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Liver cancer remains a global challenge of healthcare, with the incidence growing worldwide. According to various authors, over 1 million patients will be diagnosed with liver cancer each year by 2025. The molecular pathogenesis of HCC varies with respect to genotoxic lesions and aetiologies. Although our understanding of the HCC pathophysiology and drivers tends to improve, it is still distant from translation into clinical practice. About 25 % of HCC cases are associated with variant mutations. HCC pathophysiology is a complex multi-step process. The interaction of various factors underlies the early stages of malignant hepatocyte transformation towards the development of HCC. Overall, about 20–25 % of HCC patients have at least one potential driver mutation. Obesity should also be noted as being associated with a higher risk of HCC and various other cancers. Despite many issues in the HCC pathogenesis being already known, the unresolved questions remain. Modern molecular genetic diagnostics and animal modelling of malignant tumours are expanding our horizons of knowledge in this field.

Free radicals have taken a firm place among the explanatory principles of the onset and development of tumors. Unambiguous ideas about the role of these highly active agents in carcinogenesis have not yet been obtained. The experimental results are contradictory, often the opposite. The field of study of the value of the activity of antioxidant systems based on the results obtained is no less controversial. In this regard, the urgent problem is the need to prescribe antioxidants in oncology. Antitumor effects of antioxidants are being questioned in many works, which brings to the forefront the appropriateness and adequacy of their appointment. The ambiguous role of free radicals in carcinogenesis determines the development of therapeutic strategies based on the precise modulation of oxidative processes.

The article analyzed the incidence of gastric cancer in the Republic of Bashkortostan from 1993 to 2002 and from 2003 to 2012. A comparative analysis of cancer incidence rates of primary tumors of the stomach, obtained regularities level dynamics of disease in different years, depending on age and gender.

The article analyzes the results of a randomized multicenter studies devoted to elucidate the role of adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, targeted therapy, adjuvant chemoradiation therapy in improving the results of surgical treatment of gastric cancer.

In the article are the incidence of breast cancer, cervical and ovarian cancer in the Republic of Bashkortostan from 1993 to 2002 and from 2003 to 2012 analyzed. A comparative analysis of the performance of the primary cancer incidence neoplasms of the female reproductive system has done, level patterns the dynamics of disease in different years, depending on age are obtained.

The article analyzes the incidence of prostate cancer in the Republic of Bashkortostan from 1993 to 2002 and from 2003 to 2012, the levels of the primary disease, the patterns of the level, dynamics of morbidity in different years depending on age.

The article summarizes the experience of academic and pedagogical leading of universities in Russia to train specialists of new formation in oncology, in accordance with the challenges of modern society and the needs of the modernized health. There are prospects and the possibility of the introduction of advanced educational technology in health professional education on the basis of the competence approach. The modern model of continuing professional development is implemented in the departments of oncology leading Russian universities.