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Background and Objectives: Whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) should also be considered a coronary disease equivalent like diabetes is not clear., Design, Setting, Participants, & Methods: Veterans with and without diabetes and with and without CKD were prospectively recruited. A competing Cox regression model was used to describe the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in the two groups (CKD and diabetes) over a decade of follow-up., Results: The incidence rate of MI in those without CKD was 0.047/yr and in those with CKD was 0.206/yr. Multivariate adjustment revealed the incident rate ratio for MI in CKD as 3.5 and for diabetes mellitus as 2.5. The cumulative incidence for MI was influenced by CKD and diabetes. CKD was associated with a subhazard ratio for MI of 3.74; in contrast, diabetes was associated with a subhazard ratio for MI of 2.6. For the outcome of all-cause mortality, after multivariate adjustment, CKD was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.86, which was similar to the HR of 2.27 for prevalent coronary artery disease. The HR for diabetes was NS at 1.35., Conclusions: CKD is associated with a risk of death similar to that of established coronary artery disease and higher than that of diabetes mellitus. CKD is associated with a risk of MI that is at least as much as that from diabetes mellitus. Among veterans, CKD appears to be a coronary disease equivalent.

Background. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often have no proteinuria. Methods. To compare the characteristics that differ between DM + CKD patients with and without proteinuria, we conducted a cross-sectional study followed by surveillance over a decade for ‘hard’ cardiovascular, renal and retinal outcomes. Groups were stratified by presence (n = 129) and absence (n = 284) of DM. Each stratum had three groups: no CKD, CKD without proteinuria and CKD with proteinuria. Results. Compared to DM + CKD + proteinuria patients, those with DM + CKD but without proteinuria had similar clinical characteristics including estimated glomerular filtration rate. However, they had lower 24-h ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Crude all-cause mortality rates per 1000 patient-years in the nondiabetic group with no CKD, CKD with no proteinuria and CKD with overt proteinuria were 29.3, 68.5 and 111.1, respectively. Respective rates in the diabetic group were 50.1, 105.7 and 136.8. Diabetes increased the risk of coronary (P = 0.01) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) events (P = 0.05) even after multivariate adjustments. Proteinuria aggravated the risk of cardiovascular events, ESRD, death and time to first of these events similarly among diabetics with CKD compared to nondiabetics with CKD. Diabetic patients with CKD but no overt proteinuria were much more likely than nondiabetics to progress to overt proteinuria [adjusted hazard ratio 5.28 (95% confidence interval 1.64–17.02), P < 0.01). CKD was a risk factor for prevalent retinopathy and proteinuria was a risk factor for incident diabetic retinopathy. Conclusions. To protect sight, those with proteinuria and DM need regular retinal examinations. Since diabetic CKD patients without proteinuria are more likely to develop overt proteinuria, close follow-up and risk factor management among these patients appear to be more important than among nondiabetic patients with CKD and no proteinuria. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]