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Using simple random sampling technique, primary data were collected from 120 vegetable producers in Dhading district of Nepal with aid of pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule. Household income analysis resulted increased in income from vegetable farming significantly by 35.21% with increased area of 2.24 Ropani after adopting measures of soil sustainability. Among four different soil sustainability measures used for the study, use of improved FYM (99.17%) was highly adopted followed by improved cattle shed and urine use, legume integration and use of botanical pesticides. Scaling technique ranked problems of high cost of constructing house for dung storage, lack of improved cattle shed lack of detailed knowledge and unavailability of raw materials as the most severe on the adoption of improved FYM, use of cattle urine, legume integration and use of botanical pesticides respectively. About 75% of farmers were found satisfied with the measures and 69.2% were willing to continue and promote in the future. Observation in neighbors (96.7%) was the most motivating factor of adoption. Adoption had changed cropping pattern and varieties and showed positive impact on livestock sector, women empowerment, soil properties, crop diversification, utilization of local resources and climatic hazards in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Snake bite poisoning in children is an emergency condition with significant mortality. It is more prevalent in Terai and Inner Terai regions of Nepal especially during monsoon season. There is no study on snake bite poisoning in this part of the country after the introduction of national snake bite management guideline in 2003. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the clinicoepidemiological profile, amount of anti-snake venom used and outcome of snake bites. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty six cases of snake bite poisoning admitted in emergency department of the hospital up to the age of 14 years, over a period of 6 years from 2004/2005 to 2009/2010 were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The study showed male predominance (57.3%) in snake bites with higher incidence of children above ten years of age (58%). The most of the poisonings (71.9%) was seen during June, July and August months which correspond to the monsoon season in Nepal. Majority of the victims had been bitten by unidentified snakes (52 %), mostly on the fingers & hands (64.6 %). Ptosis was observed in all cases of snake bite poisoning. Slightly less than 1/3rd of the children had respiratory distress needing respiratory support. Average ASV used was 18.2 vials. Case fatality rate (CFR) was quite high (28.2%) with more fatality on those with respiratory distress. Conclusion: As mortality due to snakebite poisoning and consumption of antisnake venom is not reduced by the use of the national protocol 2003, further study to evaluate alternate protocol is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]