270 results
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2. PAPER ROUTES: BLEAK HOUSE, RUBBISH THEORY, AND THE CHARACTER ECONOMY OF REALISM.
- Author
-
CHAPPELL, PATRICK
- Subjects
WASTE management in literature ,SOCIAL conditions in England ,PAPER in literature ,WASTE paper ,THEMES in literature ,NINETEENTH century ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
A literary criticism is presented of the English novel "Bleak House," by Charles Dickens. Particular focus is given to the characters of the book's scavenging through rubbish, including in search for waste paper. An overview of the book's representation of the England's economic and social conditions in the 19th century, including of the slums of London, England, is provided.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Is strategic interaction among governments just a modern phenomenon? Evidence on welfare competition under Britain's 19th-century Poor Law.
- Author
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Brueckner, Jan K.
- Subjects
NINETEENTH century ,LOCAL government - Abstract
Drawing on data from mid-19th century Britain, this paper studies strategic interaction among local governments in the choice of welfare benefits under the Poor Law, the local welfare system of the time. The paper exploits a national reform that reduced the length of residency required for welfare eligibility, which should have increased the incentive for welfare migration and thus led to both stronger strategic interaction and lower levels of equilibrium spending. The results show evidence of a positive but small degree of baseline interaction, suggesting that modern models of welfare competition may apply even in settings with relatively high migration costs. While the change in post-reform equilibrium spending is negative as predicted, the results show no evidence of stronger interaction after the reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Education, Rural Governance and Mechanism of Literary Production in Jane Eyre and Nineteenth-Century England.
- Author
-
Lizhen, Chen
- Subjects
NINETEENTH century ,HOME schooling ,ARTISTIC creation ,WRITING processes ,RURAL families - Abstract
Education is a principal theme in Jane Eyre. Born into the family of a curate in a rural parish, Charlotte Brontë started her study at home and then was educated in several schools. Taking the issue of education as a central perspective, this paper investigates the situation of the circulation of literary discourses in the processes of writing, publishing, reading, criticism and reproduction of this novel. It tries to analyze the situation of rural governance in nineteenth-century England and its impact on Jane Eyre and the following literary discourses, aiming to shed new light on the universal mode of literary production in this age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
5. A. W. N. 普金建筑思想与作品 中的现代性及其谱系考.
- Author
-
程世卓 and 赵晓龙
- Subjects
MODERN architecture ,NINETEENTH century ,MODERNITY ,GENEALOGY ,ARCHITECTS - Abstract
Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. CHANGES IN THE ENGLISH JURY IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES.
- Author
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Antal, Tamás
- Subjects
- *
JURY , *NINETEENTH century , *TWENTIETH century , *LIBRARY research , *JURISDICTION ,BRITISH history - Abstract
The present paper deals with the short history of the English jury in the modern age. The main goal of the author is completing a historical research and finding the most important features concerning legal institutions of the Anglo-Saxon type of lay jurisdiction in England and Ireland. The historical perspective gives a chance to examine the institutions of the jury as a court of citizens integrated into the jurisdiction of the state for a brief period of time. The author takes the view in several periods from the early 19th century up to the end of the 20th century. It is not the procedure but the organisational rules which are under discussion here with special attention to the conditions which determined the role of the jury as a part of county courts and sessions as well as the central tribunals in London. The literature was collected in the British Library during research intervals to have the opportunity to work from special sources not cited by Central-European scholars yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Classical authors and "scientific" research in the early years of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1781–1800.
- Author
-
Ellis, Heather
- Subjects
LITERARY societies ,NINETEENTH century ,EMPIRICAL research ,SCIENTIFIC method ,BACON - Abstract
While a clear distinction was drawn between "classical learning" and "modern science" at Oxford and Cambridge Universities in the early nineteenth century, we see no such contrast being made in other spaces of knowledge making, such as the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. Drawing on Bacon's insistence that his inductive method should apply across all fields of knowledge, early members of the Society interpreted "science" as referring to any systematic inquiry utilising an empirical approach. An investigation of the ways in which classical authors were used within the researches of early members of the Society raises important questions about how we should think about empirical method and scientific research in early nineteenth–century England. Frequently understood as primarily engaged in researching natural knowledge, the members of the Manchester Society concerned themselves with a wide range of subjects across all branches of knowledge. Crucially, classical authors were drawn upon as sources of empirical evidence across all types of inquiry, from investigations into the colours of opaque bodies to the origins of party feeling. It is possible to identify a common approach – "history as empirical method", which, this article suggests, was developed from Bacon's call for a "just story of learning". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Chemistry: progress since 1860—reflections on chemistry and chemistry education triggered by reading Muspratt's Chemistry.
- Author
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Goodwin, Alan
- Subjects
CHEMISTRY education ,CHEMISTRY teachers ,TEACHERS ,DECORATIVE arts ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
This paper was inspired by the author's fortunate acquisition of a copy of an original copy of "Muspratt's Chemistry" that was published in 1860. This raised, for the author, interesting and significant issues regarding the chemistry content and its presentation in the context of chemistry and education today. The paper is presented in two parts: Part 1 explores the content, structure and gives reactions to and insights into the original publication, whereas Part 2 provides a focus on the developments in chemistry education as experienced by the author during almost 70 years of learning and teaching chemistry in schools and in teacher education in England. James Sheridan Muspratt (1821–1871) is best remembered for this publication which is fully entitled "Chemistry, theoretical, practical and analytical as applied and relating to Arts and Manufactures". This was developed during the period 1852–1860 and ran into several editions as well as being translated into German and Russian. Earlier he had done chemistry research with Liebig and Hofmann, and in 1848 he founded the Liverpool College of Chemistry. It is clear that he corresponded extensively with many of the leading nineteenth century chemists in the UK and Europe, many of whose names are still familiar with us today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. The reversed gaze: Krishnabhabini Das's travelogue A Bengali Lady in England (1885) as a transnational narrative.
- Author
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Butt, Nadia
- Subjects
TABOO ,GAZE ,HISTORY of India ,NINETEENTH century ,WOMEN travelers ,BRITISH colonies - Abstract
This paper sets out to examine cultural encounters between India and England in an 1885 Bengali travelogue Englandey Bangamahila [A Bengali Lady in England] by Krishnabhabini Das, who travelled to England with her husband at a time when the idea and practice of travelling women was either inconceivable or deemed a taboo in India. The travelogue under study deals with Das's several journeys in England and provides an intriguing account of her understanding of colonial English culture. My prime objective is to underline how Das presents England from the perspective of a female, marginal subject. To this end, I elaborate on foregrounded tensions between London and Calcutta, and Englishwomen and Hindu women as they are represented through the reversed gaze. By highlighting the cross-border connections in the travelogue as a transnational narrative, I aim to shed light on the connective histories of India and England in the long nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Early football, governance and cup competitions: the formative years of the Staffordshire Football Association, c. 1877–1887.
- Author
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Cooke, Martyn Dean
- Subjects
SOCCER ,CONTESTS ,NINETEENTH century ,INTERNATIONAL conflict - Abstract
The adoption of the half-holiday in North Staffordshire during the mid-1870s facilitated a dramatic increase in association football activity throughout the region. However, the game was undoubtedly still in its formative stages, with various sets of contrasting rules being applied simultaneously by clubs and players, which created a significant amount of confusion and, at times, conflict. In 1877, the Staffordshire Football Association was established to provide association football in North Staffordshire with greater governance, including establishing a cup competition and adopting Sheffield Rules. Regional football associations played a central role in the growth of the game in England during the final decades of the nineteenth century, yet few scholars have sought to investigate their functions, activities and impact. This paper begins to address this gap in the literature by examining the formative years of the Staffordshire FA and exploring how it influenced the development of the game in North Staffordshire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Giovanni da San Giovanni nel monastero di Annalena a Firenze: storia di un ciclo di affreschi dimenticato e del suo arrivo in Gran Bretagna.
- Author
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Sposato, Gianluca
- Subjects
NINETEENTH century ,FRESCO painting ,ROSARY ,ENGRAVING ,MONASTERIES ,CANVAS - Abstract
Copyright of Il Capitale Culturale: Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage is the property of Il Capitale Culturale Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The Mesolevel Economy in Nineteenth-Century England and Wales: Applying Input-Output Accounting and Spatial Interaction Modelling to the Historical Study.
- Author
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Solomon, Guy S. and Wilson, Alan G.
- Subjects
CITIES & towns ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORICAL analysis ,ACCOUNTING - Abstract
This paper is offered as a contribution to understanding historical trade. The method of input-output modelling is utilised to evaluate the evolution of cities (and their associated regions) in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. The construction of input-output accounts for each city region is based on "heroic" data assumptions, which enable the construction of a demonstration model illustrating a new iterative approach to historical analysis. In its current application, the model enables estimates to be made of mesolevel trade between cities, which enhances our analysis of urban evolution in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. New society, new voices.
- Subjects
- *
19TH century English literature , *NINETEENTH century , *MANNERS & customs - Abstract
Focuses on the emergence of a different type of English fiction when `The Pickwick Papers,' by Charles Dickens, was published in 1836. The role of Robert Seymour in the first articles published; The revolutionary narrative when Dicken's took the lead after Seymour's suicide; The popularity of the stories in England; The writings as a reflection of England's changing society.
- Published
- 1999
14. Return Migration from Nineteenth Century Australia: Key Drivers and Gender Differences.
- Author
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Ward, Tony
- Subjects
RETURN migration ,NINETEENTH century ,RETURN migrants ,WORKING class ,SOCIAL classes - Abstract
This paper sheds new light on return migration from Australia to the UK in the latter nineteenth century. It uses data from shipping records, and from a random sample of the 23,000 Australian‐born in the 1911 Census of England and Wales. Based on these sources, it estimates some 20% of migrants to Australia returned: higher among the wealthy, but still 12% of semi‐ and unskilled working class migrants returned. There was a preponderance of women among returnees. From that, and other evidence such as the geographic spread of returnees across England, the paper argues that social networks played critical roles in decisions to return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. PRŮMYSLOVÁ OBLAST NORIMBERK A VÝROBA TUŽEK, FIRMA SCHWAN-STABILO.
- Author
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Geršlová, Jana
- Subjects
TWENTY-first century ,NINETEENTH century ,GRAPHITE ,FAMILY-owned business enterprises ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Copyright of Historica Olomucensia: Journal for Central European History is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
16. 'Many details remain sketchy': revealing the 'truth' behind the origins and formation of Stoke City Football Club.
- Author
-
Cooke, Martyn Dean
- Subjects
SOCCER teams ,HISTORY of sports ,NINETEENTH century ,TRUTH ,DEBATE - Abstract
The history of sport is afflicted by myths that have become entrenched in our collective knowledge and are widely perceived as being the 'truth' with many having acquired a power and resilience that has allowed them to endure and persist, quite often despite academic research to the contrary. This paper considers the traditional narratives that present Stoke City Football Club as being the second oldest surviving professional football club in England, having supposedly been established in 1863, a suggestion that was heavily promoted through the official club website and various media outlets. It assesses how this myth has become entrenched and provides evidence that drastically alters our analysis of how the club developed. The findings of the paper, especially in relation to the 'origins of football' debate, also challenge the long-held views of how football in the region developed during the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Interest Rates, Sanitation Infrastructure, and Mortality Decline in Nineteenth-Century England and Wales.
- Author
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Chapman, Jonathan
- Subjects
INTEREST rates ,CITY councils ,NINETEENTH century ,SANITATION ,INFANT mortality - Abstract
This paper investigates whether high borrowing costs deterred investment in sanitation infrastructure in late nineteenth-century Britain. Town Councils had to borrow to fund investment, with considerable variation in interest rates across towns and over time. Panel regressions, using annual data from more than 800 town councils, indicate that higher interest rates were associated with lower levels of infrastructure investment between 1887 and 1903. Instrumental variable regressions show that falling interest rates after 1887 stimulated investment and led to lower infant mortality. These findings suggest that Parliament could have expedited mortality decline by subsidizing loans or facilitating private borrowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. ' Fountain ', from Victorian necessity to modern inconvenience: Contesting the death of public toilets.
- Author
-
Pollak Williamson, Catalina
- Subjects
PUBLIC toilets ,FOUNTAINS ,PUBLIC history ,NINETEENTH century ,PUBLIC spaces ,CONTESTS - Abstract
Copyright of Urban Studies (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Between Invention and Production.
- Author
-
Velut, Christine
- Subjects
DESIGN ,DRAWING ,WALLPAPER ,MANUFACTURING processes ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Against a background of the various definitions of drawing and design offered in the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (1754), the author argues that 'design', as applied to the manufacture of wallpapers at the end of the eighteenth century, is not so much a thing, either representation or pattern, as a means of communication between parties. The direct and indirect pressure exerted by the market is examined, and the role of the entrepreneur is considered, as is the importance of the ready availability of design in foundation across manufactured goods and competitive emulation between them. Finally, and with particular reference to arabesque wallpapers, the specific role of the designer is considered. The structure of the paper reverses traditional expectations and priorities, which have generally focused on the designer rather than on clients or manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Myths, truths and pioneers: the early development of association football in The Potteries.
- Author
-
Dean Cooke, Martyn and James, Gary
- Subjects
SOCCER ,HISTORICAL analysis ,SOCCER teams ,CITIES & towns ,HISTORY of soccer ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Despite a wealth of academic research focusing on the origins and development of association football in Britain during the nineteenth century, academics have failed to reach a consensus regarding the early history of the game with the emergence of contrasting ‘orthodox’ and ‘revisionist’ interpretations. Much of the current research has focused on tackling the subject on a national level and this has resulted in many towns, cities and regions across the country being overlooked when sports historians discuss the origins of modern football. One such region is North Staffordshire, more commonly referred to as The Potteries, which, despite having played a key role in the formation of the Football League, possessing one of the oldest professional football clubs in the country and an early county football association, has never been the subject of an in-depth academic study. Using a range of archival sources this paper provides an overview of the origins and early development of association football across The Potteries from the 1850 to 1870s, emphasizing the influence of Stoke City Football Club and provides a fact based resolution to the debate surrounding the club’s origin and formation. The wider development of the game in The Potteries is also explored, tracing the early informal football activities taking place at fairs, fetes and the wakes holidays to the establishment of a football culture in the 1870s following the formation of organized football clubs and the Staffordshire Football Association. This paper concludes that neither the orthodox nor the revisionist interpretations of the game’s origins can fully explain the region’s football development and that further research into the region is required to understand the significance of The Potteries in relation to the national picture. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. „SAVĒJĀ" UN „SVEŠĀ" MARGINALITĀTE DŽOZEFA KONRĀDĀ PIRMAJĀ ROMĀNĀ „ALMAJERA MUĻĶĪBA".
- Author
-
Opincāne, Mārīte
- Subjects
COLONIES ,BIOGRAPHY (Literary form) ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY ,BOARD books ,NINETEENTH century ,CONDITIONALS (Logic) ,HABIT ,AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL memory - Abstract
The theme of "one's own" and "strange" is topical both in Joseph Conrad's biography and, taking into consideration the autobiographies of the writer, also in his works. The paper analyses marginality of "one's own" and "strange" in Joseph Conrad's first novel "Almayer's Folly". The novel, as well as the majority of the author's writings, is based both on retrospective memories and on the author's youth experience. The novel was written during the time period from 1889 to 1894. It was the time when Conrad was going to finish his sailor's career, mainly because of health problems. He took the manuscript of the book on board the ship "Torrens" on the journey around the world. He emphasised in the work "Personal Record" that the storyteller was born in the sailor's body. The novel marked the beginning of a successful writer's career. Written in the 19th century, the novel "Almayer's Folly" marks the transition from Victorian to modernist novel. Being an expert of realist and neo-romanticist literature, J. Conrad, basing on the previous literary tendencies, developed an innovative modernist world in his novels in the context of the epoch. Nature has an essential role in J. Conrad's time model. Time of nature or cyclical time is a version of eternity; all turning points of civilization are of minor significance against this background. J. Conrad interprets his own past and experience in the form of search and introducing. He did his best to explain coherences and inner logics on the exterior conditions of his life, which were subdued to a certain pattern to the extent that even autobiographical writing was changed into the development of a personal myth. Colonialism was the main trend of England's politics in the 19th century and its main aim was bringing light to primitive and undeveloped tribes. Being a faithful citizen of England, J. Conrad at first supported England's colonial politics. But he started doubting it very soon. In his vision of colonialism J. Conrad repeatedly undermined and diminished the claims of Europeans to racial superiority, deranging a binary opposition between a savage and a civilized human. The writer considers that Western morality is relative and based on habit and on the fear of scandal, gallows, and asylums. When Europeans in the colonies lose the sense of limit, they themselves turn into savages. The world of the novel is not homogeneous; it reflects several opinions. No scene is primary; the narration constantly meanders around the struggle for power, which is moved by the idea of enrichment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
22. Examining the effect of occupational structure on social mobility – an investigation of A Black Country village 1851–1901.
- Author
-
Taylor, David Thomas
- Subjects
VILLAGES ,SOCIAL mobility ,OCCUPATIONAL structure ,SOCIAL structure ,LITERACY - Abstract
This article continues research into social mobility in England in the nineteenth century by examining the links with different occupational structures, socio-economic and industry/occupation, for a specific location. This allows an examination of the impact of the characteristics of these structures on occupational and thence on social mobility. Occupational mobility has long been recognised as a major determinant of social mobility and has been the subject of a number of papers, usually to determine how much a specific variable affects the level and type of mobility observed. Rarely do these analyses consider the location’s occupational structure, and its changes, as a determinant of the level of mobility. This paper finds that much of the variability of occupational mobility of a locality is determined by the characteristics of the different industries and occupations in that location. Industries and occupations provide a context within which other factors, such as literacy, operate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Capital reduction case law decisions and the development of the capital maintenance doctrine in late-nineteenth-century England.
- Author
-
Arnold, A.J.
- Subjects
PRIVATE companies ,LEGAL status of stockholders ,MANAGEMENT of capital ,HISTORY of accounting ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Incorporation with limited liability enabled companies to ‘lock-in’ their financial capital’ and then invest in the long-term, highly specific investments on which the modern industrial economy would be based. The level of benefit varied from country to country, according to the way that the concept of capital lock-in, or maintenance, was defined in the legal systems concerned. In the UK, the concept was not well defined in early company legislation and challenges were raised through the courts during the late nineteenth century. Some of these, the ‘dividend cases’, have been quite widely considered in the literature but direct reductions of share capital, or capital reduction schemes, have received far less attention, even though they raised fundamental issues concerning long-term dividend positions, the accounting treatment of accumulated losses, depreciation and asset values and had important effects on the development of the capital maintenance doctrine and on shareholder class rights. The purpose of this paper is to question whether this literature adequately captures judicial influences on the development of the capital maintenance doctrine in England during the latter part of the nineteenth century, given the limited attention that has been paid to date to the leading capital reduction cases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Complete House Furnishers: The Retailer as Interior Designer in Nineteenth-Century London.
- Author
-
Edwards, Clive
- Subjects
INTERIOR decoration -- History ,INTERIOR decoration ,HOME furnishings industry ,INTERIOR decorators ,ARCHITECTS ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
This research paper considers the history of a particular moment in the development of the interior decoration/design business. Although the history of interior design practice has been well charted as 'art/design history,' the business and professional history has been somewhat neglected, except for work on particular firms. The issues examined relate to four particular aspects. The first covers the distinctions between decorators, upholsterers, furnishers, and architects and how these differences were reflected in the work undertaken. Related to this is a brief examination of why many architects ignored interior work. Secondly, is the nature of the customer base and how it reacted in response to changing social and economic factors. Thirdly, there are the issues of marketing and promotion that were aimed at a much wider audience than architects would expect, and finally a consideration of the house furnisher as a foundation for the development of the professional interior decorator/designer. To address these issues, the paper offers an overview of the rise, maturity, and change of the house furnisher as the most important contributor to the supply of interior design/decoration advice and products in the second half of the nineteenth century. By taking case studies of important players in the field, the paper will consider why architects gave up their role as arbiters of taste in interior works, and how the house furnishing businesses took over. This is of some interest as it not only explores an issue that still remains in the interior design world-the notion of who controls the work, but also explores the nature and pre-history of professional interior design service providers in the period. Although the scope of this essay is potentially wide ranging, it is limited to the second half of the nineteenth century and focuses on London for its case studies. Through a consideration of primary sources, often using the trade press for commentaries, a sense of the contemporary issues is made. In addition, the recent work by scholars in the field is used to interpret the changes described. As a foundation for the subsequent development of a profession, the house furnisher had laid a number of ground rules. Apart from the issue of the control of work, they encouraged the development of specialized knowledge, and they recognized the importance of training and education, and to some extent, exercised control of access to the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Football Spectatorship in mid-to-late Victorian Sheffield.
- Author
-
Curry, Graham
- Subjects
SOCCER fans ,HISTORY of soccer ,SOCCER stories ,ENGLISH fiction ,CRIME victims ,SOCIAL history ,NINETEENTH century ,MANNERS & customs - Abstract
In mid-to-late Victorian England the footballers of the city of Sheffield created one of the earliest and most vibrant sub-cultures. The extent of midweek football and the types of crowd disorder in Sheffield football around that time provide two of the more interesting areas for study. The first section of this paper attempts to examine the custom of Saint Monday, the practice of utilizing the first day of the working week as a time for leisure activities, in Sheffield between the years 1876 and 1886. This is attempted through the detailed study of midweek football matches played by clubs from the city and its surrounds during those years. Although Monday will be the principal focus, other midweek days will also come under scrutiny. Secondly there is an attempt to provide a qualitative analysis of football crowd behaviour in Sheffield prior to 1892. The author seeks to add to the 'football hooliganism' debate by commenting on existing work carried out in this area dealing with incidents before that date. This section of the paper argues that reported incidents during this period appear to have been relatively few though authors of similar studies appear to have considerably underplayed their seriousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Carl schorlemmer (1834-1892) – the important anglo-german chemist And historian of chemistry Of the second half of the xix century (to the 130th anniversary of his death).
- Author
-
Sztejnberg, Aleksander
- Subjects
- *
HISTORIANS , *ORGANIC chemistry , *HISTORY of chemistry , *CARBON compounds , *HYDROCARBONS , *NINETEENTH century , *CHEMISTS - Abstract
Carl Schorlemmer (1834-1892), the first professor of organic chemistry in the Owens College, Manchester (and in England), was the prominent Anglo-German chemist and historian of chemistry of the second half of the 19th century. He studied the constitution of paraffinic hydrocarbons. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Schorlemmer and his research activities and writing, in particular some of his experimental results, as well as his selected publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
27. DEPENDENCY, DEBT AND SHIPBUILDING IN 'PALMER'S TOWN'.
- Author
-
Arnold, A J
- Subjects
HISTORY of shipbuilding ,IRON & steel ships ,COMPANY towns ,FINANCIAL risk ,RATE of return ,INDUSTRIAL concentration ,SHIPBUILDING industry ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY ,LOCAL history - Abstract
Pollard and Robertson thought that the smaller, northern ‘company town’, in which the employers had greater control over employees and their wage rates, particularly suited the shipbuilding industry. The prosperity of all these towns was greatly affected by the fortunes of the local shipyard and some would have hardly existed at all but for the firms concerned. Employment in Palmers Brothers (later Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Co. Ltd) yard, early pioneers of the vertical integration of iron production and shipbuilding, was central to the spectacular growth of Jarrow, on the southern bank of the Tyne, between 1851 and 1921. Palmers was Britain’s largest shipbuilders by the 1880s, and they specialised in the construction of ships for the Admiralty before and during the First World War. They remained a major firm in the early post-war period yet, by 1933, had failed so badly that the town’s name would become synonymous with industrial decline and distress. Using a wide range of archival sources, the paper examines the factors that made Palmer’s initially so successful and those that were later to bring about its failure as a business and to have such major effects on the town in which they operated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. 'humble but respectable': Recovering the Neighbourhood Surrounding William and Catherine Blake's Last Residence, No. 3 Fountain Court, Strand, c. 1820-27.
- Author
-
Whitehead, Angus
- Subjects
AUTHORS' homes & haunts ,NEIGHBORHOODS ,NEIGHBORS ,NINETEENTH century ,SOCIAL history ,BUILDINGS - Abstract
In this paper, drawing upon a wide range of unpublished archival sources, I present a detailed reconstruction of Fountain Court and its residents, William and Catherine Blake during the period William and Catherine Blake were resident at No. 3 Fountain Court (c. 1820-27). The paper presents important new information concerning the society and milieu in Fountain Court and its neighbourhood during 1820-27. This fresh archival evidence enables us to identify and precisely locate for the first time the 'humble but respectable' fellow lodgers and neighbours living in Fountain Court during William and Catherine Blake's period of residence, and provides a detailed picture of life in the Blakes' neighbourhood during this period, and of trades conducted in the court, as well as the close familial and social relationships existing between a number of households immediately surrounding the Blakes' residence. Such relationships provide a context for William and Catherine's own relationships with their brother-in-law and landlord at 3 Fountain Court, Henry Banes and his wife Sarah Banes (née Boucher) and two of their neighbours and fellow lodgers in the court, the carver and gilder John George Lohr, and Blake's employer and fellow artist John Barrow. The Blakes' last residence was not in a sleepy, forgotten backwater, as some contemporary accounts and later biographers appear to suggest. As my paper demonstrates, Fountain Court in the 1820s, leading directly off the Strand, a major commercial thoroughfare of the largest metropolis of the period, was comprised of a small community, thriving with social and commercial activity. The reconstruction provides a detailed immediate context in which to view afresh William and Catherine's years living and working in Fountain Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The Art Market and the Spaces of Sociability in Victorian London.
- Subjects
COMMERCIAL art galleries ,ART & society -- History ,VICTORIAN Period, Great Britain, 1837-1901 ,ART industry ,ART & popular culture ,ART ,SOCIABILITY ,HISTORY of London (England), 1800-1950 ,HISTORY ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
This paper examines the publics associated with commercial art galleries in Victorian London, focusing on the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The relationship between the gallery and its publics is framed by the larger issue of the relationship between art and commerce, driven by such questions as: Who was art for? Who constituted art's public(s)? Did commerce interfere with or facilitate art's desired publics? Did commerce taint or strengthen art? I argue that commercial art galleries reveal the disjuncture of the Victorian age, inherited from the eighteenth century, between practices that advanced private interests and rhetoric that demanded the commercial sector serve the needs of the public, foster sociability, advance the arts, and benefit the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Working Like a Dog: Canine Labour, Technological Unemployment, and Extinction in Industrialising England.
- Author
-
HUMPHREY, NEIL
- Subjects
WORKING dogs ,TECHNOLOGICAL unemployment ,SIXTEENTH century ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,NINETEENTH century ,FOOD production - Abstract
The turnspit dog, an extinct breed, powered English roasting spits from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries by rotating an apparatus comparable to a hamster wheel. It was not merely a working breed, however. It was an animal labourer. Breeders bred it solely for work. Contemporaries conceived of it as an industrious worker intrinsic to food production. Despite its importance, owners treated it contemptuously due to its utilitarian nature. Cooks replaced the dog with a machine, the smoke-jack, once the latter proved reliable. Rather than repackage it as a companion, the English ceased breeding it due to its inextricable connection with a disparaged trade. Industrialisation's upheaval triggered the turnspit's extinction by 1850. Examining its decline explicates how technological unemployment wrought catastrophic change on nonhumans. Elucidating comparable disturbances within cottage industry labour for canines and English workers provides scholars with a more-than-human understanding of industrialisation's ramifications. Furthermore, uniting animal and labour history reconceives current theorisations of historical animals, affirms working animals' past contributions and highlights their importance as labourers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Delineating Professional and Amateur Athletic Bodies in Victorian England.
- Author
-
Day, Dave and Oldfield, Samantha-Jayne
- Subjects
SPORTS ,SPORTSWEAR ,WALKING (Sports) ,AMATEUR sports ,VICTORIAN clothing ,MIDDLE class ,COLLEGE sports ,HISTORY ,NINETEENTH century ,SPORTS competitions - Abstract
By 1837, the sporting landscape of England was populated by a number of professional pedestrians who competed in a range of events that were extensively covered in the sporting press. These men distinguished themselves from their competitors through their use of ‘colours’ and a range of different athletic clothing. In the later stages of the nineteenth century, the dominance of the professional athlete was challenged through the formation of clubs and associations by a public-school- and university-educated middle class. The somatotype and clothing strategies of the Victorian athlete altered as a result. Their assumption of an innate physical superiority, allied to a preference for the all-rounder with his elegance and style, rather than the muscular, specialized sporting bodies of working-class professionals, were important features of an amateur ethos which drew much of its references from the Classical world. Through a discussion of how middle-class amateur athletes used Classical precedents, science and clothing to create the ‘university athlete’ and the ‘university costume’, in order to reinforce the distinctions between their own bodies and those of the professionals, this paper explores the transition from pedestrianism to organized athletics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. How well did the nineteenth century census record women's ‘regular’ employment in England and Wales? A case study of Hertfordshire in 1851.
- Author
-
McGeevor, Sophie
- Subjects
- *
HISTORY of women's employment , *LABOR supply , *CENSUS , *NINETEENTH century , *ECONOMIC history - Abstract
The objective of this paper is to test the commonly made, but not well evidenced, assertion that the English and Welsh census data relating women's work is largely unreliable. This paper explores the hypothesis that when women were ‘regularly employed’ their occupations were fully enumerated in the 1851 census. There is considerable evidence to suggest that women's part-time, seasonal and casual work was not always recorded in the nineteenth century censuses. Rather than being seen as evidence of inaccuracy, it is argued here that these omissions indicate that householders were following the census instructions. In the years 1851–1881, these instructions requested that only the occupations of women who were ‘regularly employed’ be recorded. Comparing the listings of a mid-nineteenth century trade directory of Hertfordshire with the Census Enumerator's Books (CEBs) for the same county, this paper presents the results of new empirical research, and a method which provides a means to test systematically the recording of occupations of women who appear to be ‘regularly employed’. The key finding of this research is that, of the women who could be found in the CEBs, over 95% were recorded with an occupational descriptor. This suggests that the apparent unreliability of the census enumeration of women's work in the census of England and Wales may have been overstated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Local government in England: evolution and long-term trends.
- Author
-
Parr, John B.
- Subjects
- *
LONG-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) , *LOCAL government , *LOCAL history , *CITIES & towns , *NINETEENTH century , *RESISTANCE to government - Abstract
This paper traces the history of local government in England (as opposed to the United Kingdom) since the early nineteenth century, and explores five long-term trends in its evolution. These are path dependence; the occurrence of major structural change; the phenomenon of policy reversal; the treatment of urban areas; and resistance to regional government. The author concludes that throughout the period under study, policy towards local government has exhibited a 'pendulum effect', with two opposing emphases operating in a sequential, rather than a simultaneous manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The constitution of political contention: The case of protests and riots at the turn of the 19th century.
- Author
-
Gøtzsche-Astrup, Johan
- Subjects
RIOTS ,NINETEENTH century ,CONSTITUTIONS ,POLITICAL science - Abstract
Copyright of Current Sociology is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. BUSINESS RECORDS IN THE LIVERPOOL RECORD OFFICE.
- Author
-
Hampson, G.
- Subjects
BUSINESS ,HISTORY ,LIBRARIES ,DOCUMENTATION ,ARCHIVES ,PUBLIC libraries ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Focuses on material collected in the Record Office at the Liverpool Public Library and its bearing on local business history in England. Sparseness of industry in the collection, since the nineteenth century was marked by commercial growth rather than industrial development; Way that personal papers often illuminate some aspects of business.
- Published
- 1959
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Pressing the French and defending the Palmerstonian line: Lord William Hervey and The Times, 1846-8.
- Author
-
Guymer, Laurence
- Subjects
NOBILITY (Social class) ,BRITISH foreign relations ,VICTORIAN Period, Great Britain, 1837-1901 ,HISTORY of diplomacy ,DIPLOMACY ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
This article uses the Spanish marriages episode of 1846 as a prism through which to examine the relationship between the leading foreign affairs writers for the increasingly powerful Times newspaper and the authors and servants of British diplomacy in the early Victorian period. The focus of this study is Lord William Hervey, the first secretary of the British embassy in Paris, a diplomat who well understood the power of the press over ministers, parliament and the people. Hervey's under-utilized private papers shed light on the divisions in British political and literary (press) society over the nation's policies towards France and Spain. They also paint a picture of an increasingly isolated foreign secretary, Viscount Palmerston, a Whig statesman who failed to carry his policy through the Whig cabinet and who failed to convince the Conservative Times of its supposed merits, despite the support of some overactive members of the British diplomatic community. This is a story of diplomatic failure; a rare study of how not to win friends and influence people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The Deleterious Dominance of The Times in Nineteenth-Century Scholarship.
- Author
-
Hobbs, Andrew
- Subjects
- *
SCHOLARLY method , *POWER (Social sciences) , *HISTORY of scholarly method , *NEWSPAPERS , *HISTORY of newspapers , *PRESS & politics -- History , *PRESS , *NINETEENTH century , *CHARTS, diagrams, etc. - Abstract
The Times was a mid-nineteenth-century newspaper phenomenon, defeating rival London newspapers through its skilful management, advanced technology, greater editorial resources and access to powerful politicians. Its authority enabled it to make and break governments. However, the uniqueness of The Times limits its usefulness as a historical source. This article begins with a brief history of The Times, before analysing how the newspaper remains centre stage in the historiography of journalism and of nineteenth-century culture more broadly, despite the digitization of provincial and other London papers. Over-dependence on The Times, it argues, has exaggerated the significance of London daily newspapers and underplayed the importance of weekly papers, particularly those published outside London. The Times was unusual because it was a metropolitan rather than provincial paper, with a focus on political news and a dearth of lighter, broader content, or news of events around the UK. Using quantitative analysis of recent scholarship, the article demonstrates that unwarranted conclusions are still drawn from over-use of this source and from a wider view that it was representative of nineteenth-century newspapers in general. The conclusion urges a more geographically and culturally nuanced approach to Victorian newspapers, beyond a metropolitan-focused political and cultural history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Art, Horse Racing and the ‘Sporting’ Gaze in Mid-Nineteenth Century England: William Powell Frith's The Derby Day.
- Author
-
Huggins, Mike
- Subjects
HORSE racing in art ,SPORTS in art ,EPSOM Derby (Horse race) ,HORSE racing ,SPORTS ,ART appreciation ,PAINTING ,SOCIAL classes in art ,POPULAR culture in art ,MINORITIES in art ,POPULAR culture ,VICTORIAN Period, Great Britain, 1837-1901 ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper draws on social and art history, cultural studies and ‘gaze theory’ to explore how William Powell Frith's painting of Derby Day, and the various responses to it, shed light on the Epsom Derby horse race and the ways in which its multiple meanings as a mega-event were produced and exchanged in Victorian society. It continues the recent trend of using a wider range of visual methodologies to explore the history of sport. It begins by setting the painting in its cultural, social and racing context, and exploring how the painting was created by Frith. It moves on to explore some of its possible readings, and analysing some of the different gazes through which the meanings of the painting can be read, including those of the artist, the characters, the critics and the spectators visiting the work. In so doing themes such as class, gender, reception and spectatorship, the relationship between popular and elite culture, and the representation of workers, women and ethnic minorities are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. An unpublished letter of David Ricardo on the double standard of money.
- Author
-
Deleplace, Ghislain, Depoortère, Christophe, and Rieucau, Nicolas
- Subjects
LETTERS ,MONEY ,POUND sterling ,SEIGNIORAGE (Finance) ,ECONOMISTS ,ECONOMIC conditions in Great Britain -- 1760-1860 ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,HISTORY of money - Abstract
This article transcripts and comments a hitherto unpublished letter by David Ricardo, dated 19 January 1823 and addressed to Grenfell. In this letter Ricardo opposes the adoption of a double standard of money, two years after the return to convertibility of banknotes and in the midst of an economic recession that pressed for drastic monetary changes. It contains an argument – linking the double standard of money, the seignorage on the silver coin, the behaviour of the Bank of England, and the fall in the value of the pound – which is to be found nowhere else in Ricardo's works. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Ballads and Balloon Ascents: Reconnecting the Popular and the Didactic in 1851.
- Author
-
BRIGGS, JO
- Subjects
GREAT Exhibition (1851 : London, England) ,ENGLISH didactic literature ,HISTORY of exhibitions ,SOCIAL integration ,SOCIAL classes ,POPULAR culture ,VICTORIAN Period, Great Britain, 1837-1901 ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY ,ENGLISH literature ,ENGLISH ballads ,LITERARY criticism ,ENGLISH music ,MUSIC history - Abstract
At just after six in the evening on 16 June 1851, a balloon carrying two passengers narrowly avoided crashing into the transept of the Crystal Palace. This near-disastrous balloon ascent was the result of just one of the popular entertainments that sprang up to capitalize on the crowds of visitors to the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in London in 1851. Despite the fact that on this occasion popular entertainment and didactic recreation almost literally collided, histories of the Exhibition have kept the two separate. It is notable that today the Great Exhibition is most often studied through sources such as Dickinson's Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Fxhibition of 1851 (1852), the Art Journal Illustrated Catalogue (1851), or the Illustrated London News, all aimed at middle-class audiences. However, cheap broadside ballads also commented on the Exhibition and offer alternative perspectives on the event. This paper focuses on these neglected sources and reads them within a broader network of literary and visual sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Networked Manufacture in Charlotte Brontë's Shirley.
- Author
-
CAPUANO, PETER J.
- Subjects
LUDDITES ,WORKING class ,MIDDLE class women ,INDUSTRIALIZATION in literature ,19TH century English literature ,LITERARY criticism ,VICTORIAN Period, Great Britain, 1837-1901 ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper confronts many years of displacement-based readings of Charlotte Bront&s Shirley (1849) with a historicized "surface reading" that connects the manual labor of two very distinct constituencies in the novel: hardened Luddite machine breakers and dispossessed middle-class women. A surface-level line of inquiry into manufactured objects reveals an inverted network from the mill to the parlor; the redundancy of human hands caused by mechanization in the mill is concurrent with a surplus of female handiwork in the novel's middle-class homes. I argue that this inversion makes sense if we situate the novel in its 1811-12 setting--the unique historical moment when the term "manufacture" began to accrue paradoxically opposed meanings. Brontë's oscillation between mechanized and manual forms of manufacture in Shirley marks the early boundaries of what would eventually become the rigidly defined separate spheres of mid-century Victorian life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Entrepreneurship and being: the case of the Shaws.
- Author
-
Popp, Andrew and Holt, Robin
- Subjects
ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,NINETEENTH century ,BUSINESS writing ,INDUSTRIALIZATION - Abstract
Our paper takes the case of John and Elizabeth Shaw, early nineteenth-century English hardware factors. The sources are almost 200 hundred letters written by the Shaws and their circle. Using these, two readings of the Shaws' experiences of creating a business are presented. The first is couched within a narrative structure of plotted stages and finds the Shaws starting, struggling to, and ultimately succeeding in creating a successful business. Here, their actions within a nascent industrialized economy can be described as entrepreneurial – they successfully pursued opportunity through founding an enterprise within economically and technologically auspicious environments. The second, more phenomenological reading, opens up for consideration the questionableness of their experience of ‘being in business’. Here the Shaws' understanding of themselves (as conveyed in personal letters) brings into question the academic tendency to emplot their story as one of the staged growth and profitability. Specifically, it resists attempts to ascribe to their experience entrepreneurial status, not simply because they did not think of themselves as entrepreneurs, but because the appearance of the business for the Shaws was woven with their lives in ways that belie the narrative direction and coherence that concepts like entrepreneurship give to it. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. MORA EN PARÍS (1834-1850) UN LIBERAL EN EL EXILIO. UN DIPLOMÁTICO ANTE LA GUERRA.
- Author
-
Rojas, Rafael
- Subjects
MEXICAN authors ,EXILE (Punishment) ,MEXICAN politics & government ,LIBERALISM ,NATURAL law ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Copyright of Historia Mexicana is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
44. 'A Reign of Steam': Continental Perceptions of Modernity in Victorian London, 1840-1900.
- Author
-
de Sapio, Joseph
- Subjects
LONDON (England) description & travel ,URBAN life ,TRAVELERS' writings ,EUROPEAN authors ,MODERNITY ,TOURISM ,INDUSTRIALIZATION & society ,INDIVIDUALISM ,HISTORY of London, England ,NINETEENTH century ,EUROPEAN history - Abstract
This paper examines the image of London as recorded by tourists from continental Europe in the latter half of the nineteenth century. London is represented as a synecdoche for British industrial modernity, which is intimately connected with the haphazard nature of the metropolis. British modernism is thus presented as inherently unstable and individualistic, lacking many of the familiar markers common to cities on the Continent. The judgement of these visitors suggests a differentiation between types of modernity, which is influenced by the differences between Continental and British urban systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Rethinking Assemblage Analysis: New Approaches to the Archaeology of Working-Class Neighborhoods.
- Author
-
Crook, Penny
- Subjects
WORKING class ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL assemblages ,MANUFACTURED products ,ECONOMIC aspects of decision making ,HISTORY of London, England ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
In this paper I argue for an expansion of the role of assemblage analysis in understanding daily life in nineteenth-century working-class neighborhoods. The close and systematic examination of quality manufacture of nineteenth-century domestic goods offers a material link to consumer decision-making. This is demonstrated in a study of material culture from working-class sites in Sydney and London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. 'I'D HEARD IT WAS SUCH A GRAND PLACE': MID-19TH CENTURY INTERNAL MIGRATION TO LONDON.
- Author
-
BAILEY, CHERYL
- Subjects
HISTORY of London, England ,HISTORY of emigration & immigration ,INTERNAL migration ,CENSUS ,KINSHIP ,POPULATION ,DEMOGRAPHIC surveys ,JOB vacancies ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
In the mid-19th century, the migration of people into London was at its height. Studies of gross and net migration patterns from other regions demonstrate the importance of London as a goal destination, but until now the underlying structure of migration movements was difficult to access due to the volume of material involved. This paper exploits the recent indexing of the currently available censuses to identify the individual migration behaviour of young men from Devon, Norfolk and Sussex to London. Findings relating to the size and locality of source places, occupational backgrounds, kinship and to residential and occupational choice upon reaching London are presented for each county. The importance of information as a spur to migration is underlined and differing responses in terms of occupation are attributed to distance depreciation of such information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Landscapes of Belief: Non-Conformist Mission in the North Pennines.
- Author
-
Petts, David
- Subjects
CHRISTIAN missions ,CHAPELS ,PROSELYTIZING ,PREACHING ,MINING districts ,MISSIONARIES ,LEAD mining ,ENGLISH civilization ,NINETEENTH century ,RELIGION ,RELIGIOUS life - Abstract
In addition to the well-known foreign missionary activities of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century churchmen, this same period saw campaigns of active proselytization within Britain. Whether couched in terms referring to 'religious revival' or 'home mission' it had the same aim as foreign mission activity, namely to effect religious change. This paper explores the way in which the religious changes associated with these campaigns affected the landscape of the lead-mining districts of the North Pennines in northern England. A repeating cycle of preaching first outdoors, then indoors and then in purpose-built structures can be recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Exeter-Hall Science and Evangelical Rhetoric in Mid-Victorian Britain.
- Author
-
Finnegan, DiarmidA.
- Subjects
- *
RELIGION & science , *YOUNG Men's Christian associations , *EVANGELICALISM , *HALLS (Buildings) , *RHETORIC , *LECTURES & lecturing , *REASON , *PUBLIC speaking , *NINETEENTH century , *RELIGION ,SOCIAL aspects - Abstract
In the early and mid-Victorian period public pronouncements by evangelicals were often described as the antithesis of rational speech. The voice of science, by contrast, was routinely equated with the voice of reason. This disparity was particularly clear in satirical and critical commentary about the platform rhetoric associated with London's Exeter Hall, a key meeting place for evangelicals and a metonym for evangelical expressions of Christian belief. It was against this backdrop that the fledgling Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) inaugurated a popular series of lectures in 1845. Held in Exeter Hall from 1848, the series ran until 1865 and proved to be immensely popular. By investigating the ways in which the promotion of science was combined with religious exhortation in the YMCA lectures, this paper examines how evangelicals positioned themselves with respect to the growing cultural authority of science. The paper also argues that these efforts were indelibly marked by the Hall and the communicative medium in which they were made. As such, the paper sheds light on the significance of platform culture within and beyond evangelicalism and on the importance of venue and audience in understanding science and religion relations in an age of lecturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. ‘God's earth will be sacred’: Religion, Theology, and the Open Space Movement in Victorian England.
- Author
-
BAIGENT, ELIZABETH
- Subjects
OPEN spaces ,LAND use ,SECULARIZATION (Theology) ,OUTDOOR recreation ,FORESTS & forestry ,SOCIAL movements ,VICTORIAN Period, Great Britain, 1837-1901 ,BRITISH religions ,LAND (Theology) ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
The Victorian open space movement is accounted for variously by nostalgia, progress, and a changed conception of national identity, but explanatory factors are generally understood in secular ways which take little account of the pervasive influence of contemporary Christianity. These explanations overlap with discussions of nineteenth-century leisure which stress its links with secularisation. Christianity however was a significant motivation for some open space campaigners whose theology explained how nature was to uplift those who experienced it. This paper considers the Commons Preservation Society, founded in 1865; the preservation of Epping Forest for recreation between 1865 and 1880; and the forest's management in the 1880s and 1890s. It argues that although histories of the Commons Preservation Society and the Epping Forest campaign describe them in secular, rational terms, many prominent campaigners were motivated by religion, in the sense of orthodox Christianity. Practical religion significantly affected the development of mass recreation for the poor in the forest. Explanations of the open space movement which ignore religion thus seem inadequate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The Rise of Constant Water in Nineteenth-Century London.
- Author
-
Hillier, Joseph
- Subjects
WATER supply ,HISTORY of London, England ,WATER-supply engineering ,URBAN ecology ,POVERTY ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Although the development of constant water in London has largely been treated by historians as inevitable, this article explores contemporary arguments for and against the constant water system. A case was made for its main competitor, the much maligned intermittent supply. Water company engineers in the nineteenth century in particular argued against compulsory universal constant water, and it was not obvious that the constant system was better than the intermittent. The universal constant water ideal in London arose from a coming together of politics and engineering, facilitated by a (contested) sharing of knowledge, and the linking of a particular conception of social benefit - the alleviation of poverty - with constant water. Hence, constant water was not an inevitable development, but was a response to particular socio-economic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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