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Seaweeds or marine algae with their three main taxa are recognized as a potential pot for numerous products. This has been imperative to valorize their components at an industrial scale in the context of the sustainability goals of the United Nations (UN). Biorefinery approaches have been attempted for several decades to produce bioactive, biofuels, fine chemicals, and nutritional products from seaweeds. However, with the recent UN goals, climatic changes, and the global economic situation, it is essential to assess all the production processes involved concerning several factors. Numerous steps are performed following algae collection, including optimization of downstream processing (e.g., drying, extraction, and purification), in addition to suitable preservation to maintain products' integrity till their usage. Moreover, breakthroughs in biotechnologies and the biological sciences are also targeted to achieve the goals of the blue circular bioeconomy which focuses on renewable resources of foods, drug discovery, and energy, while preserving the ocean ecosystem. Hence, the current article provided new insights into the various processes to valorize marine algae in the frame of circular bioeconomy and sustainability concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Genus Turbinaria is still chemically and pharmacologically underexplored. These brown algae belong to the family Sargassaceae. Therapeutic potentials of pure compounds isolated from the Genus Turbinaria are extraordinarily promising as antiproliferative, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory immunostimulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antiviral, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic. Those activities are represented by diverse classes of compounds including sterols, amino acids, fatty acids, alcohols, halocarbons, hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, esters and cyclic tetrapyrrole compounds. This review focuses on the Genus Turbinaria during the period 1972 to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is an urgent need to work towards the invention of safer antimicrobial agents which are expected to be renewable, non-petrochemical, naturally eco-friendly and easily obtainable. • Efforts are being made to re-explore the potential of natural products as sources of novel drugs. • Endophytes are an endosymbiotic group of microorganisms that colonize in plants, while plant sources are being extensively explored for new chemical entities for therapeutic purposes; endophytic microbes also constitute an important source for drug discovery. • The choice of medium is virtually as important to the success of an industrial fermentation as the selection of organism to carry out the fermentation. Influence of particular nutrients on the antibiotic biosynthesis is determined by the chemical structures of antibiotic substances. • Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from Ziziphus spina-christi (Nabq), in addition, the effect of different culture media on production of bioactive metabolites and the optimization of cultural conditions were performed. Twenty fungal endophytes were isolated from Nabq, and plug diffusion screening revealed four of those isolates to be promising. These isolates were identified molecularly as Aspergillus sp. of Sect. Flavi (ZSEFL2) and Sec. Niger (ZSEFL14), and Penicillium spp. closest related to Penicillum crustosum (ZSEFL15, 19). Investigations were conducted to determine the effects of culture parameters, such as the type of culture medium, incubation temperature, initial pH and agitation, on the production of antimicrobial metabolites in a culture filtrate extract. Using the disk diffusion technique, antimicrobial metabolite synthesis was evaluated. In comparison to the other three distinct culture media (PDB-y, rice, and Cz), PDB demonstrated to be the best culture medium for the four tested fungal endophytes, exhibiting high levels of the Antimicrobial Index (AI). Also, a restricted range of incubation temperatures resulted in the formation of bioactive metabolites, but raising the incubation temperatures from 25 to 30 °C increased the amount of bioactive metabolites produced. Moreover, the best initial hydrogen concentration typically ranged from pH 5 to 6. Finally, when the conditions changed from stationary to shaking, the bioactive secondary metabolite's antimicrobial efficacy reduced. The behavior of the four examined fungal isolates was consistent, and they all required the same conditions to produce the most bioactive metabolites. Moreover, ethyl acetate extract's MIC values against the investigated bacterial and fungal human pathogens ranged from 0.19 to 6.25 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a broad variety of classes of bioactive compounds have already been isolated from seaweeds of the genus Dictyota, most different species are still chemically and biologically unexplored. Dictyota species are well-known brown seaweeds belonging to the Dictyotaceae (Phaeophyta). The phytochemical composition within the genus Dictyota has recently received considerable interest, and a vast array of components, including diterpenes, sesquiterepenes, sterols, amino acids, as well as saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been characterized. The contribution of these valued metabolites to the biological potential, which includes anti-proliferative, anti-microbial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperpigmentation activities, of the genus Dictyota has also been explored. Therefore, this is the most comprehensive review, focusing on the published literature relevant to the chemically and pharmacologically diverse biopharmaceuticals isolated from different species of the genus Dictyota during the period from 1976 to now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seaweed Genus Caulerpa is still chemically and pharmacologically underexplored. This sea vegetable is of nutritional interest where some species are considered a source of food, such as sea grapes C. lentillifera. Conversely, C. taxifolia is toxic. Therapeutic potentials of pure compounds isolated from the Genus Caulerpa are promising as antiviral, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, immunostimulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, cardio-protective, hepatoprotective and anti-proliferative agents. This review covers the literature on Genus Caulerpa during the period 1978 to 2019 and highlights the chemical and pharmacological potential of the genus Caulerpa with their mechanism of action whenever applicable. Image, graphical abstract • The genus Caulerpa is highly diverse and is still chemically and pharmacologically underexplored • Caulerpa is widely distributed in many environmental conditions • Some members of that genus have nutritional interest • Diverse bioactivities such as antiviral, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, immunostimulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and anti-proliferative have been reported • This review covers the literature on Genus Caulerpa during the period 1978 to 2019 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The genus Padina is highly diverse and is still chemically and pharmacologically underexplored. • Padina is widely distributed in many environmental conditions. • Diverse bioactivities such as hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and immunostimulatory activities have been reported. • This review covers the literature on Genus Padina during the period 1989 to 2020. The genus Padina , commonly called sea fan ribbon weeds, belongs to the family Dictyotaceae. It is considered a sea vegetable and is of nutritional interest owing to its low-calories. Therapeutic potentials of certain compounds isolated from some Padina species have promising hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and immunostimulatory activities. This review covers the chemistry and pharmacological potential of members of genus Padina from 1989 to 2020, including their mechanism of action whenever applicable. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]