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Condensation inside marine containers occurs during voyages owing to weather changes. In this study, we define the condensation probability along one of the major routes for container ships between Asia and Europe. First, the inside and outside air conditions were measured on land in Japan, and a correlation analysis was conducted to derive their relationship. Second, onboard measurements were conducted for 20,000 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) ships to determine the variation in outside air conditions. Complicated patterns of weather change were observed with changes in latitude, sea area, and season. Third, condensation probability was estimated based on a multi-regression analysis with land and onboard measured data. The maximum condensation probability in westbound or eastbound voyages in winter was found to be approximately 50%. The condensation probability estimation method established in this study can contribute to the quantification of cargo damage risks for the planning of marine container transportation voyages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of ocean surface waves is essential to ensure safe navigation. Since 2010, different on-board observation data from bulk carriers, including those navigating high-risk shipping regions in the southern hemisphere with strong ocean currents, have been collected for 6 years. High-resolution numerical simulations of ocean waves for four rough sea cases, considering the effect of wave-current interaction on ship navigation, have been performed using the WAVEWATCH III model. The simulations considered the ocean surface wind force from the widely used reanalysis database of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Final and European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis. To provide practical suggestions for safe navigation by avoiding possible high-risk ocean regions and construct a more effective and efficient optimum ship routing system, the model results were validated based on on-board observations, followed by discussions on the responses of ship motion and navigation to sea states at different levels. Finally, early warning criteria, including various operational ocean parameters for ballast and loaded ships sailing in rough seas were identified. • Shipboard measurement data with detailed navigation information has been collected for two different years and ship loading conditions. • Four rough seas have been focused on covering important maritime transportation ocean regions. • Wave simulations have been done with a high resolution to obtain detailed sea states. • Statistical approaches has been used to quantitatively study the ship responses to ocean waves. • Ship responses to ocean states are given, quantitatively showing the relationship among ship navigational parameters with ocean parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather and ocean states such as ocean winds, ocean waves, and ocean currents can significantly affect ship navigation. To fully understand the current׳s effect on navigational fuel and time costs, especially in the case of strong western boundary currents such as the Kuroshio Current, an in-depth examination of how the Kuroshio Current quantitatively affects ships is needed. This article presents simulations, based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), in the North Pacific Ocean and focuses on the ocean surface current in the East China Sea (ECS). Then, several numerical simulations of ship navigation are conducted by utilizing a ship-maneuvering model known as the Mathematical Maneuvering Group (MMG). The results show that the POM model can generate a high-quality Kuroshio Current distribution that can be applied to conduct numerical simulations of ship navigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]