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Myrcia is one of the largest exclusively Neotropical angiosperm genera, including ca. 800 species divided into nine sections. Myrcia sect. Aguava is one of most complex sections of Myrcia due to high morphological variation and wide distribution range of some species, including M. guianensis, with distribution throughout South America and a complex taxonomic history. We used complete plastid DNA sequences data generated using next-generation sequencing of 45 terminals, mostly from Myrcia sect. Aguava. These data were combined with five target DNA regions (ITS, psbA-trnH, trnL-trnF, trnQ-rps16, ndhF) of additional terminals to increase taxonomic coverage. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using a maximum likelihood approach, and divergence times and ancestral range distributions were estimated. Myrcia sect. Aguava is monophyletic and exclusively comprises species with trilocular ovaries but has no relationship with other groups within Myrcia that possess trilocular ovaries. Three main lineages that correspond to geographical distribution are recognized within Myrcia sect. Aguava. Multiple accessions reveal a non-monophyletic Myrcia guianensis and stress the biogeographical structure inside the group. Myrcia sect. Aguava had a probable mid-Miocene origin in the Cerrado, but lineages that persisted there diversified only more recently, when the present-day vegetation started to stabilize. Posterior migrations to Atlantic Forest, Amazon and Caribbean occurred at the end of Miocene, evidencing transitions from open and dry to forested and more humid areas that are less frequent in the Neotropics. Overall, it is observed that related lineages remained in ecologically similar environments. Future perspectives on Myrcia and Myrteae in the phylogenomic era are also discussed., (Crown Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Myrteae (c. 2500 species; 51 genera) is the largest tribe of Myrtaceae and an ecologically important groups of angiosperms in the Neotropics. Systematic relationships in Myrteae are complex, hindering conservation initiatives and jeopardizing evolutionary modelling. A well-supported and robust phylogenetic hypothesis was here targeted towards a comprehensive understanding of the relationships within the tribe. The resultant topology was used as a base for key evolutionary analyses such as age estimation, historical biogeography and diversification rate patterns. One nuclear (ITS) and seven chloroplast (psbA-trnH, matK, ndhF, trnl-trnF, trnQ-rps16, rpl16 and rpl32-trnL) DNA regions for 115 taxa representing 46 out of the 51 genera in the tribe were accessed and analysed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference tools for phylogenetic reconstruction. Dates of diversification events were estimated and contrasted using two distinct fossil sets (macro and pollen) in BEAST. The subsequent dated phylogenies were compared and analysed for biogeographical patterns using BioGeoBEARS and diversification rates using BAMM. Myrteae phylogeny presents strong statistical support for three major clades within the tribe: Australasian group, Myrtus group and Main Neotropical Lineage. Dating results from calibration using macrofossil are an average of 20 million years older and show an early Paleocene origin of Myrteae, against a mid-Eocene one from the pollen fossil calibration. Biogeographic analysis shows the origin of Myrteae in Zealandia in both calibration approaches, followed by a widespread distribution throughout the still-linked Gondwana continents and diversification of Neotropical endemic lineages by later vicariance. Best configuration shift indicates three points of acceleration in diversification rates, all of them occurring in the Main Neotropical Lineage. Based on the reconstructed topology, several new taxonomic placements were recovered, including: the relative position of Myrtus communis, the placement of the Blepharocalyx group, the absence of generic endemism in the Caribbean, and the paraphyletism of the former Pimenta group. Distinct calibration approaches affect biogeography interpretation, increasing the number of necessary long distance dispersal events in the topology with older nodes. It is hypothesised that biological intrinsic factors such as modifications of embryo type and polyploidy might have played a role in accelerating shifts of diversification rates in Neotropical lineages. Future perspectives include formal subtribal classification, standardization of fossil calibration approaches and better links between diversification shifts and trait evolution., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Myrcia capixaba and M. forzzae, two new species from the large Neotropical genus Myrcia, are here proposed, described, and illustrated. Both species belong to Myrcia sect. Aguava and are morphologically quite distinct from the other species of the section. Myrcia capixaba occurs in the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo and presents a set of features that do not overlap with any other species within M. sect. Aguava: dibrachiate trichomes on the branches, leaves, and inflorescences and externally on the flowers, broadly elliptic to ovate leaves with flat, barely visible secondary venation adaxially, and subterminal panicles. Myrcia forzzae occurs in the Amazon Forest of Mato Grosso and resembles M. gigas, differing in the shorter internodes, vegetative branches and inflorescence rachises densely covered with trichomes (vs. with scattered trichomes or glabrous), and calyx lobes bearing trichomes externally (vs. glabrous). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of Myrcia sect. Reticulosae, M. carassana and M. revoluta are here described and illustrated. Myrcia carassana was firstly recognized in 1908 by A. F. M. Glaziou but never validly published. This species is similar to M. venosissima but differs by reddish trichomes, inflorescences botryoid or reduced to simple dichasia with longer peduncles, obconic floral buds and calyx lobes internally densely pilose. Myrcia revoluta resembles M. reticulosa but differs by leaves strongly revolute, densely pilose abaxially when mature, and subterminal inflorescences subtended by reduced leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An annotated conspectus of 124 species is presented for Myrcia DC. sect. Aulomyrcia (O. Berg) Griseb. This list is published for use as a basis for future revisionary work and presents the species of this evolutionary group together for the first time. Publication and type information, habitat and distribution, preliminary conservation assessments, and diagnostic notes are provided for each species. In transferring species of Calyptranthes Sw. and Marlierea Cambess. to Myrcia, 28 new combinations are made: Myrcia areolata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea areolata McVaugh], Myrcia biptera (Amshoff) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea biptera Amshoff], Myrcia caesariata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea caesariata McVaugh], Myrcia cana (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea cana McVaugh], Myrcia caudata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea caudata McVaugh], Myrcia convexivenia (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea convexivenia B. Holst], Myrcia ensiformis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ensiformis McVaugh], Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea excoriata Mart.], Myrcia guildingiana (Griseb.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Psidium guildingianum Griseb.], Myrcia insignis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea insignis McVaugh], Myrcia karuaiensis (Steyerm.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Aulomyrcia karuaiensis Steyerm.], Myrcia ligustrina (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ligustrina McVaugh], Myrcia lituatinervia (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Myrciaria lituatinervia O. Berg], Myrcia maguirei (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea maguirei McVaugh], Myrcia mcvaughii (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea mcvaughii B. Holst], Myrcia multiglomerata (Amshoff) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea multiglomerata Amshoff], Myrcia neuwiedeana (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Rubachia neuwiedeana O. Berg], Myrcia obversa (D. Legrand) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea obversa D. Legrand], Myrcia pudica (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea pudica McVaugh], Myrcia rugosior (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea rugosior McVaugh], Myrcia scytophylla (Diels) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea scytophylla Diels], Myrcia skortzoviana (Mattos) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea skortzoviana Mattos], Myrcia suborbicularis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea suborbicularis McVaugh], Myrcia subulata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea subulata McVaugh], Myrcia sucrei (G. M. Barroso & Peixoto) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea sucrei G. M. Barroso & Peixoto], Myrcia umbraticola (Kunth) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea umbraticola (Kunth) O. Berg], Myrcia uniflora (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea uniflora McVaugh], and Myrcia ventuarensis (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ventuarensis B. Holst]. The following 21 replacement names are created: Myrcia argentigemma E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. aulomyrcioides E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. chonodisca E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. holstii E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neobuxifolia E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neocuprea E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neodimorpha E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, Myrcia neoestrellensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoimperfecta E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neomacrophylla E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neomontana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoobscura E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoregeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoschomburgkiana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neosuaveolens E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neotomentosa E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neotovarensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neovelutina E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, and M. neoverticillaris E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson. Sixty-four lectotypes are newly designated for the following names: Aulomyrcia blanchetiana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia blanchetiana (O. Berg) Mattos], Aulomyrcia buxifolia O. Berg [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia cambessedeana O. Berg [= Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk.], Aulomyrcia diaphana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia diaphana (O. Berg) N. Silveira], Aulomyrcia divaricata O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia rufipila McVaugh], Aulomyrcia egensis O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia egensis (O. Berg) McVaugh], Aulomyrcia eumecephylla O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia eumecephylla (O. Berg) Nied.], Aulomyrcia gigantea O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia gigantea (O. Berg) Nied.], Aulomyrcia goyazensis O. Berg [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia insularis (Gardner) O. Berg var. punctata O. Berg [= Myrcia insularis Gardner], Aulomyrcia mathewsiana O. Berg [= Myrcia mathewsiana (O. Berg) McVaugh], Aulomyrcia pallida O. Berg [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia pohliana O. Berg [= Myrcia pubiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia pyrifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) O. Berg var. robusta O. Berg [= Myrcia pyrifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) Nied.], Aulomyrcia racemosa O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia racemosa (O. Berg) Kiaersk.], Aulomyrcia rorida O. Berg [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Aulomyrcia rostrata O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia neorostrata Sobral], Aulomyrcia salzmannii O. Berg [= Myrcia decorticans DC.], Aulomyrcia sphenoides O. Berg [= Myrcia sphenoides (O. Berg) Mattos], Aulomyrcia stictophylla O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia stictophylla (O. Berg) N. Silveira], Aulomyrcia subobliqua O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia subobliqua (Benth.) Nied.], Eugenia ferruginea Poir. [ ≡ Myrcia ferruginea (Poir.) DC.], Eugenia micropetala Mart. [ ≡ Myrcia micropetala (Mart.) Nied.], Eugenia quitarensis Benth. [ ≡ Myrcia quitarensis (Benth.) Sagot], Eugeniopsis riedeliana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea cuprea Amshoff [ ≡ Myrcia neocuprea E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea dimorpha O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia neodimorpha E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea estrellensis O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoestrellensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea excoriata Mart. [≡ Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea glabra Cambess. [≡ Myrcia neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea grandifolia O. Berg [= Myrcia neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea macrophylla Amshoff [≡ Myrcia neomacrophylla E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea obscura O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoobscura E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea parviflora O. Berg [= Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea regeliana O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoregeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea regeliana O. Berg var. parviflora Kiaersk. [= Myrcia neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea schottiana O. Berg [= Myrcia neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea scytophylla Diels [≡ Myrcia scytophylla (Diels) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea suaveolens Cambess. [≡ Myrcia neosuaveolens E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea tomentosa Cambess. [≡ Myrcia neotomentosa E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea tovarensis O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neotovarensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea verticillaris O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoverticillaris E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia Nied., Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk., Myrcia colpodes Kiaersk., Myrcia decorticans DC., Myrcia imbricata Gardner [= Myrcia racemulosa DC.], Myrcia insularis Gardner, Myrcia limae G. M. Barroso & Peixoto [= Myrcia eumecephylla (O. Berg) Nied.], Myrcia littoralis DC., Myrcia myrtillifolia DC., Myrcia polyantha DC., Myrcia pubiflora DC., Myrcia pyramidata O. Berg [= Myrcia rubiginosa Cambess.], Myrcia racemulosa DC., Myrcia riodocensis G. M. Barroso & Peixoto, Myrcia rubella Cambess. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia rubiginosa Cambess., Myrcia scutulifera DC. [= Myrcia racemulosa DC.], Myrcia strigipes Mart. [= Myrcia neotomentosa E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Myrciaria ehrenbergiana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia ehrenbergiana (O. Berg) McVaugh], Psidium guildingianum Griseb. [ ≡ Myrcia guildingiana (Griseb.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Rubachia neuwiedeana O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neuwiedeana (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], and Rubachia spathulata O. Berg [≡ Myrcia obversa (D. Legrand) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson]. A single neotype is designated for Aulomyrcia ramuliflora O. Berg [= Myrcia ramuliflora (O. Berg) N. Silveira]. Fifteen names are newly synonymized: Aulomyrcia cambessedeana O. Berg [= Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk.], Aulomyrcia salzmannii O. Berg [= Myrcia decorticans DC.], Marlierea regeliana O. Berg var. parviflora Kiaersk. [= Myrcia neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Myrcia amblyphylla Kiaersk. [= Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk.], Myrcia dictyophylla (O. Berg) Mattos & D. Legrand [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia heringeriana Mattos [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Myrcia limae G. M. Barroso & Peixoto [= Myrcia eumecephylla (O. Berg) Nied.], Myrcia lucida McVaugh, Myrcia lucida var. attenuata McVaugh [= Myrcia inaequiloba (DC.) Lemée], Myrcia lundiana Kiaersk. [= Myrcia amazonica DC.], Myrcia pallida (O. Berg) N. Silveira [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Myrcia parnahibensis (O. Berg) Kiaersk. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia rorida (O. Berg) Kiaersk. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia rubella Cambess. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], and Myrcia taubatensis Kiaersk. [= Myrcia multiflora DC.]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myrcia longipetiolata, a new species of Myrcia, is here described and illustrated. With a phylogenetic hypothesis, we show that this species belongs to Myrcia clade 10, a morphologically recognized and narrowly distributed group of species, which was recently discovered. Myrcia longipetiolata resembles M. unana due to its long leaves, acute or acuminate leaf apex, cuneate leaf base, long petioles, and they share the same area of occurrence. Myrcia longipetiolata differs from M. unana by its larger leaves, larger number of leaf secondary veins, marginal vein more distant from the leaf margin, lanceolate bracteoles, smaller and truncate, rounded, or apiculate calyx lobes with whitish to yellowish trichomes, and smaller floral disc. Besides the phylogenetic placement of M. longipetiolata within the genus, morphological comparisons with related species and comments on its distribution, habitat, and conservation status are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]