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Introduction: Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been widely adopted for the treatment of achalasia as it provides a precise, tailored myotomy in a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure. Several short-term studies and a few long-term studies have confirmed that POEM is a safe and effective treatment for achalasia. However, the long-term outcome of POEM performed by trainees is unknown., Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of all patients who underwent POEM for achalasia at our tertiary care center during December 2012 and January 2019. All procedures performed with trainees were included. The primary outcome was the clinical response to POEM, defined as an Eckardt score of <3 after POEM. Trainees were trained in performing mucosotomy and submucosal dissection, creating a submucosal tunnel, identifying gastroesophageal junction, and performing myotomy and closure of mucosal incision in a step-by-step fashion. Trainees' performance was evaluated by the mentor based on several key points in each step., Results: A total of 153 consecutive patients with a median age of 57±18 years were analyzed in this study. Of the total patients, 69 (45%) were male. The median length of follow-up after POEM was 32 months (range: 7 to 77 mo). A clinically significant response to POEM was achieved in 95% of patients at year 1, 84% at year 2, 80% at year 3, 79% at year 4, 78% at year 5, and 78% at year 6 and above. All trainees obtained competence within 6 cases for each step and could perform the procedure alone after 20 supervised cases., Conclusions: Overall, 78% of patients maintained positive clinical response at 6 years following POEM procedure. The recurrence rate of symptoms following POEM was 22% at a 6-year follow-up. This long-term outcome of POEM performed with trainees was comparable to those without trainees in other studies. To our knowledge, this is the longest follow-up and the largest number of patients after the POEM procedure performed with trainees., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: Gastric per-oral endoscopic pyloromyotomy (GPOEM) is a novel procedure with promising potential for the treatment of gastroparesis but with limited data regarding predictors of clinical response. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the procedure and explore the impact of duration and etiology (diabetic vs nondiabetic) of gastroparesis on clinical outcome as measured by the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI)., Methods: A single-center retrospective longitudinal study at a tertiary care hospital was performed over an 18-month period. Forty patients with refractory gastroparesis (25 nondiabetic and 15 diabetic patients) were included., Results: GCSI significantly improved throughout the study period (F[2.176, 17.405] = 10.152, P = .001). The nausea/vomiting subscale showed sustained improvement through 18 months (F[2.213, 17.704] = 15.863, P < .00001). There was no significant improvement in bloating (F[2.099, 16.791] = 1.576, P = .236). Gastric scintigraphy retention was significantly reduced by 41.7% (t = -7.90; P < .00001). Multivariate linear regression modeling revealed a significant correlation between the duration of disease and a GCSI improvement at 12 months (P = .02), with a longer duration of disease associated with a poorer long-term response. The etiology of gastroparesis was not associated with clinical improvement (P = .16). Adverse events (7.5%) included 1 capnoperitoneum, 1 periprocedure chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, and 1 mucosotomy closure site disruption., Conclusions: GPOEM appears to be a safe and effective minimally invasive therapy for refractory gastroparesis, especially for patients with predominant nausea/vomiting and shorter duration of disease, regardless of the etiology. We propose the clinical criteria for undergoing GPOEM should be a GCSI of at least 2.0 and a gastric retention of greater than 20%., (Copyright © 2019 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has emerged as a promising option for the treatment of achalasia. This study assessed POEM training process, outcomes, and improvement in quality of life after POEM performed by an interventional endoscopist (mentor) with trainees., Methods: We performed a retrospective review of data for patients who underwent POEM with involvement of trainees. Trainees were trained in performing mucosotomy, submucosal dissection, creating submucosal tunnel, identifying gastroesophageal junction, myotomy, and closure of mucosal incision in a step-by-step fashion. Trainees' performance on each step was evaluated by the mentor based on several key points in each step. The short form 36 (SF36) was obtained before and certain times after the primary POEM procedure was performed., Results: Sixty-two patients, 26 males and 36 females with a mean age of 59 years, who underwent POEM were enrolled. A checklist included all related items for each step was established. All trainees obtained competence within 6 cases for each step. 61/62 (98.3%) patients had a significant improvement in the Eckardt's score post POEM: 9.3 ± 1.5 prior to POEM and 2.6 ± 1.2 after the POEM (P = 0.001) and a decrease in mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LES): pre- and post-procedure mean LES pressures were 28.5 ± 11.4 and 12.1 ± 4.5 mmHg, respectively (P = 0.001). The SF-36 questionnaire demonstrated a significant improvement in quality of life and comparable with those without trainees in other studies., Conclusion: This preliminary study showed for the first time that training for POEM can be performed in a step-by-step fashion, learning mucosal incision, submucosal dissection, myotomy, and mucosal incision closure from an expert interventional endoscopist without increasing adverse events. The checklist for each step could be used as an important guide in training POEM. The outcomes of POEM in this study were similar to those reported by others without trainees. Further multiple center studies are needed to verify this training process and to establish a formal training protocol.