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Bacterial infections are a common cause of sepsis, often leading to high patient mortality. Such infections are challenging to treat due to bacterial resistance to many existing drugs. Erythromycin (Ery) is a macrolide antibiotic used against bacterial infections with reported resistance. Recently, synthetic poly-lactide co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymer nanoparticles (NPs) have displayed improved drug delivery characteristics and biocompatibility. In this study, PLGA-Ery NPs were synthesized by the o/w emulsion diffusion method, having a particle size of 159 ± 23 nm and displayed 71.89 % of encapsulation efficiency. The PLGA-Ery NPs showed 1.5, 2.1 and 1.5-fold improved MIC and antibacterial efficacy against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, respectively than the pure drug. As illustrated by scanning electron microscopy, PLGA-Ery NPs caused damage to the bacterial cell walls. Furthermore, a surface coating with PLGA-Ery NPs on a glass surface showed efficient inhibition (>90 %) of the biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa, as determined by fluorescence microscopy and MTT assay. This study demonstrates that PLGA-Ery NPs can increase the efficiency of erythromycin and can suppress the growth and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. Such polymeric nanoparticles drug nanoformulations have potential as an antimicrobial and as a surface coating for medical devices., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Vandana Ghormade reports financial support was provided by Indian Council of Medical Research. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex debilitating condition leading to permanent life-long neurological deficits. Estrogen (E2) treatment is known to be neuroprotectant in SCI. This hormone is highly pleiotropic and has been shown to decrease apoptosis, modulate calcium signaling, regulate growth factor expression, act as an anti-inflammatory, and drive angiogenesis. These beneficial effects were found in our earlier study at the low dose of 10 µg/kg E2 in rats. However, the dose remains non-physiologic, which poses a safety hurdle for clinical use. Thus, we recently devised/constructed a fast release nanoparticle (NP) estrogen embedded (FNP-E2) construct and tested a focal delivery system in a contused SCI rat model which showed protection in the short run. In the current study, we have developed a novel slow-release NP estrogen (SNP-E2) delivery system that shows sustained release of E2 in the injured spinal cord and no systemic exposure in the host. The study of E2 release and kinetics of this SNP-E2 construct in vitro and in vivo supported this claim. Delivery of E2 to the injured spinal cord via this approach reduced inflammation and gliosis, and induced microglial differentiation of M1 to M2 in rats after SCI. Analysis of spinal cord samples showed improved myelination and survival signals (AKT) as demonstrated by western blot analysis. SNP-E2 treatment also induced astrocytic differentiation into neuron-like (MAP2/NeuN) cells, supported the survival of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC), and improved bladder and locomotor function in rats following SCI. These data suggest that this novel delivery strategy of SNP-E2 to the injured spinal cord may provide a safe and effective therapeutic approach to treat individuals suffering from SCI., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Nanomaterial synthesis is a growing study area because of its extensive range of uses. Nanoparticles' high surface-to-volume ratio and rapid interaction with various particles make them appealing for diverse applications. Traditional physical and chemical methods for creating metal nanoparticles are becoming outdated because they involve complex manufacturing processes, high energy consumption, and the formation of harmful by-products that pose major dangers to human health and the environment. Therefore, there is an increasing need to find alternative, cost-effective, dependable, biocompatible, and environmentally acceptable ways of producing nanoparticles. The process of synthesizing nanoparticles using microbes has become highly intriguing because of their ability to create nanoparticles of varying sizes, shapes, and compositions, each with unique physicochemical properties. Microbes are commonly used in nanoparticle production because they are easy to work with, can use low-cost materials, such as agricultural waste, are cheap to scale up, and can adsorb and reduce metal ions into nanoparticles through metabolic activities. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles provides a clean, nontoxic, ecologically friendly, and sustainable method using renewable ingredients for reducing metals and stabilizing nanoparticles. Nanomaterials produced by bacteria can serve as an effective pollution control method due to their many functional groups that can effectively target contaminants for efficient bioremediation, aiding in environmental cleanup. At the end of the paper, we will discuss the obstacles that hinder the use of biosynthesized nanoparticles and microbial-based nanoparticles. The paper aims to explore the sustainability of microorganisms in the burgeoning field of green nanotechnology., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Basic Microbiology published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Aspergillosis is one of the most common fungal infections that can threaten individuals with immune compromised condition. Due to the increasing resistance of pathogens to the existing antifungal drugs, it is difficult to tackle such disease conditions. Whereas, nikkomycin is an emerging safe and effective antifungal drug which causes fungal cell wall disruption by inhibiting chitin synthase. Hence, the study aims at the development of nikkomycin loaded PEG coated PLGA nanoparticles for its increased antifungal efficiency and inhibiting Aspergillus infections. The P-PLGA-Nik NPs were synthesized by w/o/w double emulsification method which resulted in a particle size of 208.3 ± 15 nm with a drug loading of 52.97 %. The NPs showed first order diffusion-controlled drug release which was sustained for 24 h. These nanoparticle's antifungal efficacy was tested using the CLSI - M61 guidelines and the MIC 50 defined against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus was found to be >32 μg/ml which was similar to the nikkomycin MIC. The hyphal tip bursting showed the fungal cell wall disruption. The non-cytotoxic and non-haemolytic nature highlights the drug safety profile., (© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

The second most common type of cancer is lung cancer, impacting the human population. Lung cancer is treated with a number of surgical and non-surgical therapies, including radiation, chemotherapy, and photodynamic treatment. However, the bulk of these procedures are costly, difficult, and hostile to patients. Chemotherapy is distinguished by inadequate tumour targeting, low drug solubility, and insufficient drug transport to the tumour site. In order to deal with the issues related to chemotherapy, extensive efforts are underway to develop and investigate various types of nanoparticles, both organic and inorganic, for the treatment of lung cancer. The subject of this review is the advancements in research pertaining to active targeted lung cancer nano-drug delivery systems treatment, with a specific emphasis on receptors or targets. The findings of this study are expected to assist biomedical researchers in utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) as innovative tools for lung cancer treatment, offering new methods for delivering drugs and reliable solid ligands., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Brain tumors pose significant challenges in terms of complete cure and early-stage prognosis. The complexity of brain tumors, including their location, infiltrative nature, and intricate tumor microenvironment (TME), contributes to the difficulties in achieving a complete cure. The primary objective of brain cancer therapy is to effectively treat brain tumors and improve the patient's quality of life. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising tools in this regard. They can be designed to deliver therapeutic drugs to the brain tumor site while also incorporating imaging agents. The NPs with the 10-200 nm range can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB) and facilitate drug bioavailability. NPs can be designed by several methods to improve the pharmaceutical and pharmacological aspects of encapsulated therapeutic agents. NPs can be developed in various dosage forms to suit different administration routes in brain cancer therapy. The unique properties and versatility of NPs make them essential tools in the fight against brain tumors, offering new opportunities to improve patient outcomes and care. Having the ability to target brain tumors directly, overcome the BBB, and minimize systemic side effects makes NPs valuable tools in improving patient outcomes and care. The review highlights the challenges associated with brain tumor treatment and emphasizes the importance of early detection and diagnosis. The use of NPs for drug delivery and imaging in brain tumors is a promising approach to improving patient outcomes and quality of life. The versatility and unique properties of NPs make them valuable tools in the fight against brain tumors, and innovative NP-related patents have the potential to revolutionize healthcare., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Upon extensive pharmaceutical and biomedical research to treat lung cancer indicates that lung cancer remains one of the deadliest diseases and the leading cause of death in men and women worldwide. Lung cancer remains untreated and has a high mortality rate due to the limited potential for effective treatment with existing therapies. This highlights the urgent need to develop an effective, precise and sustainable solutions to treat lung cancer. In this study, we developed RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles for the controlled and targeted co-delivery of cisplatin (CDDP) and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) in lung cancer therapy. Pluronic F127-RGD conjugate was synthesized by carbodiimide chemistry method and the conjugation was confirmed by FTIR and 1 HNMR spectroscopy techniques. PLGA nanoparticles were developed by the double emulsification method, then the surface of the prepared nanoparticles was decorated with Pluronic F127-RGD conjugate. The prepared formulations were characterized for their particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release and haemolysis studies. Pharmacokinetic studies and safety parameters in BAL fluid were assessed in rats. Histopathology of rat lung tissue was performed. The obtained results of particle sizes of the nanoparticle formulations were found 100-200 nm, indicating the homogeneity of dispersed colloidal nanoparticles formulations. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed the spherical shape of the prepared nanoparticles. The drug encapsulation efficiency of PLGA nanoparticles was found to range from 60% to 80% with different nanoparticles counterparts. RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles showed controlled drug release for up to 72 h. Further, RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles achieved higher cytotoxicity in compared to CFT, CFT, and Ciszest-50 (marketed CDDP injection). The pharmacokinetic study revealed that RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles were 4.6-fold more effective than Ciszest-50. Furthermore, RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles exhibited negligible damage to lung tissue, low systemic toxicity, and high biocompatible and safety in lung tissue. The results of RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles indicated that it is a promising anticancer system that could further exploited as a potent therapeutic approach for lung cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The goal of this study was to see if ascorbic acid grafted polylactic glycolic acid-b-polyethylene glycol nanoparticles (PLGA-b-PEG NPs) might boost the carrying or transport capacity of rivastigmine(RSM) to the brain via choroid plexus Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2 transporters). The IR and 1H NMR, were used to characterise the PLGA-b-PEG copolymer., Methods: Nanoprecipitation method was used to make PLGA-b-PEG NPs. To promote SVCT2- mediated transportation of ascorbic acid (Asc) into the brain, PLGA-b-PEG NPs of acceptable size, polydispersity, and drug loading were bound with ascorbic acid (PLGA-b-PEG-Asc). When compared to PLGA-b-mPEG NPs, the surface functionalization of NPs with ascorbic acid dramatically improved the cellular uptake of NPs in SVCT2 expressing NIH/3T3 cells. Radial Arm Maze Test, and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in scopolamine-induced amnetic rats were used to assess in vivo pharmacodynamic effectiveness., Results: In vivo pharmacodynamic tests revealed that drug loaded PLGA-b-PEG-Asc NPs had much greater therapeutic and sustained activity than free drugs, and PLGA-b-mPEG NPs to the brain., Conclusion: As a consequence, the findings revealed that using ascorbic acid grafted PLGA-b-PEG NPs to deliver bioactives to the brain is a potential strategy., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The demand for nanoparticles is increasing tremendously, and so is the risk of their foreseeable discharge into the environment. Nanoparticles contain a variety of features, including anti-microbial properties, and have been shown to have toxic effects on aquatic organisms previously. However, the causes of nanoparticle toxicity under environmental conditions are still unknown. Exposure to nanoparticles in the environment is unavoidable as nanomaterials are used more prevalent in our daily lives, and as a result, nanotoxicity research is gaining traction. To understand the impact of nanoparticle toxicity on aquatic biota, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are an ideal model system. The cyanobacteria play an important role in ecological balance, nutrient cycling, energy flow, biological nitrogen fixation, and environmental remediation, and their susceptibility to nanoparticles can help in making a wise strategy for the mitigation of possible nano-pollution. This article presents an analysis of recent research findings on the toxicological influences of nanoparticles on the growth rate, biochemical changes, ultra-structural changes as well as the nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms in cyanobacteria. The finding suggests that the shading effect, generation of reactive oxygen species, membrane damage and disintegration of pigments are the main reasons for nanoparticle toxicity to the cyanobacteria., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The necessity for long-term treatments of chronic diseases has encouraged the development of novel long-acting parenteral formulations intending to improve drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy. Lately, one of the novel approaches has been developed based on lipid-based liquid crystals. The lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) systems consist of amphiphilic molecules and are formed in presence of solvents with the most common types being cubic, hexagonal and lamellar mesophases. LC injectables have been recently developed based on polar lipids that spontaneously form liquid crystal nanoparticles in aqueous tissue environments to create the in-situ long-acting sustained-release depot to provide treatment efficacy over extended periods. In this manuscript, we have consolidated and summarized the various type of liquid crystals, recent formulation advancements, analytical evaluation, and therapeutic application of lyotropic liquid crystals in the field of parenteral sustained release drug delivery., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Intravenously infusible nanoparticles to control bleeding have shown promise in rodents, but translation into preclinical models has been challenging as many of these nanoparticle approaches have resulted in infusion responses and adverse outcomes in large animal trauma models. We developed a hemostatic nanoparticle technology that was screened to avoid one component of the infusion response: complement activation. We administered these hemostatic nanoparticles, control nanoparticles, or saline volume controls in a porcine polytrauma model. While the hemostatic nanoparticles promoted clotting as marked by a decrease in prothrombin time and both the hemostatic nanoparticles and controls did not active complement, in a subset of the animals, hard thrombi were found in uninjured tissues in both the hemostatic and control nanoparticle groups. Using data science methods that allow one to work across heterogeneous data sets, we found that the presence of these thrombi correlated with changes in IL-6, INF-alpha, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. While these findings might suggest that this formulation would not be a safe one for translation for trauma, they provide guidance for developing screening tools to make nanoparticle formulations in the complex milieux of trauma as well as for therapeutic interventions more broadly. This is important as we look to translate intravenously administered nanoparticle formulations for therapies, particularly considering the vascular changes seen in a subset of patients following COVID-19. We need to understand adverse events like thrombi more completely and screen for these events early to make nanomaterials as safe and effective as possible.

Objective: The main objective of this study was to develop the orodispersity film containing chitosan-alginate nanoparticles to improve dissolution profile, therapeutic effect with improved bioavailability of empagliflozin through oral route noninvasively for further cytotoxicity study., Methods: The nanoparticles were developed through two-step mechanisms ionotropic pre-gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation methods. The prepared nanoparticles were added to a polymer matrix containing hypromellose, polyvinyl alcohol, and maltodextrin and cast to rapidly dissolving thin film by solvent casting method., Results: The physicochemical characteristics of empagliflozin in the orodispersible film were most favorable for further studies. This formulation has achieved a higher permeability (7.2-fold) as compared to the reference drug product (Jardiance) after 45 min. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rats have revealed that chitosan-alginate empagliflozin nanoparticles in the orodispersible film were 1.18-fold more bioavailable in comparison to free empagliflozin in orodispersible film. The C max observed for the empagliflozin-loaded orodispersible film was 15.42 ± 5.13 μg/mL in comparison to 18.21 ± 5.53 μg/mL for empagliflozin nanoparticle-containing orodispersible film and 12.19 ± 6.71 μg/mL for freed rug suspension. The t 1/2 values for chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in the orodispersible film were found1.4-fold more than empagliflozin loaded orodispersible film (without nanoparticles). The cytotoxicity study has shown that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film achieved a 2.5-fold higher cytotoxic effect than free empagliflozin in orodispersible film in A549lung cancer cells.0-t values for chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in the orodispersible film were found1.4-fold more than empagliflozin loaded orodispersible film (without nanoparticles). The cytotoxicity study has shown that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film achieved a 2.5-fold higher cytotoxic effect than free empagliflozin in orodispersible film in A549lung cancer cells., Conclusions: This study provides evidence that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film can be an effective drug carrier system to improve sustained effect with better bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug.

Objective: Nisin is an antibacterial peptide with anticancer properties, but the main drawback is its rapid enzymatic degradation and limited permeation across the cell membrane. This research aims to overcome these drawbacks by developing nisin-loaded nanoparticles (NPN) with improved cytotoxic effects., Significance: PLGA nanoparticles are one of the most effective biodegradable and biocompatible drug delivery carriers. In the present study, nisin-loaded nanoparticles showed enhanced anticancer effects., Methods: NPN was prepared by a double emulsion solvent evaporation method and characterized for different parameters. The cytotoxic investigation of NPN was carried out on various cell lines, including A549, SW-620, HT-29, PC-3, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, MiaPaca-2, and fR2 by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Mechanistic investigation of cellular cytotoxicity was performed by using bright-field microscopy, DAPI staining, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), Western blotting and cellular uptake study. A comparative cytotoxicity study of nisin and NPN was performed on normal breast epithelial cells (fR2)., Results: NPN showed spherical shape, 289.09 ± 3.63 nm particle size, and 63.37 ± 3.12% entrapment efficiency. NPN was more cytotoxic to the MDA-MB-231 cell line, showing higher nuclear fragmentation, ROS generation, depletion of ΔΨm, and enhanced intracellular uptake with apoptosis signs compared with nisin and with no cytotoxicity on normal cells., Conclusions: The findings suggest that nisin delivery via PLGA nanoparticles can be used to treat cancer without significant effects on healthy cells.

Background & Objectives: The treatment of brain cancer is still challenging for an oncologist due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which inhibits the entry of more than 98 per cent of drugs used during the treatment of brain disease. The cytotoxic drugs used in chemotherapy for brain cancer treatment also affect the normal cells due to lack of targeting. Therefore, the objective of the study was to develop tween 80-coated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with folic acid-doxorubicin (FAD) conjugate for site-specific drug delivery to brain cancer cells., Methods: The FAD conjugate was synthesized by the conjugation of folic acid with doxorubicin and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. SLNs loaded with FAD were prepared by the solvent injection method. The SLNs were characterized by the particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, etc., Results: The average particle size of FAD conjugate-loaded SLNs (SLN-C) was found to be 220.4±2.2 nm, with 36.2±0.6 per cent entrapment efficiency. The cytotoxicity and cellular uptake were determined on U87 MG cell lines. Half maximal inhibitory concentration value of the SLN-C was found to be 2.5 μg/ml, which confirmed the high antitumour activity against brain cancer cells., Interpretation & Conclusions: The cell line studies confirmed the cytotoxicity and internalization of SLN-C in U87 MG brain cancer cells. The results confirmed that tween 80-coated SLNs have the potential to deliver the doxorubicin selectively in the brain cancer cells.

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is the progressive increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) (≥20 mmHg at rest). Current treatment strategies include the drugs targeting at nitric oxide pathway, endothelin receptors, prostaglandin receptors, thromboxane receptors and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which provides the symptomatic relief. Despite of these treatments, the mortality amongst the PAH patients remains high due to non-reversal of the condition. This review primarily covers the introduction of PAH and the current treatments of the disease. This is followed by the newer disease targets expressed in the pathobiology of the disease like Rho Kinase Pathway, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Pathway, Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, Serotonin signalling pathway, Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel pathway. Newer formulation strategies for targeting at these specific receptors were covered and includes nano formulations like liposomes, Micelles, Polymeric Nanoparticles, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN), Bioresorbable stents, NONOates, Cell-Based Therapies, miRNA therapy for PAH. Novel targets were identified for their role in the pathogenesis of the PAH and needs to be targeted with new molecules or existing molecules effectively. Nanosystems have shown their potential as alternative carriers on the virtue of their better performance than traditional drug delivery systems., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nanotechnology has been a dynamic field for formulation scientists with multidisciplinary research being conducted worldwide. Advancements in development of functional nanosystems have led to evolution of breakthrough technologies. Lipidic nanosystems, in particular, are highly preferred owing to their non-immunogenic safety profiles along with a range of versatile intrinsic properties. Surface modification of lipid nanoparticles by anchoring carbohydrates to these systems is one such attractive drug delivery technology. Carbohydrates confer interesting properties to the nanosystems such as stealth, biostability, bioavailability, reduced toxicity due to decreased immunogenic response, targeting potential as well as ease of commercial availability. The carbohydrate anchored systems can be developed using methods such as adsorption, incorporation (nanoprecipitation or solvent displacement method), crosslinking and grafting. Current review provides a detailed overview of potential lipid based nanoparticulate systems with an emphasis on liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructures lipid carriers and micelles. Review further explores basics of surface modification, methods applied therein, advantages of carbohydrates as surface modifiers, their versatile applications, techniques for characterization of carbohydrate anchored systems and vital regulatory aspects concerned with these specialized systems., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chronic diseases, as stated by the WHO, are a threat to human health which kill 3 out of every 5 people worldwide. Therapeutics for such illnesses can be developed using traditional medicine. However, it is not an easy path from natural products to Western pharmacological and pharmaceutical methods. For several decades, chronic inflammatory disorders, especially in Westernized countries, have increased incidence and prevalence. Several NSAIDs are used to decrease inflammation and pain; however, there are numerous negative consequences of these anti-inflammatory medications, whereas plant-based natural products have anti-inflammatory therapeutic benefits that have little or no adverse effects. Nanoparticles are a new type of drug delivery device that may be designed to provide excellent target selectivity for certain cells and tissues while also having a high drug loading capacity, resulting in better pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (PKPD), and therapeutic bioavailability. The size and polarity of phytochemical compounds make it hard to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-vessel endothelial lining, gastrointestinal tract and mucosa. In addition, the gastrointestinal system is enzymatically destroyed. Therefore, nanoparticles or nanocrystals might also be used for encapsulation or conjugation of these chemicals as a method to improve their organic effectiveness through their gastrointestinal stability, absorption rate and dispersion. The therapy of numerous inflammatory illnesses, including arthritis, gastritis, Nephritis, Hepatitis (Type A, B &C), ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, allergic responses (asthma, eczema) or autoimmune disorders, is characterised by nanoparticles. This review paper provides information on the numerous nanosystem described with their probable mechanism to treat chronic inflammatory diseases., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The cell wall chitosan was extracted from fungi belonging to different taxonomic classes, namely, Benjaminiella poitrasii (Zygomycetes, dimorphic), Hanseniaspora guilliermondii , Issatchenkia orientalis , Pichia membranifaciens , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Ascomycetes, yeasts), and Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus sajor-caju (Basidiomycetes). The maximum yield of chitosan was 60.89 ± 2.30 mg/g of dry mycelial biomass of B. poitrasii . The degree of deacetylation (DDA) of chitosan extracted from different fungi, as observed with 1 H NMR, was in the range of 70-93%. B. poitrasii chitosan exhibited the highest DDA (92.78%). The characteristic absorption bands were observed at 3450, 1650, 1420, 1320, and 1035 cm -1 by FTIR. Compared to chitosan from marine sources (molecular weight, MW, 585 kDa), fungal chitosans showed lower MW (6.21-46.33 kDa). Further, to improve the efficacy of B. poitrasii chitosan (Bp), nanoparticles (Np) were synthesized using the ionic gelation method and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). For yeast and hyphal chitosan nanoparticles (BpYCNp and BpHCNp), the average particle size was <200 nm with polydispersity index of 0.341 ± 0.03 and 0.388 ± 0.002, respectively, and the zeta potential values were 21.64 ± 0.34 and 24.48 ± 1.58 mV, respectively. The B. poitrasii chitosans and their nanoparticles were further evaluated for antifungal activity against human pathogenic Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida glabrata NCYC 388, Candida tropicalis ATCC 750, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 34664, and Aspergillus niger ATCC 10578. BpHCNps showed lower MIC 90 values (0.025-0.4 mg/mL) than the chitosan polymer against the tested human pathogens. The study suggested that nanoformulation of fungal chitosan, which has low molecular weight and high % DDA, is desirable for antifungal applications against human pathogens. Moreover, chitosans as well as their nanoparticles were found to be hemocompatible and are therefore safe for healthcare applications.

Perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) convert solar energy into electrical energy. Current study employs fabrication of PVSCs using calcium titanate (CaTiO 3 ) prepared by co-precipitation of TiO 2 nanoparticle (NP) and CaCO 3 NP with later synthesized from mollusc shell. Furthermore, frustules of diatom, Nitzschia palea were used to prepare silica doped CaTiO 3 (Si-CaTiO 3 ) nanocomposite. CaTiO 3 NP and Si-CaTiO 3 nanocomposites film were made on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass plate using spin coater separately for two different kinds of PVSCs tested at different intensities of light. The perovskite materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Thickness of the film was measured by profilometer. The maximum power density (PD max ) of CaTiO 3 made PVSCs was 0.235 mW/m 2 under white LED light and 0.041 mW/m 2 in broad spectrum light. Whereas, PD max of PVSCs with Si-CaTiO 3 was higher about 0.0083 mW/m 2 in broad spectrum light and was 0.0039 mW/m 2 in white LED light. This is due to the fact that CaTiO 3 allowed blue and red light in broad spectrum to pass through it without being absorbed compared to white LED light which gets reflected. On the offset, in PVSC made of Si-CaTiO 3 since diatoms frustules are made up of nanoporous architecture it increases the overall porosity of PVSC making them potentially more efficient in broad spectrum of light compared to white LED light., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Synthetic polymers present disadvantages such as high cost, limited availability, safety concerns, environmental hazards and accumulation in body. Lignin, an aromatic biopolymer, is highly abundant and offers various advantages including cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility and biodegradability. It also possesses various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and UV protection, thus lignin has become a popular biopolymer in recent years and is no more considered as bio-waste rather extensive research is been carried out on developing it as drug carrier. Lignin also has non-biomedical applications including dispersing agents, surfactants, detergent/ cleaning agents, energy storage, etc. Methods: This review compiles patents granted on production of technical lignin, different lignin therapeutic carriers and its biomedical and non-biomedical applications. The literature is collected from recent years including both articles as well as patents and is carefully analyzed and compiled in an easy to comprehend pattern for guiding future research., Results: The reviewed patents and articles highlighted the advancement made in lignin isolation and valorization. Numerous lignin nanoformulations as drug delivery agents or as standalone entities with various pharmacological actions like antibacterial, antioxidant or UV protectant have been reported. As well as industrial applications of lignin as adhesives, insulators or supercapacitors have also made lignin a biopolymer of choice., Conclusion: Lignin being a bio-inspired polymer has huge potential in commercial applications. New methods of lignin isolation from lignocellulosic biomass including physical pretreatments, solvent fraction, and chemical and biological pretreatment have been widely patented. Several micro/nano lignin formulations with improved and controllable reactivity like nanocontainers, nanocapsules, nanoparticles have also been reported recently. Also, various pharmacological properties of lignin have also been explored, thus valorization of lignin is a hot topic of hour., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Microalgae have been recognized as one of the most efficient microorganisms to remediate industrial effluents. Among microalgae diatoms are silica shelled unicellular eukaryotes, found in all types of water bodies and flourish very well even in wastewater. They have their silica cell wall made up of nano arrayed pores arranged in a uniform fashion. Therefore, they act as smart nanocontainers to adsorb various trace metals, dyes, polymers, and drugs which are hazardous to human as well to aquatic life. The beautiful nanoarchitecture in diatoms allows them to easily bind to ligands of choice to form a nanocomposite structure with the pollutants which can be a chemical or biological component. Such naturally available diatom nanomaterials are economical and highly sensitive compared to manmade artificial silica nanomaterials to help in facile removal of the toxic pollutants from wastewater. This review is thus focused on employing diatoms to remediate various pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, hydrocarbons detected in the wastewater. It also includes different microalgae as biosensors for determination of pollutants in effluents and the perspectives for nanotechnological applications in the field of remediating pollutants through microalgae. The review also discusses in length the hurdles and perspectives of employing microalgae in wastewater remediation.

Fluorescent Red-emitting carbon nanoparticles (RCNPs) are produced by an economical and green hydrothermal method using Eucalyptus leaves as a precursor. This is the first report of its kind demonstrating RCNPs in combined PDT-Chemo combination therapy, as RCNPs bind with mitoxantrone (MTO) electrostatically. The synthesized RCNPs before and after conjugation of MTO are characterised using DLS, SEM, TEM, UV-Vis, Fluorescence, FTIR, and 1 H NMR Spectroscopy. FTIR and 1 H NMR confirm the interaction between -NH proton of MTO with carboxylic acid oxygen of RCNPs. RCNPs are demonstrated as brightly fluorescent, type II photosensitizer (PS) with an extraordinary 1 O 2 quantum yield of 0.96, when triggered with a red laser at 660 nm. Moreover, the biocompatibility of RCNPs and RCNPs-MTO are examined and confirmed by performing a cytotoxicity assay on MCF-7 cell lines. Subsequently, to explore the internalization process of the RCNPs as a function of concentration, confocal imaging study is also carried out. The cell viability and the apoptosis assay indicates that RCNPs-MTO can achieve the PDT-Chemo synergistic cancer therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that Eucalyptus leaves, a natural source of great abundance, is used as raw material and applied for combined PDT-chemotherapy., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present study with aim at enhancing the therapeutic and anti-cancer properties of cisplatin (CPT)-loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles. The BSA nanoparticles containing CPT (CPT-BSANPs) were successfully prepared by the desolvation technique. The physicochemical characterization of the CPT-BSANPs were used by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The particle size of CPT-BSANPs was found less than 200 nm with 75.02 ± 0.15% entrapment efficiency (EE), while zeta potential and PDI were -17.6 mV and 0.2, respectively. In vitro release behavior of the CPT from the carrier suggests that about 64% of the drug gets released after 48 hrs. The anti-cancer activities of the CPT-BSANPs were tested on MCF-7 cell lines. Our studies show that CPT-BSANPs nanoparticles showed specific targeting and enhanced cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells when compared to the bare CPT. Thus results suggest that CPT-BSANPs fallowed caveolae-mediated endocytosis, it may become better option for intracellular delivery of anticancer drug.

Chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera , displays resistance to chemical insecticides and transgenics. The potential nontransformative RNAi approach of specific gene silencing by mRNA breakdown through exogenous double-stranded (dsRNA) delivery to Helicoverpa faces problems of degradation by nucleases and insect gut pH. We demonstrate that chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) effectively mediate specific dsRNA delivery against Helicoverpa armigera juvenile hormone methyltransferase ( JHAMT ) and acetylcholine esterase ( ACHE) target genes. Ionotropically synthesized cationic CNPs (100 nm size, +32 mV charge) loaded dsRNA efficiently and protected it effectively from degradation by nucleases and insect gut pH. Tagging CNPs with Calcofluor fluorescence illustrated its efficient uptake in columnar insect gut cells. The potential of CNPs-mediated dsRNA delivery was elucidated with effective silencing of green fluorescent protein transformed Sf9 cells. Furthermore, CNPs-dsRNA complexes were stable for 5 d on leaf surfaces, and their ingestion with leaf effectively silenced H. armigera JHAMT and ACHE genes to suppress related enzyme activities and caused 100% insect mortality. Further, in planta bioassay with CNPs-dsRNA spray confirmed the RNAi induced insect mortality. Moreover, CNPs-dsRNA fed nontarget insects Spodoptera litura and Drosophila melanogaster were unaffected, and no toxicity was observed for CNPs in cell line studies. Remarkably, only two low dose (0.028 g/ha) topical CNPs-ache-dsRNA sprays on chickpea displayed reduced pod damage with high yields on par with chemical control in the field, which was followed by CNPs-jhamt-dsRNA nanoformulation. These studies can pave the way for the development of topical application of CNPs-dsRNA spray as a safe, specific, innovative insecticide for sustainable crop protection.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage often causes death during traumatic injuries and halting exsanguination topically is a challenge. Here, an efficient multimodal topical hemostat was developed by (i) ionically crosslinking chitosan and gelatin with sodium tripolyphosphate for (ii) fabricating a robust, highly porous xerogel by lyophilization having 86.7 % porosity, by micro-CT and large pores ∼30 μm by SEM (iii) incorporating 0.5 mg synthesized silica nanoparticles (SiNPs, 120 nm size, -22 mV charge) and 2.5 mM calcium in xerogel composite that was confirmed by FTIR analysis with peaks at 3372, 986 and 788 cm -1 , respectively. XPS analysis displayed the presence of SiNPs (Si2p peak for silicon) and calcium (Ca2p1, Ca2p3 transition peaks) in the composite. Interestingly, in silico percolation simulation for composite revealed interlinked 800 μm long-conduits predicting excellent absorption capacity and validated experimentally (640 % of composite dry weight). The composite achieved >16-fold improved blood clotting in vitro than commercial Celox and Gauze through multimodal interaction of its components with RBCs and platelets. The composite displayed good platelet activation and thrombin generation activities. It displayed high compressive strength (2.45 MPa) and withstood pressure during application. Moreover, xerogel composite showed high biocompatibility. In vivo application of xerogel composite to lethal femoral artery injury in rats achieved hemostasis (2.5 min) significantly faster than commercial Celox (3.3 min) and Gauze (4.6 min) and was easily removed from the wound. The gamma irradiated composite was stable till 1.5 yr. Therefore, the xerogel composite has potential for application as a rapid topical hemostatic agent., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Surface engineering of nanocrystals for improving the biopharmaceutical features is a multivariate process involving numerous formulation and process variables, thus making it a complicated process to get the desired biopharmaceutical quality profile. Nano-by-design is hereby proposed as an approach to nanonize an orally active, lipid-lowering fenofibrate in order to improve feasibility of product development., Methodology: Top-down wet ball milling (media milling) in zirconia planetary chamber was methodically explored for improving the solubility and bioavailability of fenofibrate by formulating a nanosuspension using polyvinyl alcohol as a stabilizer. Several influencing variables were screened using a systematic one-factor-at-a-time approach. DSC, SEM, XRD, and FTIR were utilized for physical characterization of the product during the development stage and to study the effect of milling time, milling speed, fenofibrate:stabilizer ratio, premilling time and stabilizer concentration. Potential risk factors affecting critical quality biopharmaceutical attributes of fenofibrate nanocrystals like size, zeta potential, in vitro release, crystallinity and intrinsic solubility were optimized to improve pharmacokinetic performance., Result: Formulated nanosized fenofibrate exhibited a crystalize nature as evident from XRD and DSC, 411 nm size, and a rapid but complete dissolution (~99% in 30 min). This resulted in a quick onset of action and improved bioavailability as observed from 51.46% shorter Tmax, 82.63% higher Cmax, and 69.34% higher AUC0-24h, respectively., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Silk fibroin nanoparticles possess the hydrophobic nature which assists them to become a good substrate for reticulo-endothelial system (RES) and macrophageal uptake. Surface coating of these nanoparticles with hydrophilic stabilizers, like Tween-80 make them long circulating and facilitate their uptake by low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors to cross blood brain barrier (BBB). Surface modified silk fibroin nanoparticles bearing anti-cancer agent doxorubicin (DOX) were fabricated by desolvation method and coated with Tween-80 as surface modifier. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for various physicochemical parameters, like particle size, surface charge, surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in vitro drug release along with in vitro cell cytotoxicity, flow cytometry and cellular uptake studies by flourocytometry on glioblastoma cell lines. Entrapment efficiency for the silk fibroin nanoparticles were found to be >85% for coated and uncoated nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with average diameter less than 150 nm having negative charge were found to show no toxicity of its own. The pro-inflammatory response of nanoparticles was observed by determining the cytokines level, such as TNF-α and IL-1β. Sustained drug release pattern from the nanoparticles with better cytotoxicty as compared to free drug was observed, signifying their potential ability to work as a drug delivery system., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The article focuses on exploring and comparing two top-down methods, i.e. media milling and microfluidization for the fabrication of nanocrystals of rifampicin (RIF), a poorly water-soluble drug in terms of their potential for generation of stable and efficacious nanocrystals., Significance: Nanocrystals are often the system of choice for the formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs. The characteristic benefit of nanocrystals lies in their ability to boost the bioavailability of such drugs by enhancing their saturation solubility and dissolution velocity. Nanocrystals can be prepared by either bottom-up or top-down approach. The latter is often preferred due to the feasibility of scale-up and economical nature. Hence, the emphasis is on these methods., Methods: Stable RIF nanocrystals (RIF NCs) were developed and optimized using media milling and microfluidizer method by incorporating a suitable surfactant/stabilizer. The developed nanocrystals were evaluated for their saturation solubility, in vitro dissolution, solid-state characteristics, morphology, intrinsic dissolution rate, and short-term physical stability., Results: Both the methods were found to be equally efficient in terms of development of stable RIF NCs, while in terms of processing time and efficacy, microfluidization was found to be advantageous. Amorphization and polymorphic conversion were evident based on the results of solid-state characterization. Furthermore, both formulations exhibited an enhanced solubility and faster dissolution velocity., Conclusion: Based on the characterization outcomes, it can be concluded that both the top-down technologies could be successfully applied to develop nanocrystals of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, microfluidization was found to outplay media milling in terms of processing time and drug loading.

A vaginal microbicide is a front-line women-dependent approach and an alternative to a condom for prevention of unprotected sexual intercourse-associated HIV. The microbicide research is still in its infancy with several products in the clinical studies being reported to have good efficacy, safe, but with poor adherence. One such molecule reported with an excellent efficacy when tested preclinically is curcumin, a natural polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa. Despite its potential HIV-1 inhibitory activity, it has intense yellow color staining properties, which would result in poor consumer compliance and adherence for vaginal application. To address this issue, tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a colorless derivative of curcumin, was subjected to in silico screening (molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies) using homology model of gp120-CD4 binding. It was found that THC exhibited equivalent gp120-CD4 binding inhibitory activity as compared with curcumin due to its stable hydrophobic interactions with residues Asp368 and Trp427 deeper in the Phe43 cavity of CD4 receptor. Hence, it can be effectively used as a potential microbicide candidate. THC, a BCS Class II molecule exhibits poor solubility, spreadability, and intracellular uptake when used in the conventional form. Thus, it was decided to develop a lipid-based nanomicrobicide gel for delivery of THC. The developed THC-loaded o/w microemulsion gel was characterized for physicochemical properties (globule size, drug content, drug release, and permeation) and further used for in vitro cell line studies (cell viability, cellular uptake, and anti-HIV activity). The developed formulation was found to be stable with coitus-independent release profile and exhibited a rapid time-independent intracellular uptake. In addition, it exhibited a fourfold increase in efficacy as compared with conventional THC. Thus, the novel THC-loaded o/w microemulsion gel exhibited the potential for prevention of HIV-1 infection associated with unprotected sexual intercourse.

An excellent catalyst (GNiO c ) for reduction of nitroarenes with sodium borohydride is being reported. The synthesis of GNiO c was carried out by direct precipitation method using guar gum (GG) as the modifier. The nanostructures have been characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Thermal (TGA and DTA) analysis. TEM analysis revealed that GNiO c sample is crystalline in nature (similar to cubic NiO) and had an average particle size of ~3 nm. The reduction of 4‑nitrophenol (4‑NP) (2 mM) using sodium borohydride (0.1 M) was completed within 2 min when GNiO c (5 mg) was used as catalyst. GNiO c could be successfully recovered and reused for six repetitive cycles and even in the sixth cycle; the reduction was completed in 18 min time. The reduction followed zero order kinetics, the rate constant being 8 × 10 -3  mmol L -1  min. -1 Under identical experimental conditions, GNiO c catalyzed reductions (with sodium borohydride) of 4‑nitroaniline (4‑NA) and 4‑nitro benzoic acid (4‑NBA) were completed in 6 and 7 min respectively, while NiO required >15 min time for reducing all the three nitroarenes., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Adequate release of 5-ASA in colon is challenging as it easily permeates at the acidic pH of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Targeting delayed release of 5-ASA at acidic pH, Carboxymethyl cellulose-rosin gum hybrid nanoparticles (CR NP3 ) with an average size of 267nm have been crafted through nanoprecipitation method. CR NP3 was extensively characterized using Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis based on dynamic light scattering. Colon specific targeted in-vitro release of 5‑Aminosalicylic acid from CR NPs was monitored in simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal (SIF) fluids. The release rate was very slow in first 2h in SGF, while in SIF, it was greater and 72% drug was released in a controlled manner during the time span of 12h in contrast to native carboxymethyl cellulose or rosin gum for which 100% release was accomplished within 5h or 8h respectively. The delayed release from CR NPs is attractive for enhancing the bioavailability of drug in colon. The drug release followed zero-order kinetics and non-Fickian diffusion mechanism., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nanoparticles have specific physicochemical properties different to bulk materials of the same composition and such properties make them very attractive for commercial and medical applications. Mucoadhesive nanoparticulate dosage forms are designed to enable prolonged retention of these nanoparticles at the site of application, providing a controlled drug release for improved therapeutic outcome. Moreover, drug delivery across the mucosa bypasses the first-pass hepatic metabolism and avoids the degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes. However, like most new technologies, there is a rising debate concerning the possible transmucosal side effects resulting from the use of particles at the nano level. In fact, these nanoparticles on entering the body, deposit in several organs and may cause adverse biological reactions by modifying the physiochemical properties of living matter. Several investigators have found nanoparticles responsible for toxicity in different organs. In addition, the toxicity of nanoparticles also depends on whether they are persistent or cleared from the different organs of entry and whether the host can raise an effective response to sequester or dispose of the particles. In contrast to many efforts aimed at exploiting desirable properties of nanoparticles for medicine, there are limited attempts to evaluate potentially undesirable effects of these particles when administered intentionally for medical purposes. This chapter focuses on the overview of the mucosal systems, fate of nanoparticles, mechanism of nanoparticle's toxicity and the various toxicity issues associated with nanoparticles through mucosal routes.

Aloevera (AV) polysaccharide/acrylonitrile (AN) nanoparticles (AVA Np4 of ∼50nm size) have been crafted via free radical polymerization method using persulfate/ascorbic acid (KPS/AA) and methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as the redox initiator and crosslinker respectively. AVA Np4 was extensively characterized using FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, and Thermal analysis (TGA & DTG). Inclusion of AN in AV polysaccharide has been evidenced by nitrile stretching peak at 2244cm -1 in FTIR spectrum of AVA Np4. Colon specific targeted in-vitro release of 5-Aminosalicylic acid from AVA Np4 has been studied in pH 1.2 and pH 7.4 buffer solutions at 37°C. The controlled release was witnessed up to 48h for AVA Np4 in contrast to AV for which the release exhausted within 7-8h in both the buffers. The delayed release of the drug from AVA Np4 is attractive since it can allow the drug to reach colon rather than being released in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this work was to enhance the transportation of the galantamine to the brain via ascorbic acid grafted PLGA-b-PEG nanoparticles (NPs) using SVCT2 transporters of choroid plexus. PLGA-b-PEG copolymer was synthesized and characterized by 1 H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. PLGA-b-PEG-NH 2 and PLGA-b-mPEG NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation method. PLGA-b-PEG NPs with desirable size, polydispersity, and drug loading were used for the conjugation with ascorbic acid (PLGA-b-PEG-Asc) to facilitate SVCT2 mediated transportation of the same into the brain. The surface functionalization of NPs with ascorbic acid significantly increased cellular uptake of NPs in SVCT2 expressing NIH/3T3 cells as compared to plain PLGA and PLGA-b-mPEG NPs. In vivo pharmacodynamic efficacy was evaluated using Morris Water Maze Test, Radial Arm Maze Test and AChE activity in scopolamine induced amnetic rats. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies demonstrated significantly higher therapeutic and sustained action by drug loaded PLGA-b-PEG-Asc NPs than free drugs and drug loaded plain PLGA as well as PLGA-b-mPEG NPs. Additionally, PLGA-b-PEG-Asc NPs resulted in significantly higher biodistribution of the drug to the brain than other formulations. Hence, the results suggested that targeting of bioactives to the brain by ascorbic acid grafted PLGA-b-PEG NPs is a promising approach.

Radio-frequency responsive nanomaterials combined with drugs for simultaneous hyperthermia and drug delivery are potential anti-cancer agents. In this study, chitosan coated La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanoparticles (C-LSMO NPs) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Under low radio-frequency (365kHz, RF), C-LSMO NPs (90nm) showed good colloidal stability (+22mV), superparamagnetic nature (15.4 emu/g) and heating capacity (57.4W/g SAR value). Chitosan facilitated doxorubicin entrapment (76%) resulted in DC-LSMO NPs that showed drug release upon a 5min RF exposure. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells responded to a 5min RF exposure in the presence of bimodal DC-LSMO NPs with a significant decrease in viability to 73% and 88% (Pearson correlation, r=1, P<0.01) respectively, as compared to hyperthermia alone. Internalization of DC-LSMO NPs via the endosomal pathway led to an efficient localization of doxorubicin within the cell nucleus. The ensuing DNA damage, heat shock protein induction, and caspase production triggered apoptotic cell death. Moreover, DC-LSMO NPs successfully restricted the migration of metastatic MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. These data suggest that DC-LSMO NPs are potential bimodal therapeutic agents for cancer treatment and hold promise against disease recurrence and drug resistance., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure was developed for the determination of metformin HCl (MTH), atorvastatin calcium (AC) and glimepiride (GP) in combination and their main degradation products. The separation and quantization were achieved on a 5-µm Qualisil gold, C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm). The mobile phase selected was phosphate buffer (pH 2.9)-organic phase in proportion of 70:30. Organic phase consisted of methanol-acetonitrile (90:10) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection of analytes was carried out at 230 nm. The method exhibited good linearity over the range of 10-60 µg/mL for MTH, 2-20 µg/mL for AC and 5-30 µg/mL for GP. Square of the correlation coefficients was found to be >0.999. Various stress degradation studies were carried out in combination as per International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for 4 h. The recovery and precision were determined in terms of intraday and interday precisions and expressed as relative standard deviations. These were <1 and <2%, respectively. Finally, the applicability of the method was evaluated in nanoparticle analysis of MTH, AC and GP as well as in stability studies of nanoformulation., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Chitosan nanoparticles are promising drug delivery vehicles. However, the conventional method of unregulated mixing during ionic gelation limits their application because of heterogeneity in size and physicochemical properties. Therefore, a detailed theoretical analysis of conventional and active microreactor models was simulated. This led to design and fabrication of a polydimethylsiloxane microreactor with magnetic micro needles for the synthesis of monodisperse chitosan nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles synthesized conventionally, using 0.5 mg/mL chitosan, were 250 ± 27 nm with +29.8 ± 8 mV charge. Using similar parameters, the microreactor yielded small size particles (154 ± 20 nm) at optimized flow rate of 400 μL/min. Further optimization at 0.4 mg/mL chitosan concentration yielded particles (130 ± 9 nm) with higher charge (+39.8 ± 5 mV). The well-controlled microreactor-based mixing generated highly monodisperse particles with tunable properties including antifungal drug entrapment (80%), release rate, and effective activity (MIC, 1 μg/mL) against Candida.

Lung cancer is a dreadful disease which claims to be more life threatening as compared to total sum up of colon, prostate and breast cancers. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop an effective delivery approach for its management. Paclitaxel (PTX) is one of the well-known choice as antineoplasitic agent used for the treatment of different types of human cancers such as non-small-cell lung, head and neck cancers, leukemia, breast, ovarian and melanoma. Lactoferrin (Lf), a "multifunctional protein" is crucial for natural immunity which is secreted by exocrine glands. Lf receptors are expressed on the apical surface on bronchial epithelial cells. These over-expressed LF receptors can be utilized for the transportation of Lf-conjugated drug or nanocarrier devices. The present study was aimed to develop PTX-loaded Lf-coupled solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for the treatment of lung cancer. PTX-loaded SLNs were prepared, characterized and then coupled with Lf using carbodiimide chemistry. The formulations were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential, whereas Lf conjugation was confirmed by FT-IR and ¹H NMR and efficiency of prepared system was evaluated by in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations. The ex vivo cytotoxicity studies on human bronchial epithelial cell lines, BEAS-2B, revealed superior anticancer activity of Lf-coupled SLNs than plain SLNs and free PTX. In vivo biodistribution studies showed higher concentrations of PTX accumulated in lungs via Lf-coupled SLNs than plain SLNs and free PTX. These studies suggested that Lf-coupled PTX-loaded SLNs could be used as potential targeting carrier for delivering anticancer drug to the lungs with the minimal side effects.

Pot-shaped fluorescent aggregates of 6,6-dicyanopentafulvene derivative serve as reactors and stabilizers for the preparation of luminescent ZnO nanoparticles, which exhibit high catalytic efficiency in one-pot multicomponent synthesis of tetrahydropyridines.

Context: HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD) is an evolving disease in the category of neurological disorders., Objective: Nifedipine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed and coated with Tween 80 to facilitate enhanced brain drug delivery for the treatment of HAD., Materials and Methods: SLNs were prepared using solvent injection method. Lipids consisted of tristearin, hydrogenated soya phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) (1.5:1 w/w). Nifedipine was model drug in this study. Tween 80 (0.5% v/v) was taken as key modulator. SLNs were characterized for particle shape, size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, DNA fragmentation, cytotoxicity potential and in vivo studies., Results: The SLNs (plain and coated) were found to be in nanometric in size (∼120 nm) with more than 70% entrapment efficiency. In vitro drug release profile reflected sustained release up to 48 h. Tween 80-coated SLNs showed higher percentage of DNA fragmentation in vitro and enhanced cell viability in sulforhodamine assay (rat cortical cells) as compared to plain drug and uncoated SLNs due to facilitated uptake of SLNs and reversal of P-gp efflux by virtue of Tween 80. Biodistribution study performed on vital organs, i.e. brain, heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidney showed increased accumulation of Tween 80-coated SLNs in the brain., Discussion and Conclusion: Tween 80 enhanced localization of SLNs in the brain as compared to uncoated SLNs. This approach can be employed effectively to transport chemotherapeutics across the BBB for management of HIV-1 associated dementia and other ailments.

Present communication reports on the synthesis and characterization of Hg(II) sorbing millimeter sized porous titania spheres (TSP). The synthesis utilizes guar gum-alginate hybrid beads as sacrificial template to polymerize titanium(IV) isopropoxide. The hybrid beads are crafted by pouring guar-alginate mixed solution to calcium bath. The mechanical strength of the beads depended on guar to alginate ratio in the mixed solution. The equal weight ratio of the two polysaccharides is appropriate for adequate mechanical strength beads. The unique performance of the templating beads is attributed to the synergistic interaction between guar gum and sodium alginate. FTIR, BET, SEM, TEM, XRD, TGA, and DTG analyses have been used for the characterization of the optimum performance TSP (TSPAG2). TSPAG2 is a mesoporous material that has higher surface area and narrower pore size distribution than pure alginate derived titania spheres (TSPA). TEM study demonstrated that TSPAG2 spheres are constituted of aggregated TiO2 nanoparticles of ∼ 10 nm size. TSPAG2 is able to capture >95% Hg(II) from synthetic Hg(II) solution in 10h at pH 5 as opposed to only 68% removal by TSPA., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chitosan nanoparticles were evaluated as a vaccine delivery system for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the absence of adjuvant. Nano-encapsulated HBsAg (HBsAg chitosan-NP) was endocytosed more rapidly and efficiently by dendritic cells compared to soluble HBsAg. FRET analysis demonstrated that intact nanoparticles were taken up by DCs. To determine the immunogenicity of adjuvant-free nano-encapsulated HBsAg, mice were immunized with a single dose of non-encapsulated HBsAg, HBsAg chitosan-NP, or HBsAg alum. Mice immunized with adjuvant-free nanoparticle elicited anti-HBs antibodies at significantly higher titers compared to mice immunized with HBsAg alum. Elevated numbers of BAFF-R(+) B cells and CD138+ plasma cells account for the heightened anti-HBs response in nanoparticle immunized mice. Increases in Tfh cells provide a mechanism for the accumulation of anti-HBs secreting cells. Thus, chitosan nanoparticle vaccines represent a promising un-adjuvanted platform to generate robust and durable immunity to HBsAg and other subunit antigens following a single low-dose administration., From the Clinical Editor: In this study, chitosan nanoparticle vaccines are demonstrated as a promising un-adjuvanted platform to generate robust and durable immunity to HBsAg and other subunit antigens following a single low-dose administration in a murine model. The authors also demonstrated superior antibody response induction compared with non-encapsulated HBs antigen and HBsAg aluminum., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We have earlier reported on the possible application of poly [lactide (co-glycolide)] (PLGA) nanoparticles of suitable size to serve as a (99m)Tc-labeled diagnostic tracer in sentinel lymph node detection (SLND). Additional efforts have now been made to improve both the radiolabeling yield and the biological efficacy by modifying the PLGA particles. Two approaches were taken, one based on in situ loading of mebrofenin inside PLGA nanoparticles and the second one based on functionalization of existing terminal carboxylic acid groups on the nanoparticle surface with p-aminobenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (p-NH2-Bz-DTPA) for enhanced availability of functional groups suitable for (99m)Tc complexation. The modified PLGA derivatives were purified and characterized. Radiolabeling of the modified PLGA nanoparticles was carried out with (99m)Tc using stannous chloride as the reducing agent. Mebrofenin encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (mebrofenin-PLGA) did not show any significant improvement in the radiolabeling yield in comparison to the earlier reported "plain" PLGA nanoparticles, probably due to inaccessibility of the mebrofenin moiety to (99m)Tc upon encapsulation. DTPA-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles (DTPA-PLGA) showed appreciable improvement in radiolabeling yield under more moderate reaction conditions and better stability. In the biological evaluation performed in Wistar rat model, (99m)Tc-DTPA-PLGA nanoparticles showed a considerable increase in uptake in the sentinel node and the percentage popliteal extraction of the preparation was also higher. (99m)Tc-mebrofenin-PLGA did not show any improvement in SLN uptake over plain PLGA nanoparticles. The above results suggest that surface modification of PLGA by covalently coupling DTPA to PLGA nanoparticles prior to (99m)Tc labeling appears to be a superior approach to achieve a suitable (99m)Tc-labeled PLGA nanoparticle preparation for SLND.

Fluorescent nanoaggregates of pentacenequinone derivative serve as reactors for the preparation of palladium nanoparticles in aqueous medium. Further, the combination of catalytic quantities of palladium nanoparticles with NaBH(4) smoothly reduces 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in aqueous medium.

The present investigation was focused on developing Technetium-99m (⁹⁹(m)Tc)-labeled poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles as an alternative to ⁹⁹(m)Tc-labeled sulfur colloid/albumin nanocolloid for sentinel lymph node detection. PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation technique and the system was characterized with respect to particle size and morphology. They showed spherical morphology with a mean particle diameter of ∼131 nm and a low polydispersity index indicative of homogenous distribution. The developed colloidal system was further stabilized by lyophilization, and the lyoprotective action of various carbohydrate cryoprotectants was investigated. The lyophilized product was characterized with respect to particle size, appearance, and reconstitution ability. Further, the PLGA nanoparticles were labeled with ⁹⁹(m)Tc using SnCl₂ as the reducing agent. ⁹⁹(m)Tc-labeling yield was not high, requiring purification of labeled product, but purified product was stable for up to 12 hours when stored at 4°C in saline. Biodistribution and scintigraphic imaging studies performed in Wistar rats revealed localization of ⁹⁹(m)Tc-labeled PLGA nanoparticles in the sentinel nodes. Although further modification of labeling route is required for a clinically suitable product, the developed ⁹⁹(m)Tc-PLGA nanoparticle system provides an adequate proof-of-concept for PLGA-based systems as an advantageous replacement to currently used sentinel lymph node detection tools.

The present investigation involved preparation of hydrogel nanoparticles using a combination of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The objective was to exploit the size and hydrophilic nature of the formulated nanocarriers to enhance absorption and prolong the rapid clearance of curcumin due to possible evasion of the reticulo-endothelial system. Reproducible nanoparticles of size around 100 nm, a fairly narrow distribution and encapsulation efficiency of 72%, were produced by the solvent emulsion-evaporation technique. This optimized system was further subjected to freeze-drying. The freeze-dried product was readily reconstituted with distilled water. The reconstituted product exhibited a size and distribution similar to that before freeze-drying, drug content of greater than 99% and presence of amorphous drug when analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) which may result in possible improved absorption of curcumin. In vivo anti-malarial studies revealed significant superior action of nanoparticles over curcumin control suggesting the possibility of the formulation being employed as an adjunct anti-malarial therapy along with the standard therapy. Acute and subacute toxicity studies confirmed the oral safety of the formulation. A battery of genotoxicity studies was conducted to evaluate the nongenotoxic potential of the developed formulation thus indicating the possibility of the formulation being employed for prolonged duration., (© 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association)

With an increase in lifespan and changing population demographics, the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is expected to increase significantly in the 21st century. Contrary to common belief, it is recognized that neurodegenerative diseases may be multisystemic in nature and this presents numerous difficulties for the potential treatment of these disorders. This review focuses on applications in the nano-delivery of therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier. We explore various types of nanoparticles, ranging from polymerics to liposomes. A brief discussion of the pharmacokinetic parameters and specific targeting strategies of these nanoparticles follows, presenting suggestions for the mechanisms of cellular and intracellular uptake and possible toxicity considerations of nanoparticles., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In the last decade, methods for the precise localization of sentinel lymph node (SLN) have drawn tremendous attention by cancer surgeons and researchers in the field of medical diagnosis. The accurate identification and characterization of lymph nodes by imaging has important therapeutic and prognostic significance in patients with newly diagnosed cancers. The SLN is the first lymph node that receives lymphatic drainage from the site of a primary tumor. The sentinel node is much more likely to contain metastatic tumor cells than other lymph nodes in the same region. Amongst the various exploited methods for SLN diagnosis, nanocarriers have received increasing attention as lymph node delivery agents. The present review focuses on various such particulate carriers namely radiolabeled sulfur colloids, liposomes, quantum dots, dendrimers and magnetic nanoparticles, which are most extensively studied and have been attributed with the most desirable characteristics for SLN imaging.

Diamond nanoparticles are promising photoluminescent probes for tracking intracellular processes, due to embedded, perfectly photostable color centers. In this work, the spontaneous internalization of such nanoparticles (diameter 25 nm) in HeLa cancer cells is investigated by confocal microscopy and time-resolved techniques. Nanoparticles are observed inside the cell cytoplasm at the single-particle and single-color-center level, assessed by time-correlation intensity measurements. Improvement of the nanoparticle signal-to-noise ratio inside the cell is achieved using a pulsed-excitation laser and time-resolved detection taking advantage of the long radiative lifetime of the color-center excited state as compared to cell autofluorescence. The internalization pathways are also investigated, with endosomal marking and colocalization analyses. The low colocalization ratio observed proves that nanodiamonds are not trapped in endosomes, a promising result in prospect of drug delivery by these nanoparticles. Low cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles in this cell line is also shown.