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We propose a new paradigm for dense functional imaging of brain activity to surmount the limitations of present methodologies. We term this approach "integrated neurophotonics"; it combines recent advances in microchip-based integrated photonic and electronic circuitry with those from optogenetics. This approach has the potential to enable lens-less functional imaging from within the brain itself to achieve dense, large-scale stimulation and recording of brain activity with cellular resolution at arbitrary depths. We perform a computational study of several prototype 3D architectures for implantable probe-array modules that are designed to provide fast and dense single-cell resolution (e.g., within a 1-mm3 volume of mouse cortex comprising ∼100,000 neurons). We describe progress toward realizing integrated neurophotonic imaging modules, which can be produced en masse with current semiconductor foundry protocols for chip manufacturing. Implantation of multiple modules can cover extended brain regions.

We propose the creation of a national network of neurotechnology centers to enhance and accelerate the BRAIN Initiative and optimally leverage the effort and creativity of individual laboratories involved in it. As "brain observatories," these centers could provide the critical interdisciplinary environment both for realizing ambitious and complex technologies and for providing individual investigators with access to them.

The article describes a proposal for the Brain Activity Map (BAM) collaborative research project to analysis human brain circuit activity related to specific brain functions. The project will require the development of technological innovations to image and analyze individual neurons in brain circuits using animal models, clinical research, and nanoscale neural probes. It is noted that the BAM project could have applications for the study of brain diseases such as epilepsy, stroke, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Other topics include federal and private funding, interdisciplinary research training, and comparison with the Human Genome Project.