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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAD(P)H) plays an important role in numerous biologically significant redox reactions. The photochemical restoration of its oxidized form (NAD(P)+) under physiological conditions is intriguing in the context of integrated photo and catalysis. Herein, we report the functionalized graphitic carbon‐based solar light active photocatalyst by doping boron and fluorine in the native graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) (nonfunctionalized) for the regeneration of enzymatically visible light active coenzyme and in photo‐acetalization reactions. The metal‐free functionalized photocatalyst systems such as BFGCN‐x leads to higher yield NADH and NADPH regeneration. They are also capable of catalyzing acetal reactions in the absence of any Lewis and Bronsted acids. The current research endeavor provides the advancement and the application of functionalized GCN‐based photocatalysts for NADH (61.89%), NADPH (59.84%) regeneration, and photo‐acetalization reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated global pollution level is the prime reason that contributes to the onset of various harmful health diseases. The products of Biginelli reaction are enormously used in the pharmaceutical industry as they have antiviral, antibacterial, and calcium channel modulation abilities. This work reports a novel eosin Y sensitized boron graphitic carbon nitride (EY‐Ben‐g‐C3N4) as a photocatalyst that efficiently produced 3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐one by the Biginelli reaction of benzaldehyde, urea, and methyl acetoacetate. The photocatalyst EY‐Ben‐g‐C3N4 showed a successful generation of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐one (Biginelli product) in good yield via photocatalysis which is an eco‐friendly method and has facile operational process. In addition to the production of Biginelli products, the photocatalyst also showed a remarkable NADH regeneration of 81.18%. The incorporation of g‐C3N4 with boron helps increase the surface area and the incorporation of eosin Y which is an inexpensive and non‐toxic dye, and in Ben‐g‐C3N4, enhanced the light‐harvesting capacity of the photocatalyst. The production of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐one and NADH by the EY‐Ben‐g‐C3N4 photocatalyst is attributed to the requisite band gap, high molar absorbance, low rate of charge recombination, and increased capacity of the photocatalyst to harvest solar light energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorinated and enzymatic chemicals are widely used in society due to their chemical, physical, and biological qualities. Nevertheless, despite their vital importance, present approaches to adding fluorine to molecules and regenerating enzyme cofactors have serious flaws. For instance, numerous approaches are photocatalytic and employ stoichiometric counterparts of heavy metals. Prevailing photocatalytic approaches, on the other hand, show very poor activity, and selectivity has not been attained by heterogeneous photocatalysis, despite the several benefits such a method would provide. Here, we show how heterogeneous photocatalysis may be used to selectively create C(sp3)‐F bonds and 1,4‐NADH regeneration cofactor. Employing NiS‐NiO/S‐g‐C3N4 nanocomposite photocatalyst as a photocatalyst, NAD+ and Selectfluor as an acceptor and mild fluorine donor, effective 1,4‐NADH regeneration, and decarboxylative fluorination of carboxylic acids can be attained in very short reaction times. Furthermore, NiS‐NiO/S‐g‐C3N4 nanocomposite photocatalyst exhibits outstanding levels of robustness and photo‐catching capacity. These aspects, attached to the mild environment of the reaction scheme, exhibit a breakthrough toward the sustainable cofactor of 1,4‐NADH regeneration and synthesis of fluorinated compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aloe vera‐derived graphene (ADG) coupled system photocatalyst, mimicking natural photosynthesis, is one of the most promising ways for converting solar energy into ammonia (NH3) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) that have been widely used to make the numerous chemicals such as fertilizer and fuel. In this study, we report the synthesis of the aloe vera‐derived graphene‐coupled phenosafranin (ADGCP) acting as a highly efficient photocatalyst for the generation of NH3 and regeneration of NADH from nitrogen (N2) and oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The results show a benchmark instance for mimicking natural photosynthesis activity as well as the practical applications for the solar‐driven selective formation of NH3 and the regeneration of NADH by using the newly designed photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis is a defendable manner for production of several organic chemicals, energy and its storage from solar energy. For the evolution of metal free, cost‐effective catalyst a 2D composite has been appear as a photocatalyst. Here, we had reported the synthesis of a light harvesting composite as a photocatalyst which was assembled by a poly‐condensation mechanism between graphitic carbon nitride and tetrakis(4‐nitrophenyl) porphyrin and the resulting composite manifest the excellent light harvesting properties, suitable energy band and low charge recombination. The photocatalyst [(NO2)4TPP@g‐C3N4] enables the efficient photocatalytic production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) from consumed NAD+ also the production of organic chemicals like 4‐methoxybenzylimines from 4‐methoxybenzylamines. The photocatalytic efficiency of the photocatalyst was estimated by the percentage of NADH regeneration and the percentage yield of organic transformations. It shows the tetrakis(4‐nitrophenyl) porphyrin could enhance the charge transfer capacity of graphitic carbon nitride which shows excellent photocatalysis activities and organic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis is an ecofriendly and sustainable pathway for utilizing solar energy to convert organic molecules. In this context, using solar light responsive graphene-based materials for C–N bond activation and coenzyme regeneration (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen; NADH) is one of the utmost important and challenging tasks in this century. Herein, we report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs)-eriochrome cyanine (EC) solar light active highly efficient "NGQDs@EC" composite photocatalyst for the conversion of 4-chloro benzylamine into 4-chloro benzylamine, accompanied by the regeneration of NADH from NAD+, respectively. The NGQDs@EC composite photocatalyst system is utilized in a highly efficient and stereospecific solar light responsive manner, leading to the conversion of imine (98.5%) and NADH regeneration (55%) in comparison to NGQDs. The present research work highlights the improvements in the use of NGQDs@EC composite photocatalyst for stereospecific NADH regeneration and conversion of imine under solar light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovation of a highly efficient and inexpensive graphene oxide-based photocatalyst is a challenging task for selective solar chemical regeneration/coenzyme such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Herein, we have designed lemon-juice derived highly efficient S-GQD/GO composite as a photocatalyst for regeneration of NADH under solar light. The rational design of a highly efficient photocatalytic system through the orientation of S-GQD on graphene oxide as solar light harvesting photocatalyst is explored for the first time for NADH regeneration. This highly solar light active S-GQD/GO composite photocatalyst upon integration with the NAD+ is used for highly regioselective regeneration of coenzyme (76.36%). The present work provides the benchmark instances of graphene oxide-based material as a photocatalyst for selective regeneration of NADH under solar light and opens a new door for green synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inexpensive graphitic carbon nitrite (g-C3N4) photocatalyst was hybridized with selenium oxide (SeO2) photocatalyst by a monolayer-dispersed technique. After hybridization of g-C3N4 with SeO2, the NADH/NADPH regeneration efficiency of SeO2 photocatalyst was enhanced under solar light illumination. The photocatalytic activity of SeO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst under solar light illumination was enhanced by 3-fold higher than g-C3N4 photocatalyst, the solar light photocatalytic activity was produced and the photo-decomposition of SeO2 photocatalyst was completely stifled after hybridized SeO2 photocatalyst by g-C3N4 photocatalyst. The improvement in performance and photo-decomposition inhibition under solar light illumination was persuaded by efficiency separation of photo-persuaded holes from SeO2 to the valence bond (V.B.)/highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of g-C3N4 under solar light illumination, the electron jumped from the V.B. to the conduction band (C.B.)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of g-C3N4 could directly insert into the C.B. of SeO2 photocatalyst, synthesized SeO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst is highly active for NADH/NADPH regeneration under solar light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the fabrication and application of in situ boron and selenium-doped carbon nitride nanosheets as effective photocatalysts using sun spectrum irradiation to convert turbocharged benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol. To optimize the doping method for enhanced activity, the effect of changing dopant concentrations on catalytic efficiency was thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, a through analysis of the reactive species involved in the conversion process helped to clarify the photocatalytic process. Based on charge transfer and low recombination, the results indicate that boron and selenium dopants work synergistically to improve catalytic efficiency. This research helps to improve the development of new photocatalytic materials for the sustainable and ecologically friendly transformation of organic molecules under solar spectrum irradiation. The regeneration of NADH using B,Se-CN photocatalyst demonstrates very good efficiency. It also demonstrated the high conversion efficiency of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol. This study emphasizes the possible use of B,Se-CN composite in the area of photoinduced conversion-based organic transformation. The knowledge gathered from this research opens up new avenues for the development and enhancement of effective photocatalysts that might be used in a range of solar-powered organic transformation processes. [Display omitted] • B,Se-CN photocatalyst was synthesis via two-step process through thermal polycondensation of M, B and SU. • The light harvesting photocatalyst had the capacity to photo-regenerate the 1,4 NADH and bio-transformation. • The synthesized photocatalyst potential as stable catalyst for production of 1,4 NADH (yield and benzyl alcohol. • Demonstrated synergistic enhancement of catalytic efficiency by dopants, contributing to sustainable alcohol formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the energy demands artificial photosynthesis is playing the most promising role these days. Using sunlight directly in a manner that can provide useful chemicals is a sustainable means of generating energy. Studies are going on in this context to make better and effective photocatalyst. In this paper, we study the synthesis of flower‐like graphene quantum dots‐based fuschin (GQDF) photocatalyst from lemon, which is created by a green and sustainable process that is effective and environment friendly. The UV‐visible spectra of prepared GQDF showed a high molar extinction coefficient. A flower‐like GQDF photocatalyst has better catalytic efficiency for the selective creation and regeneration of the NAD(P)H cofactor. A newly designed flower‐like GQDF photocatalyst is used as one of its most effective photocatalysts as they have several additional applications in the removal of CO2 and aqueous contaminants like heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient photocatalytic regeneration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) has been carried out by two‐electron reduction and protonation of NAD+/NADP+, induced by photons in the visible light region. This functional artificial photosynthetic counterpart of the complete energy‐trapping occurring in natural photosystem I (PS I) is achieved with nitrogen‐enrich graphene quantum dot (N‐EGQD) as the light‐harvesting photocatalyst. In buffer aqueous solution, this compound photo catalytically recycles a rhodium hydride complex of the type [Cp*Rh(bpy)H]+ (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) which can mediate hydride transfer processes leading to nucleotide co‐factor reduction. Very promising yields of 73.31%/78.45% of NADH/NADPH with the excellent thermal stability of N‐EGQD photocatalyst is observed. Thus, in this work, an efficient light‐harvesting photocatalyst is synthesized for the regeneration of nicotinamide cofactor that has pharmaceuticals application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Direct conversion of sunlight into value‐added chemicals through artificial photosynthesis has been recognized as one of the most promising ways to address the global energy needs and to utilize the sustainable energy source. Even though the various semiconducting materials have been used for the solar‐driven production of chemicals, many experimental efforts have been still focusing on developing clean and reusable photocatalysts. In this study, we report the new metal‐free graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) composite including anthracene moieties as a primary photosensitizer. The morphological and electronic structure of anthracene‐based g‐C3N4 (An‐g‐C3N4) composite were characterized by optical spectroscopies, electrochemical measurements, and theoretical calculations based on density‐functional theory. The An‐g‐C3N4 composite exhibited outstanding photocatalytic efficiency for the regenerations of NAD(P)H cofactors owing to the prominent charge‐transferred character and the superb light absorption. This study demonstrates that the catalytic reaction employing the combination of An‐g‐C3N4 photocatalyst and Z‐scheme nature would be a suitable option for artificial photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As most promising organic semiconductors, and polymeric materials have concentrated much attention due to their thermochemical stability, chemical inertness, non-toxicity, excellent photoelectrical properties, low cost, and abundance of raw materials. However, the light-harvesting polymeric material graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) has a limited ability to absorb light in the region below 420 nm because of its wide optical band gap. As one method to enhance the character of light harvesting and optical properties, such as EB-T (Eriochrome Black-T) has been used, and easy to prepare g-C 3 N 4 based EB-T (g-C 3 N 4 @EB-T) composite photocatalyst, which has tuned the energy gap of pristine g-C 3 N 4. In this article, we synthesized a new classic type of g-C 3 N 4 @EB-T composite photocatalyst by the copolymerization method. The EB-T moieties serve as external photosensitizing components in this composite photocatalyst. Compared to the initial materials, the g-C 3 N 4 @EB-T composite photocatalyst shows exceptional yields in the regeneration and formation of NADH and C(sp3) F bond. [Display omitted] • A novel photocatalytic system utilizing g-C 3 N 4 is proposed for the production and regeneration of the C(sp3)-F bond and NADH, crucial components in pharmaceutical synthesis. • The proposed system consists of a self-assembled g-C 3 N 4 composite that efficiently captures and utilizes sunlight to activate the reactions. • Ethylbenzene is used as a representative substrate for C(sp3)-F bond generation, while NAD+ serves as a model for NADH regeneration (65% yield). • The system exhibits remarkable selectivity and efficiency for both reactions and operates under mild conditions and at room temperature, making it suitable for large-scale synthesis. • This research highlights g-C 3 N 4 's potential as a versatile and environmentally friendly photocatalytic platform for various chemical transformations under sunlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spherical photocatalyst to emulate natural photosynthesis for the production of formic acid from CO 2. [Display omitted] • Efficient photocatalytic formic acid production from CO 2 has been carried out by a novel Bromophenol-Bakelite (BPB) composite. • The as prepared photocatalyst was characterized by several characterization techniques to determine the physio-chemical properties. • The prepared photocatalyst is found to be visible light active and was further used for the regeneration of NADH and formation of formic acid. • The yield for solar light driven NADH regeneration and formic acid production by this photocatalyst was found to be 82.52 % and 220 μmol respectively. The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO 2) to various chemical compounds is an attractive solution to overcome the global energy and environmental crisis. However, the chemical stability of CO 2 hinders the many chemical applications such as photochemical conversion processes. In this work, we developed the efficient photocatalytic reactions for the production of formic acid from CO 2 and the NADH regeneration by employing a novel Bromophenol-Bakelite (BPB) composite. We synthesized the BPB photocatalyst with the bromophenol blue dye-doped inside the Bakelite matrix. The BPB-composite showed the excellent photocatalytic abilities combined to the photocatalyst − enzyme coupled artificial photosynthetic system. For the production of formic acid and the NADH regeneration, the catalytic efficiencies of BPB-composite were much higher than those of bromophenol. Our approach will open up the new way toward the selective productions of solar chemicals directly converted from CO 2 via the artificial photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Highly efficient protein/graphitic carbon nitride/sulfur hydrogel photocatalyst. • Artificial photosynthetic system for mimicking natural photosynthesis. • 86.78% Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regeneration in 2 h. • 90.0% l -Glutamate production from α-ketoglutarate under visible light irradiation. Artificial photosynthesis process is a nature inspired process that can convert solar energy to important value added chemicals. Here, we report the synthesis of a self-assembled protein and carbon nitride/sulfur hydrogel (Fmoc- d -PheA/g-C 3 N 4 /S) as a visible light active hydrogel photocatalyst for 86.78% reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) regeneration and 90.0% l -Glutamate production under solar light irradiation. The present work represents a new benchmark example for NADH regeneration and solar chemical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]