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The present study evaluated the effect of chitosan thiamine nanoparticles (TCNP) on the activation of defence responses in chickpea against stress caused by wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC), under greenhouse condition. A significant increase in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants was observed in the TCNP treated chickpea plants challenged with FOC compared to the untreated control. Histochemical staining showed high deposition of lignin in the vascular bundles of chickpea stem tissues in TCNP treated plants challenged with FOC. More than 90% protection against wilt pathogen was observed in TCNP treated chickpea plants challenged with FOC, under greenhouse condition. Higher accumulation of antioxidants and phenylpropanoids in TCNP treated challenged chickpea plants well correlates with resistance against wilt pathogen. These results suggest that the elicitation of stress response in TCNP treated chickpea during FOC interaction play a vital role in suppressing the wilt disease in chickpea., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To optimize radiolabeling with 99m Tc and 67 Ga of albumin nanoparticles coated with 4 differents synthetic polymers and to evaluate their stability in vivo and in vitro, as well as their biodistribution in vivo after intravenous administration., Material and Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared using albumin and NOTA-modified albumin by the desolvation method and coated with 4 different polymers; HPMC, GMN2, GPM2 and GTM2. They were purified, lyophilized and characterized. Radiolabelling with 99m Tc was perfomed with 74 MBq of 99m Tc sodium pertechnetate, previously reduced with and acid solution of tin chloride at different concentrations (0.003, 0.005, 0.007, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1mg/ml) and at different times (5, 10, 15, 30 and 60minutes) and temperatures (room temperature, 40°C and 60°C). Radiolabelling with 67 Ga was perfomed by incubation of the nanoparticles with 37 MBq of 67 Gallium chloride (obtained from commercial gallium- 67 citrate) at different times (10 and 30minutes) and temperatures (room temperature, 30°C and 60°C), and posterior purification with microconcentrators. The radiochemical purity was evaluated by TLC. Stability studies of radiolabeled nanoparticles in physiological serum and blood plasma were perfomed. Biodistribution studies of nanoparticles coated with GPM2 polymer were carried out in Wistar rats after intravenous administration of the nanoparticles. Control animals were carried out with 99m Tc sodium pertechnetate and 67 Ga chloride. To do so, the animals were killed and activity in organs was measured in a gamma counter., Results: 99m Tc labeling was carried out optimally with a tin concentration of 0.007mg/ ml for the GPM2 nanoparticles and 0.005mg / ml for the rest of the formulations, with a radiolabelling time of 10minutes at room temperature. In the case of 67 Ga the label was optimized at 30° C temperature and 30minutes of incubation. In both cases the radiochemical purity obtained was greater than 97%. The nanoparticles showed high stability in vitro after 48hours of labeling (70% nanoparticles labeled with 99m Tc and 90% those labeled with 67 Ga). Biodistribution studies of nanoparticles 99m Tc -GPM2 and 67 Ga -NOTA-GPM2 showed a high accumulation of activity in the liver at 2 and 24hours after intravenous administration., Conclusion: The labeling procedure with 99m Tc and 67 Ga of albumin and albumin modified with NOTA nanoparticles allows obtaining nanoparticles with high labeling yields and adequate in vitro stability, allowing their use for in vivo studies., (Copyright © 2020 Sociedad Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Precision medicine has increased the demand for stage-specific cancer chemotherapy. Drugs with different properties are needed for different stages of tumor development, which is, inducing rapid destruction in the early stage and facilitating deep penetration in the advanced stage. Herein, we report a novel reduction-activated charge-conversional core-shell nanoparticle (CS NP) formula based on ring-closing metathesis of the thiamine disulfide system (TDS) to deliver the chemotherapeutic agent-gambogic acid (GA). Methods: The shell consisted of hyaluronic acid-all-trans retinoid acid with a disulfide bond as the linker (HA-SS-ATRA). The core was selected from poly (γ-glutamic acid) with different grafting rates of the functional group (Fx%) of TDS. GA/C F100% S NPs, with the strongest reduction-responsive drug release, and GA/C F60% S NPs with the strongest penetration have been finally screened. On this basis, a stage-specific administration strategy against a two-stage hepatocellular carcinoma was proposed. Results: The developed CS NPs have been confirmed as inducing reduction-activated charge conversion from about -25 to +30 mV with up to 95% drug release within 48 h. The administration strategy, GA/C F100% S NPs for the early-stage tumor, and sequential administration of GA/C F60% S NPs followed by GA/C F100% S NPs for the advanced-stage tumor, achieved excellent tumor inhibition rates of 93.86±2.94% and 90.76±6.43%, respectively. Conclusions: Our CS NPs provide a novel platform for charge conversion activated by reduction. The stage-specific administration strategy showed great promise for cancer therapy., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists., (© The author(s).)

Nanoencapsulation is considered as one of the unique technique for increasing the bioavailability, solubility and retention time of bioactive compounds. In this study, thiamine was incorporated into the chitosan nanoparticles and characterized through FTIR, DLS, SEM, TEM and XRD analyses. Zeta potential of the synthesized nanoparticles was found to be 37.7 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of chitosan nanoparticle was 90 ± 3%. Application of thiamine loaded chitosan nanoparticle enhanced seed germination and growth of chickpea seedlings when compared to untreated control seeds. Treated seedlings showed enhanced production of indole acetic acid (IAA). Foliar application of synthesized nanoparticle induced defense enzymes in leaves and roots of chickpea plants. Decreased cell death in the chickpea roots of treated plants was observed when compared to control under green house condition. These results showed that the thiamine loaded chitosan nanoparticle can be used as a growth stimulator as well as a defense activator in chickpea., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Lipid nanoparticles have been used for carrying different therapeutic agents because of the advantage in improved absorption, bioavailability, targeted deliveries and reduction in the quantity of drugs required. The aim of the study was to prepare and characterize nanoliposomes containing thiamine hydrochloride and study their physicochemical stability as this vitamin is highly unstable. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) was used as an edible encapsulant. The average size of nanoliposomes was found to be 150 nm and zeta potential was -34 mV. The encapsulation efficiency was 97%. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the size, spherical nature and smooth surface of the nanoliposomes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) evidenced that the nanoliposomes were stable up to 300°C. The functional groups present were determined by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the presence of vitamin was confirmed in final formulation by biochemical analysis. The crystalline nature of thiamine was analyzed by X-ray diffraction studies. Storage studies indicated that the nanoliposomes were highly stable up to 3 months at different temperatures. Thus, phosphatidylcholine can be used as carrier vehicle of nutrients especially vitamins, as it can form stable nanoliposomes with 97% encapsulation efficiency., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Amorphous silica (SiO2) in the form of nanoparticles (NPs) is widely used as a food additive E551 in many enriched foods and food supplements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of SiO2 NPs on assimilation and metabolism of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 in laboratory rats. Amorphous SiO2 «Orisil-300 ®» was used with the size of the primary NPs 20-60 nm according to the electronic, atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The experiment was conducted on 8 groups of growing male Wistar rats (with initial body weight 70-80g) number, respectively, 7, 7, 10, 10, 12, 12, 14 and 16 animals. Animals of the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th groups received through­out the experiment balanced semi-synthetic diet. Animals of the 2nd group received a diet depleted of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 until day 21; animals of the 6th, 7th and 8th groups -the same diet from the 1st to the 21th day, and then, before the closure of the experiment, the diet provided with the indicated B vitamins at 100% of normal level. From day 22 of experiment and until the end at day 29 the animals of the 3rd and 6th groups received deionized water (placebo) through intragastric gavage; rat of the 4th and 7th groups -aqueous suspension of SiO2 dose of 1 mg/kg body weight /day, and the 5th and 8th group -100 mg/kg/day. Urinary excretion of thiamine, riboflavin, 4-pyridoxilic acid and liver and brain content of vitamins B1 and B2 (after acid and enzyme hydrolysis) were deter­mined by fluorimetric methods. It was found that rats in group 2 lagged in weight gain at day 21 significantly compared to group 1, and developed a marked deficiency of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 according to studied safety parameters. In groups from 6 to 8 at day 29 par­tial recovery was achieved in vitamin status. Administration of SiO2 to animal of groups 4 and 5, with normal consumption of B vitamins, had no significant effect on any param­eters of vitamin status in comparison to group 3. However, intragastric administration of SiO2 led in animals of groups 7 and 8 to an increase in the urinary excretion of vitamins B1 and B2 and lowering of their content in liver as compared to group 6. Administration of SiO2 had no effect on indices of vitamin B6 sufficiency. Possible reasons are discussed for the adverse lowering impact of SiO2 NPs on the availability of vitamins B1 and B2 and their increased clearance from the body.

Determination of molecules and biomolecules using nanoparticles is promising in the development of analytical techniques. Modified Eu-doped Y2O3 nanoparticles (Y2O3:Eu NPs) by captopril have been used as a probe for thiamine (vitamin B1) determination. According to the fluorescence enhancement of modified Eu-doped Y2O3 nanoparticles caused by thiamine, a simple and sensitive method were proposed for its detection. The increase in modified Y2O3:Eu NPs fluorescence signal as a function of thiamine concentration was found to be linear in the concentration range of 0-44 μM. The limit of detection (LOD) of thiamine by this method was 0.144 μM. All the measurements were performed in natural pH, at the room temperature under ambient conditions. Possible interaction mechanism was discussed.

A carbon-based fluorescent nanoparticle is considered to be a new generation nontoxic nanoprobe suitable for various bioimaging and sensing applications. However, the synthesis of such a high-quality nanoparticle is challenging, and its application potential is mostly unexplored. Here we report a vitamin B1 carbonization-based approach for blue and green fluorescent carbon nanoparticles of <10 nm size with a fluorescence quantum of up to 76%. We found that carbonization of vitamin B1 in the presence of phosphate salt at ∼90-130 °C for about 2 h produces highly fluorescent carbon nanoparticles of 1-6 nm size. The particle size and fluorescence property can be controlled by varying the reaction temperature and nature of phosphate salt. Elemental analysis shows the incorporation of a large percentage (up to 48 wt %) of other elements (such as nitrogen, oxygen, phophorus, and sulfur) in the carbon matrix. The chemical structure of vitamin B1 (thiamine) is unique in a sense that it consists of a large number of heteroatoms along with unsaturated bonds and offers low-temperature carbonization with the formation of a nanoparticle having an optimum ratio of sp(2) and sp(3) carbon atoms. These carbon nanoparticles have high colloidal stability and stable fluorescence and have been used as fluorescent imaging probes.

The general aim of this work was to develop polymeric nanoparticle carriers with bioadhesive properties, and to evaluate its adjuvant potential for oral vaccination. Thiamine was used as specific ligand-nanoparticle conjugate (TNP) to target specific sites within the gastrointestinal tract, enterocytes and Peyer's patches. The affinity of nanoparticles to the gut mucosa was studied in orally inoculated rats. In contrast to conventional non-coated nanoparticles (NP), higher levels of TNP were found in the ileum tissue, showing a strong capacity to be captured by Peyer's patches. TNP were characterized by an AUCadh which was found to be three times higher than for control NP. To investigate the adjuvant capacity of TNP, ovalbumin (OVA) was used as standard antigen. Oral immunization of BALB/c mice with OVA-TNP induced stronger serum titers of specific IgG2a and IgG1 and mucosal IgA compared to OVA-NP. This mucosal immune response (IgA) was about 4-titers higher than that elicited by OVA-NP. These results suggest the use of thiamine-coated nanoparticles as particle vectors for oral vaccine and immunotherapy delivery strategies.