergic cross-reactivity. Moreover, it was found that Sin a 1, Bra j 1, and cruciferin polypeptides exhibited a stronger IgE reactivity under non-reducing conditions in comparison to reducing conditions, demonstrating the recognition of conformational epitopes. These results further support the utilization of non-denaturing extraction and analysis conditions, as denaturing conditions may lead to failure in the detection of important immunoreactive epitopes.

Bisphenol F (BPF) was found in mustard up to a concentration of around 8 mg kg−1. Contamination of the raw products or caused by the packaging could be ruled out. Also, the fact that only the 4,4ʹ-isomer of BPF was detected spoke against contamination from epoxy resin or other sources where technical BPF is used. Only mild mustard made of the seeds ofSinapis albacontained BPF. In all probability BPF is a reaction product from the breakdown of the glucosinolate glucosinalbin with 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol as an important intermediate. Hot mustard made only from brown mustard seeds (Brassica juncea) or black mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) contained no BPF. BPF is structurally very similar to bisphenol A and has a similar weak estrogenic activity. The consumption of a portion of 20 g of mustard can lead to an intake of 100–200 µg of BPF. According to a preliminary risk assessment, the risk of BPF in mustard for the health of consumers is considered to be low, but available toxicological data are insufficient for a conclusive evaluation. It is a new and surprising finding that BPF is a natural food ingredient and that this is the main uptake route. This insight sheds new light on the risk linked to the family of bisphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canadian condiment yellow mustard seeds (also called white), oriental and brown mustard seeds and flour extracts and commercially produced Indian mustard oils were examined for bioactive phenolics primarily to identify the antioxidant properties. Phenolic compounds, namely sinapic acid, sinapoyl glucose and canolol, were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) coupled with a diode array detector (DAD). Canolol was detected and confirmed in trace amounts for the first time in commercial oils that had not been preheated specific for canolol production, most likely due to heat applied during processing. Sinapic acid, sinapine and canolol derived from unheated/unroasted mustard seeds and canola extracts were confirmed utilizing HPLC-DAD, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry (UPLC-tandem-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Practical applications: Oilseeds canola and mustard contain significant amounts of phenolic compounds, principally sinapic acid derivatives. The level and functionality of these phenolic is highly influenced by the processing conditions. In the current study, the phenolic composition of some commercial mustard seed, oil, meal and flour samples were profiled with special focus on the occurrence of canolol, the decarboxylation product of sinapic acid. This study suggests that optimizing the crushing, pressing, or extraction steps during processing is crucial to enrich mustard and canola products with benefits associated with these bioactives, especially canolol. The existence of sinapic acid derivatives was confirmed in the 70% aqueous methanolic extracts of commercial mustard products such as deheated mustard flour and oil. Extracts of mustard, in addition to canola, contain significant amounts of phenolics, mainly sinapine. Traditional ghani pressing, cold pressing and/or screw expeller pressing hold potential for enriching mustard and sinapate-rich oil with benefits associated with canolol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Simultaneous detection of white, black and brown mustard in one PCR tube. [•] No cross-reactivity with other Brassicaceae. [•] Applicable to raw and processed foodstuffs. [•] The three mustard species can be detected down to a concentration of 5mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White mustard seeds is a rich source of the glucosinolate glucosinalbin, although these levels are reduced during seed germination. This study aimed to enrich glucosinolate contents of white mustard sprouts during 9 days of germination (22 ± 2ºC) using different elicitors. The effect of such elicitors on the carotenoid biosynthesis during germination was also studied. As chemical elicitors, methyljasmonate (MeJA-10–100 μM) and salicylic acid (SA-50–300 μM) were applied daily as a spray during germination (light/darkness photoperiod (16/8 h) or 24-h darkness). As an abiotic physical elicitor, UV-B radiation (52 kJ m-2) was applied on 8-days-old sprouts (photoperiod or darkness) followed by 24-h acclimatization. The cotyledon area/stem length was not affected by elicitor treatments. The highest glucosinalbin retention was achieved with MeJA-25 or SA-300 after 9 days under the photoperiod, and even enhanced up to 280% with UV-B. The highest carotenoid contents were achieved in MeJA-50 or SA-50 samples after 9 days under photoperiod. UV-B applied to MeJA-50 and SA-50 samples enhanced β -carotene/lutein contents by 560/280 and 620/350%, respectively, under the photoperiod. Glucosinolate and carotenoid enhancements with elicitors were lower during germination under darkness. Conclusively, germination with MeJA or SA enriched glucosinolate and carotenoid contents of white mustard and even increased after UV-B treatment. • Glucosinolate/carotenoid contents were enriched during white mustard germination. • Methyljasmonate (MeJA)/salicylic acid (SA) acid were used as chemical elicitors. • MeJA-50 induced the highest glucosinalbin (241.9 µmol g-1) after 9 d under light. • SA-50 induced the highest β-carotene content (820.3 μg g-1) after 9 d under light. • UV-B+MeJA/SA-50 led to 280% and 620% higher glucosinalbin and β-carotene levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds of six commercially produced Brassica juncea, Brassica napus and Sinapis alba varieties representing high-glucosinolate condiment-type and low-glucosinolate canola-type were studied for solubility characteristics of the predominant seed storage proteins (SSPs). The non-protein nitrogen components such as glucosinolates, nucleic acids, betaine, choline and sinapine contributed 3.1-5.2% and 7.9-10.8% for the total N content of low- and high-glucosinolate meals, respectively. The cruciferin and napin which are the predominant SSPs of crucifers were purified from these seeds and used to confirm soluble protein types under the conditions provided. The napins were soluble between pH 2 and 4 but not the cruciferins. Strong alkaline pH brought both cruciferin and napin into solution. In general, the SSP solubility was increased due to the presence of NaCl or CaCl salts in the medium. The effect of CaCl on solubility was more positive than NaCl for all the seed types except S. alba at neutral and alkaline pH. Presence of salts indeed reduced solubility of S. alba SSPs at alkaline pH. The medium pH and salt ions and their ionic strength can be manipulated to achieve selective solubility of napin and cruciferin of Brassicaceae seed meals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the cabbage seedpod weevil ( Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham)) has become a major insect pest of canola ( Brassica napus L.) in Canada reducing seed yields up to 35%. Therefore, the benefits of developing weevil resistant germplasm to canola breeders and the industry would reduce input costs, pesticide use, environmental degradation and increase yield. Yellow mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) is resistant to C. obstrictus (CSPW), although the exact mechanism is not known (McCaffrey et al. ). A unique canola population was generated at the University of Guelph from a cross between B. napus and S. alba through embryo rescue and backcrossed to canola several times prior to double haploid (DH) production. Approximately one-half of this DH population had canola quality glucosinolate concentration (<16 μmol/g) and was used for further breeding. The hypothesis was that some DH progeny from this cross inherited resistance to CSPW from S. alba. Weevil infestation levels were assessed for the B. napus × S. alba BC2 and BC3 DH populations in the field over 7 years in Alberta where weevil pressure is strong to establish the resistant or susceptible status of these lines. The basic objectives for this study were to confirm field resistance in the B. napus × S. alba germplasm in Ontario and to identify any biochemical markers associated with resistance/susceptibility. Canola doubled haploid lines derived from BC2 or BC3 families were field screened for resistance (R) followed by chemical analysis of glucosinolates to detect biochemical polymorphisms correlated with CSPW resistance using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Two polymorphic peaks were found, one each, from extracts of upper cauline leaves and Stage 3 pod seed, with retention times of ~23 and 19 min, respectively. These HPLC peaks consistently correlated with larval infestation data and the peak differences between R and S DH lines were significant. Therefore, these two peaks can be considered as biochemical markers in this breeding germplasm and may play a role in rapid and early detection of CSPW resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mustard (Brassica spp.) cover crop residue has been reported to have significant 'biofumigant' action when incorporated into soil, potentially providing disease suppression and yield improvement for the succeeding crop. The effects of growing over-winter mustard cover crops preceding processing tomato (Lycopersicon escultentum Mill.) production were investigated in six field trials in the Sacramento Valley of California from 2002-04. A selection of mustard cover crops were compared to a legume cover crop mix, a fallow-bed treatment (the current grower practice in the region), and in two of the six trials, fumigation treatments using metam sodium. Mustard cover crops removed 115 to 350 kg⋅ha-1 N from the soil profile, reducing NO3-N leaching potential. Soil populations of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. and Fusarium spp. were unaffected by the cover crops, and there was no evidence of soilborne disease suppression on subsequent tomato crops. Mustard cover crops increased tomato yield in one field, and reduced yield in two fields. In one of two fields, metam sodium fumigation significantly increased tomato yield. We conclude that, while environmental benefits may be achieved, mustard cover cropping offers no immediate agronomic benefit for processing tomato production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing protein content is an important objective in breeding high protein oilseed yellow mustard ( Sinapis alba L). The objectives of this research were to increase meal protein content, study population variation during three cycles of selection for increased meal protein content, and quantify the relationships of protein with oil and 1000-seed weight. Recurrent selection was employed with half-sib family evaluation in replicated field trials. Meal protein content increased by an average of 1% per cycle. The correlation between meal protein and seed oil content was negative ( r = −0.49 to −0.58). The population shifts, with selection, reflected successful increase of average meal protein content, and an increased frequency of genotypes with high meal protein content. Furthermore, simultaneous selection for meal protein and seed oil content was possible. The correlation between meal protein content and seed weight was positive ( r = 0.29–0.39) and thus selecting for increased meal protein content posed no risk of decreasing seed weight in this yellow mustard germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defatted meals and protein concentrates from five varieties of mustard seeds (four Brassica spp. and one Sinapis alba) were analyzed for polypeptide composition and functional properties. Nonreducing gel electrophoresis showed that Brassica seeds lacked the 135- and 50-kDa polypeptides that were present in the seeds of the S. alba variety. On the other hand, the 29-kDa polypeptide found in the Brassica seeds was absent from the seed of the S. alba variety. Under reducing conditions, the 135 kDa was not detected in the S. alba variety and the intensity of the 50-kDa polypeptide was severely reduced; in contrast, the intensity of the 29-kDa polypeptide in the Brassica seeds was not affected. Meals from yellow seeds had significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) protein contents than meals from the brown seeds. The emulsifying activity indexes (EAI) of meals and protein concentrates from the Brassica seeds were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those obtained for similar products from S. alba seeds. It was concluded that the disulfide-bonded 50- and 135-kDa polypeptides may have contributed to increased rigidity of S. alba meal proteins, which resulted in poor EAI when compared to the Brassica meals, which do not contain these polypeptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics and abundance of nectar secretion as well as sugar productivity were studied in flowers of brown mustard (Brassica juncea) cv. Małopolska and white mustard (Sinapis alba) cv. Borowska. Moreover, floral nectaries were examined under LM and SEM. In both cultivars lateral and median pairs of nectaries secreted nectar. However, differences were found in morphology and activity of these pairs. The lateral nectaries produced more nectar than the median ones. Nectar secretion started at loose bud and peaked during anther dehiscence. Average amount of nectarsecreted by 100 flowers of cv. Małopolska and cv. Borowska were 119.9 mg and 134 mg. Mean concentration of nectar was 26.7% and 23.4%, respectively. One hundred flowers of cv. Małopolska and cv. Borowska secreted 28.4 mg and 24.9 mg of sugars in nectar. Estimated sugar productivity per 1 ha of crop was 65.5 kg and 71.2 kg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A kairomone from white mustard, Sinapis alba , that attracts infective juveniles (J2) of the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, was extracted from root exudates and enriched by rotary evaporation. The kairomone-containing root exudate fractions were then repeatedly enriched and separated on a combination of octyl and octadecyl columns, leaving a single UV-absorbing HPLC peak. Glucose and fructose were identified by a subsequent HPLC separation in the ion moderated partition chromatography mode. The kairomone appeared in the fructose-containing fraction. As fructose did not cause nematode attraction, the fructose fraction contained at least one further substance. HPLC separations showed that the kairomone shares several properties with fructose and that it is relatively more polar than those compounds giving an UV signal. The repeated reversed-phase and ion moderated partition chromatography separations of single kairomone-containing fractions indicate that the kairomone is composed of one single substance which could not be identified with the methods applied. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses revealed the presence of glucose, fructose, myo-inositol, sucrose and xylofuranose/ribofuranose in S. alba root exudates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In plants of Sinapis alba and Arabidopsis thaliana, leaf exudate (phloem sap) was analysed during and after a single long day inducing flowering and in control short days. The amounts of carbohydrates and amino acids were measured to estimate the organic C : N ratio. In both species, the C : N ratio of the phloem sap increased markedly and early during the inductive treatment, suggesting that an inequality in organic C and N supply to the apical meristem may be important at floral transition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Corn (Zea mays) is a worldwide crop subjected to infection by toxigenic fungi such as Fusarium verticillioides during the pre-harvest stage. Fusarium contamination can lead to the synthesis of highly toxic mycotoxins, such as Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and Fumonisin B2 (FB2), which compromises human and animal health. The work aimed to study the antifungal properties of fermented yellow and oriental mustard extracts using nine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in vitro. Moreover, a chemical characterization of the main phenolic compounds and organic acids were carried out in the extracts. The results highlighted that the yellow mustard, fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, avoided the growth of Fusarium spp. in vitro, showing Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values, ranging from 7.8 to 15.6 g/L and 15.6 to 31.3 g/L, respectively. Then, the lyophilized yellow mustard fermented extract by L. plantarum TR71 was applied through spray-on corn ears contaminated with F. verticillioides to study the antimycotoxigenic activity. After 14 days of incubation, the control contained 14.71 mg/kg of FB1, while the treatment reduced the content to 1.09 mg/kg (92.6% reduction). Moreover, no FB2 was observed in the treated samples. The chemical characterization showed that lactic acid, 3-phenyllactic acid, and benzoic acid were the antifungal metabolites quantified in higher concentrations in the yellow mustard fermented extract with L. plantarum TR71. The results obtained confirmed the potential application of fermented mustard extracts as a solution to reduce the incidence of mycotoxins in corn ears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing evidence for the induction of programmed cell death (PCD) in vascular plants by the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Our aim was to detect the occurrence of PCD-related DNA strand breaks and their possible connections to specific nuclease and protease activities. DNA breaks were studied by the deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method in the photoperiodically grown dicot model of white mustard (Sinapis alba). In-gel nuclease and protease activity assays showed changes in the activities of specific isoenzymes during treatments with MC-LR. Strand breaks occurred both in the developing root epidermis and cortex. Several isoenzyme activities were related to these breaks, for example: an increase in the activity of neutral 80–75 kDa, acidic high MW (100–120 kDa) and, most importantly, an increase in the activity of neutral 26–20 kDa nucleases, all of them having single-stranded DNA cleaving (SSP nuclease) activities. Increases in the activities of alkaline proteases in the 61–41 kDa range were also detected and proved to be in relation with MC-LR-induced PCD. This is one of the first pieces of evidence on the correlation of PCD-related DNA strand breaks with specific hydrolase activities in a model dicot treated with a cyanobacterial toxin known to have environmental importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural auxins, 4-chloroindoleacetic acid and its methyl ester have strong herbicidal effects on pea, Pisum sativum, a plant in which they occur naturally. The standard herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is only 5 times more effective than 4-chloroindoleacetic acid. The I50, the dose inhibiting yield by 50%, for 4-chloroindoleacetic acid and its methyl ester is 0.5 kg ha-1 or 15 mg kg-1 fresh weight, close to the concentration of 4-chloroindoleacetic acid methyl ester in maturing pea seeds. Naphthaleneacetic acid and indoleacetic acid are also inhibitory, but at much higher concentrations. In its inhibiting effect on white mustard, Sinapis alba, 4-chloroindoleacetic acid approximates that of 2,4-D, whereas in barley, Hordeum vulgare, it is a stronger herbicide than 2,4-D. All auxins tested killed white mustard at low doses, but none killed barley. Both 4-chloroindoleacetic acid and 2,4-D killed pea. The chloroindole auxins of pea may be the hypothetic death hormones or senescence factors that are secreted from the developing seeds into the parent plant which is strongly inhibited or killed and from which the nutrients are mobilized and translocated to the seeds. The action mechanism of auxin type herbicides may be to simulate the action of endogenous herbicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinapis alba L. was induced to flower by either a long day or a displaced short day. Following collection of leaf (phloem) and root (xylem) exudates from induced and non-induced plants, polyamines in the exudates were extracted, separated and analyzed quantitatively. The titers of free and conjugated putrescine, the major polyamine fractions in all samples, increased early and markedly in leaf exudates during the floral transition, coinciding closely with movement of the floral stimulus out of the induced leaf. By contrast, putrescine liter in the root exudate did not increase. A spray of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of the putrescine-biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase, at hour 8 of the long day considerably reduced the titer of free and con conjugated putrescine in leaf exudates, and at the same tune, markedly decreased the flowering response of induced plants. This effect of DFMO on flowering was substantially reversed by a simultaneous application of putrescine to the roots DFMO sprayed on induced plants also suppressed early activation of indices of both mitosis and DNA synthesis in the shoot apical meristem. These results support the view that the extra putrescine synthesized in induced leaves is a necessary component of the floral stimulus Sinapis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon allocation and partitioning were investigated in the first intemode of light-grown Sinapis alba L. seedlings exposed to white light (WL) with or without supplementary far-red light (FR). In the intemode, supplementary FR increased the rates of extension-growth and the accumulation of radiolabeled carbon (fed through the leaves), reducing sugars (even per unit volume), starch, hemicellulose and cellulose, but had no effect on the levels of sucrose and ammonium oxalate-solubilised cell wall carbohydrates, on invertase activity or on the use of additional sucrose fed through the leaves. In source leaves, supplementary FR had no effect on photosynthesis rates and reduced the accumulation of radiolabeled carbon. Mechanical reduction of stem extension-growth responses to supplementary FR did not affect internode carbohydrate or carbon accumulation responses. Supplementary FR provided only to one leaf had no effect on internode extension growth but increased carbon accumulation in the internode, provided that supplementary FR and radiolabeled carbon were both given to the same leaf. Phytochrome-mediated effects on carbon partitioning are not the mere consequence of internode extension-growth responses. Some additional control point(s) (e.g. leaf-source strength) must be under the direct influence of phytochrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many plant species, prolonged application of ammonium (NH4+) as a source of nitrogen results in physiological and disorders ('ammonium toxicity'). In the mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedling we have previously observed particularly severe symptoms of ammonium toxicity in the absence of external nitrate (NO3--) or with increasing NH4+/NO3- rations. In the present investigation we have studied the symptoms of this 'toxicity' in more depth, i.e. at the morphological, plastidic, enzyme and mRNA levels, in an effort to elucidate the causation of the syndrom. It could be confirmed that the syndrome is specific for ammonium and is not caused by a surplus of nitrogen. The syndrome is caused neither by pH changes in the medium nor by non-specific osmotic effects. Furthermore, the syndrome is not causally related to the fact that nitrate reudctase (NR; EC 1.6. 6.1.) is induced by ammonium. Development of the syndrome required neither photosynthesis nor intact plastids. Nevertheless, the plastids are severely affected by ammonium application as is anthocyanin synthesis. Enzymes are differently affected. Among the plastidic enzymes, levels of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase; EC 4.1.1.39) and NADP-dependent glyceradehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP-GPD; EC 1.2.1.13) are strongly reduced and abundance of translatable mRNA of the small subunit of RuBPCase is decreased, whereas nitrite reduced (NIR; EC 1.7.7.1) is not affected. Among extraplastidic enzymes, the level of chalcone synthase (CHS; EC 1.7.7.1) is not affected. Among extraplastidic enzymes, the level of chalcone synthase (CHS; EC 2.3.1.74) is strongly reduced, the NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD-GPD; EC 1.2.12) level is unaffected, whereas the isocitrate lyase (ICL; EC 4.1.3.1) level is strongly promoted. The fat → carbohydrate transformation seems to be impaired by ammonium: fat degradation is reduced, starch accumulation is strongly inhibited and the levels of glucose and fructose are decreased. It appears from the present data and from results obtained in a companion study (U. Hecht and H. Mohr, in preparation) that the ammonium toxicity syndrome is detectable as soon as ammonium accumulation occurs in the plant. However, the actual mechanism through which the excess ammonium affects metabolism remains unclear at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) in mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings was used as an index to evaluate the capacity to cope with excessive ammonium supply. In these 2 species GS activity was differently affected by the application of nitrogen compounds (NH4+ or NO3-). Mustard seedlings older than 5 days showed a considerable increase in GS activity after NH4+ or NO3- application. This response was independent of the energy flux, but GS activity in general was positively affected by light. Endogenous NH4+ did not accumulate greatly after nitrogen supply. In contrast, seedlings of Scots pine accumulated NH4+ in cotyledons and roots and showed no stimulation of GS activity after the application of ammonium. In addition, root growth was drastically reduced. Thus, the pine seedlings seem to have insufficient capacity to assimilate exogenously supplied ammonium. NO3-, however, did not lead to any harmful effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senescence of mustard (Sinapis alba L.) cotyledons was studied by monitoring the levels of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBP carboxylase. EC 4.1.1.39) activity, enzyme protein and translatable mRNA of the small subunit (SSU-mRNA) of RuBP carboxylase. In continuous white light (cWL) RuBP carboxylase began to decline 6 days after sowing and the decrease in SSU-mRNA preceded the drop in enzyme protein. The decline in RuBP carboxylase was more pronounced when the seedlings were transferred to darkness. This dark-mediated senescence was affected by phytochrome (Pfr) primarily by retardation of enzyme degradation and to a lesser extent by the maintenance of gene expression. When seedlings were reirradiated with cWL or red light after being kept for 6-8 days in darkness the levels of enzyme protein and SSU-mRNA again increased. Thus, even after long periods of darkness the seedlings retained their ability to respond to light with renewed gene expression which was affected by Pfr. Under short-day conditions (8 h light/l6 h dark), almost no decline of RuBP carboxylase occurred, whereas SSU-mRNA decrease followed the same pattern as in cWL or darkness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internode extension in young, light-grown mustard plants was measured continuously to a high degree of resolution using linear voltage displacement transducers. Plants were grown in background white light (WL) and the first internode was irradiated with supplementary far-red (FR) from fibre-optic light guides, depressing the Pfr/P (ratio of FR-absorbing form of phytochrome to total spectrophotometrically assayable phytochrome) within the internode and causing an acceleration of extension rate. The internode was sensitive to periods of FR as brief as 1 min, with a sharp increase in extension rate occurring after the return to background WL only. The mean latent period of the response to FR was approx. 10 min. Periods of FR longer than approx. 35 min caused an apparently biphasic growth response, with an initial sharp acceleration in extension rate (Phase 1) being followed by a brief deceleration and a further acceleration to a more-or-less steady elevated rate, somewhat less than the first peak (Phase 2). With such longer-term FR, extension rate decelerated upon FR switch-off after a mean lag of approx. 6 min, achieving the prestimulation extension rate within 16 min. The magnitude of the FR-induced increase in extension rate, expressed as a percentage of the rate in WL alone, was an inverse, linear function of the phytochrome photoequilibrium (i.e. Pfr/P, measured in etiolated test material irradiated under the same geometry) over the range 0.17 to 0.63. This relationship was not significantly affected by variations in backround WL fluence rate over the range 50-150 μmol·m·s and was held both for Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the response. The data provide evidence for rapid coupling/uncoupling between phytochrome and its transduction chain in the light-grown plant and for fluence-rate compensation of the regulation of extension rate. The extensive linearity of the relationship between phytochrome photoequilibrium and proportional extension rate increment allows for fine tuning in shade avoidance. The results are discussed with respect to recent evidence on the nature of phytochrome in light-grown plants and in relation to the function of phytochrome in plants growing in the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mustard plants have been widely cultivated and used as spice, medicine and as source of edible oils. Currently, the use of the seeds of the mustard species Sinapis alba (white mustard or yellow mustard), Brassica juncea (brown mustard) and Brassica nigra (black mustard) in the food and beverage industry is immensely growing due to their nutritional and functional properties. The seeds serve as a source for a wide range of biologically active components including isothiocyanates that are responsible for the specific flavor of mustard, and tend to reveal conflicting results regarding possible health effects. Other potentially undesirable or toxic compounds, such as bisphenol F, erucic acid or allergens, may also occur in the seeds and in mustard products intended for human consumption. The aim of this article is to provide comprehensive information about potentially harmful compounds in mustard seeds and to evaluate potential health risks as an increasing use of mustard seeds is expected in the upcoming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the antifungal activity of white mustard bran (MB), a by-product of mustard (Sinapis alba) milling, and white mustard seed flour (MF) was tested against mycotoxigenic fungi in the agar diffusion method. The results obtained were posteriorly confirmed in a quantitative test, determining the minimum concentration of extract that inhibits the fungal growth (MIC) and the minimum concentration with fungicidal activity (MFC). Since MF demonstrated no antifungal activity, the MB was stored under different temperature conditions and storage time to determine its antifungal stability. Finally, an in situ assay was carried out, applying the MB as a natural ingredient into the dough to avoid P. commune CECT 20767 growth and increase the bread shelf life. The results demonstrated that the antifungal activity of MB was dose-dependent. The higher assayed dose of MB (10 g/kg) reduced the fungal population in 4.20 Log CFU/g regarding the control group. Moreover, the shelf life was extended four days compared to the control, equaling its effectiveness with the synthetic preservative sodium propionate (E-281). Therefore, MB could be an alternative to chemical additives in bread formulations since it satisfies consumer requirements. Also, the formulation of bread with MB valorizes this by-product generated during mustard seed milling, thereby helping the industry move forward sustainably by reducing environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, information on the allergens profiles of different mustard varieties is rather scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess protein profiles and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding patterns of selected Canadian mustard varieties. Optimization of a non-denaturing protein extraction from the seeds of selected mustard varieties was first undertaken, and the various extracts were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by means of protein recovery determination and protein profiling. The IgE-binding patterns of selected mustard seeds extracts were assessed by immunoblotting using sera from mustard sensitized and allergic individuals. In addition to the known mustard allergens—Sin a 2 (11S globulins), Sin a 1, and Bra j 1 (2S albumins)—the presence of other new IgE-binding protein bands was revealed from both Sinapis alba and Brassica juncea varieties. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the in-gel digested IgE-reactive bands identified the unknown ones as being oleosin, β-glucosidase, enolase, and glutathione-S transferase proteins. A bioinformatic comparison of the amino acid sequence of the new IgE-binding mustard proteins with those of know allergens revealed a number of strong homologies that are highly relevant for potential allergic cross-reactivity. Moreover, it was found that Sin a 1, Bra j 1, and cruciferin polypeptides exhibited a stronger IgE reactivity under non-reducing conditions in comparison to reducing conditions, demonstrating the recognition of conformational epitopes. These results further support the utilization of non-denaturing extraction and analysis conditions, as denaturing conditions may lead to failure in the detection of important immunoreactive epitopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]