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The field of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial-based cancer immunotherapy combines research from multiple subdisciplines of material science, nano-chemistry, in particular nano-biological interactions, immunology, and medicinal chemistry. Most importantly, the "biological identity" of nanomaterials governed by bio-molecular corona in terms of bimolecular types, relative abundance, and conformation at the nanomaterial surface is now believed to influence blood circulation time, bio-distribution, immune response, cellular uptake, and intracellular trafficking. A better understanding of nano-bio interactions can improve utilization of 2D nano-architectures for cancer immunotherapy and immunotheranostics, allowing them to be adapted or modified to treat other immune dysregulation syndromes including autoimmune diseases or inflammation, infection, tissue regeneration, and transplantation. The manuscript reviews the biological interactions and immunotherapeutic applications of 2D nanomaterials, including understanding their interactions with biological molecules of the immune system, summarizes and prospects the applications of 2D nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy. The two-dimensional nanomaterials would affect and could modulate immune system via specific design, which endows them great potential in cancer immunotherapy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels is crucial for cellular homeostasis and determination of cellular fate. A sublethal level of ROS sustains cell proliferation, differentiation and promotes tumor metastasis, while a drastic ROS burst directly induces apoptosis. Herein, surface-oxidized arsenene nanosheets (As/AsxOy NSs) with type II heterojunction are fabricated with efficient ·O2− and 1O2 production and glutathione consumption through prolonging the lifetime of photo-excited electron-hole pairs. Moreover, the portion of AsxOy with oxygen vacancies not only catalyzes a Fenton-like reaction, generating ·OH and O2 from H2O2, but also inactivates main anti-oxidants to cut off the "retreat routes" of ROS. After polydopamine (PDA) and cancer cell membrane (M) coating, the engineered As/AsxOy@PDA@M NSs serve as an intelligent theranostic platform with active tumor targeting and long-term blood circulation. Given its narrow-band-gap-enabled in vivo fluorescence imaging properties, As/AsxOy@PDA@M NSs could be applied as an imaging-guided non-invasive and real-time nanomedicine for cancer therapy. Multifunctional materials with a number of effects are important for dealing with the complex environment in cancer therapy. Here, the authors report on surface-oxidized arsenene nanosheets coated with polydopamine and cancer cell membrane as a multi theranostic tumour targeting cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound (US)‐mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a superior modality for cancer treatment owing to the non‐invasiveness and high tissue‐penetrating depth. However, developing biocompatible nanomaterial‐based sonosensitizers with efficient SDT capability remains challenging. Here, we employed a liquid‐phase exfoliation strategy to obtain a new type of two‐dimensional (2D) stanene‐based nanosheets (SnNSs) with a band gap of 2.3 eV, which is narrower than those of the most extensively studied nano‐sonosensitizers, allowing a more efficient US‐triggered separation of electron (e−)‐hole (h+) pairs for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In addition, we discovered that such SnNSs could also serve as robust near‐infrared (NIR)‐mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) agents owing to their efficient photothermal conversion, and serve as nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery owing to the inherent 2D layered structure. This study not only presents general nanoplatforms for SDT‐enhanced combination cancer therapy, but also highlights the utility of 2D SnNSs to the field of nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a 2D nanomaterial, MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x) has shown enormous potential for use in fields such as biomedical and environmental pollution. However, the utilization of MXene materials in plants has received little attention thus far. The efficient use of MXene materials in agriculture and forestry is first highlighted in this study. Phenotypic and physiological analyses indicated that MXene application significantly enhanced the tolerance of Torreya grandis to Pb stress by reducing Pb accumulation. Furthermore, we illustrated two independent mechanisms of MXene material in reducing Pb accumulation in T. grandis : 1) MXene converted the available form of Pb into stable forms via its strong Pb adsorption ability, resulting in a decrease of the available form of Pb in soils, and 2) MXene application obviously increased the cell wall pectin content to restrict more Pb in the cell wall by regulating the expression of pectin synthesis/metabolism-related genes (TgPLL2 , TgPLL11 , TgPG5 , TgPG30 , TgGAUT3 and TgGAUT12) in T. grandis roots. Overall, this finding provides insight into the application of MXene material in modern agriculture and forestry, which will facilitate the rapid development of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture and forestry. [Display omitted] • MXene application enhances the tolerance of Torreya grandis to Pb stress. • MXene application reduces the accumulations of Pb in T. grandis. • MXene converts the available Pb to stable Pb via its strong Pb adsorption ability. • MXene application increases the pectin content to restrict more Pb in cell wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrate–functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were synthesized using microwave-assisted reaction of perfluorophenyl azide with the nanotubes. The results showed that microwave radiation provides a rapid and effective means to covalently attach carbohydrates to SWNTs, producing carbohydrate–SWNT conjugates for biorecognition. The carbohydrate–functionalized SWNTs were furthermore shown to interact specifically with cognate carbohydrate-specific proteins (lectins), resulting in predicted recognition patterns. The carbohydrate-presenting SWNTs constitute a new platform for sensitive protein- or cell recognition, which pave the way for glycoconjugated carbon nanomaterials in biorecognition applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GLO:OL3/22mar21:ange202101421-gra-0003.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): . gl B Computerchemie b DFT- und kMC-Rechnungen werden kombiniert, um die Reaktionsenergieprofile und die Bildungskinetik von Silika-Oligomeren zu untersuchen, wie Caroline Mellot-Draznieks, Carlos Nieto-Draghi et al. in ihrem Forschungsartikel auf S. 7187 beschreiben. Combination cancer therapy, photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy, stanene, two-dimensional materials Keywords: combination cancer therapy; photothermal therapy; sonodynamic therapy; stanene; two-dimensional materials EN combination cancer therapy photothermal therapy sonodynamic therapy stanene two-dimensional materials 6905 6905 1 03/23/21 20210322 NES 210322 B 2D-Nanoblätter b auf Stanen-Basis (SnNSs), die als neuartiger Sonosensibilisator für die ultraschallvermittelte sonodynamische Therapie dienen, werden von Omid C. Farokhzad, Wei Tao, Tian Xie et al. in ihrem Forschungsartikel auf S. 7231 vorgestellt. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: combination cancer therapy; photothermal therapy; sonodynamic therapy; stanene; two-dimensional materials EN combination cancer therapy photothermal therapy sonodynamic therapy stanene two-dimensional materials 6829 6829 1 03/19/21 20210322 NES 210322 B 2D stanene-based nanosheets b (SnNSs) serving as a new type of sonosensitizer for ultrasound-mediated sonodynamic therapy are reported by Omid C. Farokhzad, Wei Tao, Tian Xie et al. in their Research Article on page 7155. Combination cancer therapy, photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy, stanene, two-dimensional materials Cover Picture: Stanene-Based Nanosheets for -Elemene Delivery and Ultrasound-Mediated Combination Cancer Therapy (Angew. [Extracted from the article]

Schematic illustration showed the applications of SDT against various diseases and synergistic effects of SDT in combination with other therapeutic modalities. • This review highlights the recent advances of nanomaterials based SDT against various diseases, and its possible mechanisms of action. • The synergistic effects of SDT in combination with other therapeutic modalities against different diseases are summarized. • The potential limitations and future prospects of SDT in nanoscience are also discussed. As an effective treatment approach, photo-therapeutic has great potential in treating various diseases, but this light-activated strategy suffers from the major shortcoming of low tissue penetration depth. Low-intensity ultrasound features with non-invasive and high tissue-penetrating ability have been widely used in clinical diagnostic, which can effectively overcome the major limitation of light. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a novel noninvasive therapeutic modality that involves a combination of low-intensity ultrasound and sonosensitizers. Combining nanotechnology with SDT can effectively augment the SDT efficiency and may essentially reverse the disadvantages of traditional SDT, paving an avenue for more efficient and safer therapeutic options. In this review, we highlight the recent advances of SDT in nanoscience in terms of its possible mechanisms of action, applications against various diseases and synergistic effects of SDT in combination with other therapeutic modalities. Moreover, potential limitations and future prospects are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-bio interactions involve the complex interplay between nanoscale materials and biological systems, and they hold transformative potential in the realm of targeted drug delivery. The specific composition of protein corona largely depends on the particle size, shape, elasticity, surface charges, modified ligands, particle preparation process, and microenvironmental factors, such as physiological conditions, time, temperature, and pH. Understanding the complex physicochemical nano-bio interactions is crucial in optimizing nanomedicine formulations for achieving specific biological results. [Display omitted] Upon entering the biological milieu, nanomedicines swiftly interact with the surrounding tissue fluid, subsequently being enveloped by a dynamic interplay of biomacromolecules, such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and cellular metabolites, but with predominant serum proteins within the biological corona. A notable consequence of the protein corona phenomenon is the unintentional loss of targeting ligands initially designed to direct nanomedicines toward particular cells or organs within the in vivo environment. mRNA nanomedicine displays high demand for specific cell and tissue-targeted delivery to effectively transport mRNA molecules into target cells, where they can exert their therapeutic effects with utmost efficacy. In this review, focusing on the delivery systems and tissue-specific applications, we aim to update the nanomedicine population with the prevailing and still enigmatic paradigm of nano-bio interactions, a formidable hurdle in the pursuit of targeted mRNA delivery. We also elucidate the current impediments faced in mRNA therapeutics and, by contemplating prospective avenues—either to modulate the corona or to adopt an 'ally from adversary' approach—aim to chart a course for advancing mRNA nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A uniform graphene nanodots inlaid porous gold electrode was prepared via ion beam sputtering deposition (IBSD) and mild corrosion chemistry. HRTEM, SEM, AFM and XPS analyses revealed the successful fabrication of graphene nanodots inlaid porous gold electrode. The as-prepared porous electrode was used as π -orbital-rich drug loading platform to fabricate an electrochemically controlled drug release system with high performance. π -orbital-rich drugs with amino mioety, like doxorubicin (DOX) and tetracycline (TC), were loaded into the graphene nanodots inlaid porous gold electrode via non-covalent π–π stacking interaction. The amino groups in DOX and TC can be easily protonated at acidic medium to become positively-charged NH 3 + , which allow these drug molecules to be desorbed from the porous electrode surface via electrostatic repulsion when positive potential is applied at the electrode. The drug loading and release experiment indicated that this graphene nanodots inlaid porous gold electrode can be used to conveniently and efficiently control the drug release electrochemically. Not only did our work provide a benign method to electrochemically controlled drug release via electrostatic repulsion process, it also enlighten the promising practical applications of micro electrode as a drug carrier for precisely and efficiently controlled drug release via embedding in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, 2D materials have attracted more and more attention in the biomedicine field. Currently, 2D materials-based nanomedicines have been extensively applied in various diseases including cancer, bacterial infection, tissue engineering, biological protection, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disease. Depending on their various characteristics, these 2D nanomedicines exert their therapeutic effect in different ways, showing great clinical application prospects. Herein, we focus on the various biomedical applications of 2D materials-based nanomedicine. The structures and characteristics of several typical 2D nanomaterials with different configurations and their corresponding biomedical applications are first introduced. Then, the potential of 2D nanomedicines on therapeutic and imaging and their biological functionalization are discussed. Furthermore, the therapeutic potentials of 2D nanomedicines in various diseases are also comprehensively summarized. At last, the challenges and perspectives for the advancement of 2D nanomedicines in clinical transformation are outlooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A graphene nanodots-encaged porous gold electrode via ion beam sputtering deposition (IBSD) for electrochemical sensing is presented. The electrodes were fabricated using Au target, and a composite target of Al and graphene, which were simultaneously sputtered onto glass substrates by Ar ion beam, followed with hydrochloric acid corrosion. The as-prepared graphene nanodots-encaged porous gold electrodes were then used for the analysis of heavy metal ions, e.g. Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ by Osteryoung square wave voltammetry (OSWV). These porous electrodes exhibited enhanced detection range for the heavy metal ions due to the entrapped graphene nanodots in 3-D porous structure. In addition, it was also found that when the thickness of porous electrode reached 40 nm the detection sensitivity came into saturation. The linear detection range is 0.009–4 μM for Cu 2+ and 0.006–2.5 μM for Pb 2+ . Good reusability and repeatability were also observed. The formation mechanism and 3-D structure of the porous electrode were also investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). This graphene entrapped 3-D porous structure may envision promising applications in sensing devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]