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Context: Only 55% of the athletes return to competitive sports after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Athletes younger than 25 years who return to sports have a second injury rate of 23%. There may be a mismatch between rehabilitation contents and the demands an athlete faces after returning to sports. Current return-to-sports (RTS) tests utilize closed and predictable motor skills; however, demands on the field are different. Neurocognitive functions are essential to manage dynamic sport situations and may fluctuate after peripheral injuries. Most RTS and rehabilitation paradigms appear to lack this aspect, which might be linked to increased risk of second injury. Objective: This systematic and scoping review aims to map existing evidence about neurocognitive and neurophysiological functions in athletes, which could be linked to ACL injury in an integrated fashion and bring an extensive perspective to assessment and rehabilitation approaches. Data Sources: PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched to identify relevant studies published between 2005 and 2020 using the keywords ACL, brain, cortical, neuroplasticity, cognitive, cognition, neurocognition, and athletes. Study Selection: Studies investigating either neurocognitive or neurophysiological functions in athletes and linking these to ACL injury regardless of their design and technique were included. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Data Extraction: The demographic, temporal, neurological, and behavioral data revealing possible injury-related aspects were extracted and summarized. Results: A total of 16 studies were included in this review. Deficits in different neurocognitive domains and changes in neurophysiological functions could be a predisposing risk factor for, or a consequence caused by, ACL injuries. Conclusion: Clinicians should view ACL injuries not only as a musculoskeletal but also as a neural lesion with neurocognitive and neurophysiological aspects. Rehabilitation and RTS paradigms should consider these changes for assessment and interventions after injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to create a simulated environment. "SeeMe" is a PC based, innovative, comprehensive, clinician-controlled exercise and diagnostic virtual reality system. SeeMe is designed to aid the rehabilitation process, and track patients' progress. It improves coordination, balance, muscle strength, range of motion, reaction times, memory. The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of SeeMe on balance and gait problems after autoimmune encephalitis. Methods: R.A. who was diagnosed with auto-immune encephalitis at the age of 29, ending up with left hemiparesis. As a part of the neurorehabilitation program, she was taken into SeeMe treatment for 2 times/week. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed after 6 months, using Functional Ambulance Scale (FAS) and Tinetti Balance Scale (TBS). Results: Before neurorehabilitation program; Functional Ambulation Scale (FAS) score was found 2 and Tinetti Balance Scale (TBS) score was found 11. After neurorehabilitation program, Functional Ambulation Scale (FAS) score was found 3 and Tinetti Balance Scale (TBS) score was found 17. Conclusions: Virtual reality provides a natural environment and visual feedback for patients. In this way, it facilitates functional improvements farther. So it should be used more widely in the field of rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Brain stem cavernous venous malformations are endemic venous haemangiomas and can cause to severe neurological disorders due to involvement area. Perturbation application is helpful in creating a suitable environment in gait training and it drives problem solving. Perturbation was applied to subjects by using Re- Step Rehabilitation System (Re-StepTM, Step of Mind Ltd.,Israel) which enables to implement personal perturbation pattern during walking. The aim of the study is to investigate the efficiency of "ReStep Rehabilitation System" technology in neurological rehabilitation after intracerebral hemorrhage resorption of pontomesencephalon level venous hemangioma. Methods: Eight years ago, a 18 years old female patient named Ş.Ş., was diagnosed brain stem cavernous hematoma and had clinical symptoms such as walking difficulty, balance problems and ataxia after resorption surgery. Perturbation was applied for 6 weeks with a frequency of 3 days a week in the neurological rehabilitation program. To evaluate the efficacy of the treatment, Functional Ambulation Scale (FAS), Tinetti Balance and Walking Test and Functional Indepence Measures were used for pre- and post-treatment evaluations. Results: After evaluations, FAS stage was found stage 1 before treatment and stage 3 after treatment. The FIM score was found as 91 before treatment and 117 after treatment. Tinetti total score was found before treatment 4/26 for balance and 1/9 for walking, and 19/26 and 5/9 was found after treatment. Conclusions: Restep therapy used in neurological rehabilitation seems to be effective on daily life activities, walking and balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]