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Daucosterol (DAU) was isolated from the methanol-chloroform crude extract of six Nepeta species (N. aristata , N. baytopii, N. italica, N. nuda albiflora, N. stenantha and N. trachonitica) using sephadex and silica-gel columns via bioactivity-guided isolation. Spectroscopic methods and comparisons with similar data in the literature determined its structure. DAU was evaluated for enzyme inhibitions, kinetics, DNA protection, and molecular interactions. The inhibition activities of AChE, tyrosinase, BChE, and urease were found to be 21.32±1.24, 3.17±0.45, 16.73±0.10 and 12.95±0.21 μM, respectively. The K i values of the inhibition kinetics of the same enzymes were observed as 0.11, 0.05, 0.12, and 0.12 mM, respectively. DAU exhibited effective protection activity against DNA damage induced by H 2 O 2 and ultraviolet radiation in DNA protection tests. DFT analysis showed low hardness and high softness values. The best binding affinity of DAU was achieved by the enzymes AChE and BChE (for both: −9.90 kcal/mol). As a result of the interaction of standards and DAU with enzymes, it was observed that DAU bound with a higher potential than the standards. Molecular dynamics simulations of these enzymes were examined for 100 ns, and the energy results of the simulation were determined by MM/PBSA calculation in the last 10 ns. Additionally, its pharmacokinetic properties were investigated with SwissADMET, and it was noted that it had low toxic effects and gastrointestinal absorption. Thus, in vitro and in silico analysis determined that the DAU molecule could protect against DNA oxidative damage and an active metabolic enzyme inhibitor. [Display omitted] • Daucosterol was isolated from six different Nepeta species by activity-guided isolation • Daucosterol had potent enzyme inhibition and DNA protection activities • Urease inhibition kinetics and molecular interactions of daucosterol were studied for the first time • Daucosterol exhibited favorable binding constants and affinities with BChE and tyrosinase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ixoroside, an iridoid glycoside, was isolated from two endemic plants, Nepeta aristata and Nepeta baytopii and its structure was elucidated by comprehensive analysis with NMR and mass spectrophotometers. It was observed that the compound exhibited strong antioxidant activity in phosphomolybdenum-reducing power (55.65±0.02 μg/mL), H2O2 (2.97±0.50 μg/mL), and superoxide anion scavenging (11.31±0.19 μg/mL) activities. It has also been noted that the ixoroside molecule has enzyme inhibitor (7.01±0.001 μg/mL for urease, 19.06±0.51 μg/mL for AChE, 9.90±0.5 μg/mL for BChE, 16.87±0.08 μg/mL for α-amylase, 4.11±0.36 μg/mL for α-glucosidase and 2.23±0.001 μg/mL for tyrosinase) and DNA protective effect (55.14% for Form I) and antibacterial (10 mm against K. pneumoniae, 9.00 mm against E. faecalis and 11.00 mm against S. aureus, 128 μg/mL against E. coli and E. faecalis). In silico studies, density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking were performed to elucidate ixoroside interaction with enzymes. In enzyme inhibition kinetics, ixoroside exhibited strong interaction with urease (Ki, 0.11 mM, mixed-uncompetitive), α-glucosidase (Ki, 0.10 mM, noncompetitive) and tyrosinase (Ki, 0.10 mM, noncompetitive). Additionally, BChE was observed to interact strongly with α-glucosidase and tyrosinase with binding constants of 0.49, 1.19 and 3.15 μM in molecular docking. Moreover, the pharmacological properties of ixoroside examined by adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) showed that the molecule has drug-like properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Nepeta species, used in traditional uses, represent sources of valuable phytochemical composition, as well as in vitro biological and in silico clinical activities. In the present study, the antioxidant and DNA protective properties of methanol: chloroform (1 : 1) extracts of six Nepeta species were evaluated by comparison with standards. In HPLC‐MS/MS analysis, the main components of the extracts were identified as rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, shikimic acid, and scutellarin. In the GC‐FID analysis, the highest components were palmitate and cis‐11‐eicosenoic acid. N. aristata has the greatest total phenol and flavonoid contents. N. baytopii, N. aristata, N. italica, N. stenantha, and N. nuda exhibited the highest antioxidant activities. The N. nuda, N. aristata, N. italica, and N. trachonitica extracts were shown to have the most potent DNA protection activity. According to the result of the GC‐FID and HPLC‐MS/MS analysis of Nepeta extracts, ADMET studies of the main components of the extracts were performed. It was evaluated that palmitic acid had BBB permeability, but oleic acid was toxic. The in vitro and in silico results confirmed that Nepeta L. extracts are potential natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nepeta taxa are popular plants and sources of traditional Turkish medicine. Chemical constituents in the essential oils (EOs) hydrodistilled from above‐ground parts of Nepeta aristata (NA), N. baytopii (NB), N. italica (NI), N. nuda (NN), and N. stenantha (NS) were determined using GC‐MS. The pharmacological activities of EOs, such as biological activities, were evaluated in vitro. DNA protection activities of NS‐EO were found to be the most effective. The NA‐EO, NI‐EO, and NS‐EO were more potent urease inhibitors, while the NS‐EO exhibited potent AChE inhibitors. Their molecular docking, molecular dynamics and enzyme inhibition results were compatible with the major components. Furthermore, MolDock and binding affinity results were found to be high. Moreover, AChE‐tau‐cadinol, BChE‐tau‐cadinol and tyrosinase‐Caryophyllene oxide complexes showed stability when simulated for 100 ns, with high MM‐PBSA energy values. In addition, the main components′ pharmacokinetic properties were observed to be effective. The present study showed that EOs may be valuable natural products for future pharmacological research, food, and the cosmetic industry according to in vitro and in silico values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]