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Aspects of the nomenclature and classification of the subtribe Strumariinae are corrected and emended as follows: Hessea subgenus Myophila (Snijman) Snijman and Strumaria subgenus Carpolyza (Salisb.) Snijman are described, and Strumaria section Gemmaria (Salisb.) Snijman is validated; the correct author citations for several names in Strumaria that were invalidly published by Jacquin are established; and a complete infrageneric synopsis for the actinomorphic-flowered taxa of subtribe Strumariinae is provided.

Nomenclature issues of irises associated with the Turkish flora are discussed. In particular, Iris orientalis and four related names, I. ochroleuca, I. monnieri, I. gigantea, and I. albida, are typified. Lectotypes are designated for I. orientalis, I. monnieri, I. gigantea, and I. albida; a neotype for the Linnaean name I. ochroleuca is designated. Also, further support is provided for the suggestions that I. monnieri is a synonym to I. orientalis, and the author citation of the name I. monnieri is Redouté.

Various author citations for the African species Abutilon bidentatum are usually used. According to the International Code of Nomenclature, its basionym was effectively and validly published on the printed labels of the Schimper exsiccata Iter Abyssinicum II n. 1003 and the type must be chosen accordingly. Cover: (c) Ina Dinter - www.centralafricanplants.org

The correct author citations for several names in the genera Drimia (Hyacinthaceae) and Eriospermum (Ruscaceae) that were invalidly published by N.J. Jacquin are provided. The later validation dates for these names do not have implications for their nomenclatural priority.

A brief history of the publication of Musci Alleghanienses, an exsiccata distributed by William Starling Sullivant in 1846, is outlined. An annotated list of 11 new species and one new variety of moss distributed in this exsiccata is presented. It is shown that names of 10 species were effectively published in a review of this exsiccata by Asa Gray in 1846, before 15 January, and only Leucophanes leanum Sull. [ ≡ Brothera leana (Sull.) Mull.Hal.] was validly published on 28 January 1846 on the corrected label of No. 172 in the exsiccata. In addition, the material distributed in No. 60, as an unnamed variety of Leskea polyantha Hedw. [ ≡ Pylaisia polyantha (Hedw.) Schimp.], was described in 1848 by Sullivant as a new species, Leskea tenuirostris Bruch & Schimp. ex Sull. [ ≡ Pylaisiadelpha tenuirostris (Bruch & Schimp. ex Sull.) W.R.Buck]. All these names of moss taxa described from the material distributed in Musci Alleghanienses, except one (Leptodon ohioensis Sull. [ ≡ Forsstroemia ohioensis (Sull.) ...

Author citation of four species names in Lembophyllum Lindb. is rectified. Their authorship was incorrectly ascribed to S.O. Lindberg because of the misinterpretation of citations using “ex” and “in”. The following names should correctly be ascribed to E.G. Paris who published them in 1896 in Index bryologicus: Lembophyllum clandestinum (Hook.f. et Wilson) Lindb. ex Paris, L. cochlearifolium (Schwagr.) Lindb. ex Paris, L. divulsum (Hook.f. et Wilson) Lindb. ex Paris and L. vagum (Hornsch. ex Mull.Hal.) Lindb. ex Paris. Lembophyllum sect. Rigodiella (E.B.Bartram) Ochyra et Bednarek-Ochyra, comb. nov. is the correct name for the superfluous sectional name L. sect. Looseria (Ther.) Tangney.

Background: The correct author citation of Oxalis sonderiana (Kuntze) J.F.Macbr. and the validity and identity of the species Oxalis beneprotecta R.Knuth, Oxalis bullulata T.M.Salter and Oxalis pulchella Jacq. var. beneprotecta (R.Knuth) T.M.Salter are unclear. Objectives: To resolve the nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion surrounding these four taxa. Method: We studied relevant herbarium records (especially type material) of all the taxa, and paired this with scrutiny of all publications that bear reference to the nomenclature and taxonomy of these species. Results: The correct author citation for Oxalis sonderiana has been determined; Oxalis bullulata is confirmed as a distinct species, and the continued recognition of Oxalis beneprotecta as a variety of Oxalis pulchella is suggested. It is further ascertained that the name ‘ Oxalis nidulans Turcz.’ is not a later homonym, but a reference to a misapplication of Oxalis nidulans Eckl. & Zeyh. to the type specimen of Oxalis sonderiana . Conclusion: These results clarify the current confusion surrounding these taxa in global herbaria and in national and international databases.

The type of the generic name Ipheion Rafinesque is Milla uniflora Graham but the same specific epithet had been used in Triteleia by Lindley a few years earlier for the same species with a different type. Confusion ensued concerning the correct author citation for the species under Ipheion. A taxonomic history of the name Ipheion uniflorum (Graham) Raf., a new synonym for this species, and a lectotype for Milla uniflora are presented herein. Fil: Sassone, Agostina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina. Freie Universität Berlin; Alemania Fil: Giussani, Liliana Mónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Arroyo Leuenberger, Silvia. Freie Universität Berlin; Alemania

The original description and name of the aracari currently known as Pteroglossus beauharnaesii Wagler 1832 have been inexplicably overlooked. By priority, the correct name and author citation is in fact Pteroglossus beauharnaisii Wagler 1831.

Within plants, algae and fungi, the rules of nomenclature (ICN, McNeill et al. 2012) require that adjectival specific—and infraspecific—epithets agree grammatically (gender concordance) with the generic name. Epithets not conforming to this rule, although validly published, are to be corrected (ICN art. 23.5) without change of the author citation or date. Despite that the original spelling of these epithets is generally to be retained (art. 60.1), improper Latin terminations are always to be changed to accord with, among others, the mentioned art. 23.5 (art. 32.2).

Objectives : ‘Reconsideration about Nomenclature of Herbs Listed in the Kor ean Pharmacopoeia’ was published by Doh and Lee with absolute misconception of nomenclature. A critical review of Doh and Lee's paper is given, to correct the confused the concept of nomenclature and to provide proper scientific name for taxa which are discussed.Methods : This paper discusses the proper usage, as mandated by the Inter national Code of Nomenclature. Adherence to the rules described in this paper should reduce th e present confusion in the nomenclature of scientific names listed in the Korean Pharmacopoeia.Results : Although Doh and Lee proposed four categories to correct the scientific names of the Korean Pharmacopoeia using available botanical databases, they failed to show how nomenclatural concepts are applicable due to misconception of legitimacy and the confusion about synonym. From a nomenclatural perspective, 'accepted name' or 'recommended name' is a subject ive term which used to be employed for convenience in a certain databases or working group without nom enclatural meaning. Doh and Lee also pointed out the standardization of author citation. However, they misse d the importance of author citation error such as basionym or validating authors.Conclusions : Doh and Lee were not able to solve nomenclatural problems of t he Korea Pharmacopoeia due to lack of clarity on the nomenclature code. We strongly recommend that KFDA has to commence extensive nomenclatural review for the next revision of Korea Pharmacopoeia.Key words : Critical Review; ICN; Korean Pharmacopoeia; Legitimacy; Nomencl ature; Synonym

Precise communication about fungi and funguslike organisms relies on the use of names. The application of a name is determined by means of a nomenclatural type, i.e., a standard. This chapter is an updated supplement to the previous chapter on this topic in the first edition of this series. Formal changes to fungal nomenclature as implemented by the current International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), or ICN, are addressed. The difficult transition to a one-name-per-fungus system of classification is considered in detail. Essential and basic nomenclatural rules and terminology are reviewed, and guidance is given on how to perform frequently used nomenclatural procedures correctly. Potential changes to nomenclatural rules that are currently being discussed and their impacts on fungal naming are given brief attention.

As a precursor of taxonomic revision of genus Parnassia, we present here the most current list of taxa. Parnassia currently has 61 species, 2 subspecies, 11 varieties and 1 forma, 76 synonyms and 8 invalid names, for a total of 159 names (autonyms not counted). Lectotypes are designated for 24 names and the correct author citation of P. ornata is formalized.

A brief biographical sketch of Nicolas-Marie-Therese Jolyclerc (1746–1817), the French naturalist and adherent of C. Linnaeus, is presented. The publication history of his Systeme sexuel des vegetaux, the first French version of the Linnaean sexual system of the plants is outlined. Apart from the well-known editions of this work of 1797, 1798 and 1810, a neglected edition of 1803 is described, and it is shown that this is not a pirated edition as has been suggested. A list of fourteen new combinations in mosses proposed by N. Jolyclerc in the 1803 edition of Systeme sexuel des vegetaux is presented and some names are briefly annotated. Additionally, it is shown that Mnium triquetrum, basionym of the well-known moss species Meesia triquetra, was validly published for the first time by N. Jolyclerc in 1803, not by H. E. Richter in 1839 as is commonly accepted. Accordingly, the correct author citation for Meesia triquetra should be ‘(L. ex Jolycl.) Angstr.’, not ‘(L. ex Richt.) Angstr.’ The lectotype of Mnium triquetrum L. ex Jolycl. is selected from the Linnaean herbarium (LINN).

Polypodium wallichii R.Br. ex Hooker & Greville (1830: 169) is based on a manuscript name of Robert Brown published by Wallich (1829) in his Numerical List, but that manuscript lacks a description. Hooker & Greville (1830) provided this description of P. wallichii, hence validating the name and thus the author citation should be “R.Br. ex Hook. & Grev.”.

Otto Kuntze is known for making many new combinations, mostly spurious, in his Revisio Genera Plantarum. For species of Indigofera, these new names were published under the pre-Linnaean generic name Anila Ludw., validated by Kuntze himself in 1891. In his treatment of this group, however, Kuntze also proposed a number of nomina nova that seem largely to have been overlooked. These names are not themselves illegitimate according to Art. 55.1 of the St. Louis Code (Greuter & al., 2000) and their epithets are to be taken into consideration for purposes of priority. There were seven nomina nova proposed; three new combinations, all for Indian taxa, are required based on some of these. One adjustment to the author citation of an African species is also required. The Nomenclature Section of the Tokyo Congress resolved, that well established names should not be changed for purely nomenclatural reasons by resurrection of long-forgotten names (see p. xiv of the Tokyo Code). However, none of the names being replaced can be considered well established; they do not appear in any widely available floras and two of them have been changed within the past 25 years. The names that should now be applied to the seven taxa are outlined below.

A nomenclatural history of one of the most neglected and misunderstood species Racomitrium chlorocarpum is presented. Valid publication of this species name was incorrectly ascribed to M. Fleischer and R. chlorocarpum of 1904 is merely a younger isonym of R. chlorocarpum Paris of 1897. The species name is lectotypified with a specimen from Tasmania, Australia, deposited in the Hooker herbarium (BM), and an isolectotype is present in the herbarium of W. Mitten (NY). Racomitrium chlorocarpum is a typical representative of the genus Bucklandiella, the largest segregate of the broadly interpreted genus Racomitrium and the relevant transfer to this genus is effected as Bucklandiella chlorocarpa, comb. nov. The diagnostic characters of the species are briefly summarised. This is a hydrophytic species, endemic to Australasia and is known from SE Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.

Within the framework of a taxonomic revision of the genus Albuca we here present new data on Albuca crispa , a species described as having undulate-crispulate leaves and white-green nodding flowers, it being included in A. subgen. Falconera section Trianthera (as series Trianthera ). After studying both herbarium specimens and living plants from the type locality and other locations, it is clear that the protologue of A. crispa includes remarkable inaccuracies that make the understanding of that species very difficult, and that therefore are in need of correction. Furthermore, the new data would support the transfer of Albuca crispa to A. subgen. Mitrotepalum , a group characterized by the erect flowers and strongly hooded inner tepals. A complete description is presented for this species, and data on morphology, ecology, and distribution are reported. Affinities and divergences with other close allies are also discussed, and evidence is shown to propose amendment of author citation.

No abstract available

The nomenclature, chemistry, taxonomy, distribution and ecology of Aspicilia tuberculosa (Ach.) Laundon comb, nov., Buellia ocellata (Flotow) Körber, Pycnothelia papillaria Dufour, Rhizocarpon richardii (Lamy ex Nyl.) Zahlbr. and Rinodina aspersa (Borrer) Laundon comb. nov. are discussed. Aspicilia tuberculosa, related to A. caesiocinerea, has apparently not been collected since c. 1830 and may now be extinct. The name Buellia verruculosa has been wrongly applied and the species should be called B. ocellata. The name Pycnothelia papillaria is retained, but with a modified author citation. Rhizocarpon constrictum is a synonym of R. richardii. Rinodina fatiscens is shown to be a synonym of R. aspersa. The nomenclature of Aspicilia caesiocinerea and Rinodina atrocinerea is also considered, the latter requiring change of author citation.

when the author citation is abbreviated to one name, his is the important one to retain. (Durand's is the one name omitted by Beal [loc. cit.], who gives "Engelm. ex Clinton".) This situation has bearing on the type. Beal designates as lectotype a specimen from Detroit, collected by Bigelow in 1865. The original description, however, clearly refers to a specimen from New York, in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, ex herb. H. H. Eaton, ex herb. Short. This specimen would be the type, if extant (a point on which Beal sheds no light). There is no evidence that Durand saw the Bigelow specimen, which is in the Gray Herbarium and is accompanied by a letter from Engelmann to Gray; if it is not ,,original material", it is not eligible to be designated as lectotype, even if a lectotype were needed. However, there is a specimen of this species in the Academy of Natural Sciences, collected in New York in 1828, from the herbarium of H. H. Eaton, bearing also a label of the Academy indicating that it was in the C. W. Short Herbarium, presented in 1864. There are no further data, but the sheet (consisting of two leaves, a complete flower, and a dissected flower) is certainly the type of Nuphar variegatum Durand."' Engelmann recognized, at least at times, that this was a new species, and he suggested a name for it. But the important fact from the standpoint of nomenclature is that he was not the first to publish a description (in fact, at the time of the first published description he was said to doubt the validity of the species). The epithet variegatum is often dated from the 5th edition of Gray's Manual (1867), where it is attributed to Engelmann, as a variety of N. advena.7 Had a description by Durand, citing only a New York specimen, not been published the year before, the citation would be ,,Engelmann ex Gray." Careful application of Article 46 validates Durand, whose description is quoted by Clinton, as the publishing author and makes clear the designation of a New York specimen as type.

In 1832 Ehrenberg transferred Vibrio spirillum Muller and V. undula Muller to a new genus, Spirillum. Muller's two species were renamed Spirillum volutans (Muller) Ehrenberg and S. undula (Muller) Ehrenberg, respectively. A comparison of Muller's description of V. spirillum with Ehrenberg's description of S. volutans, however, strongly indicates that the organisms described were not the same; therefore the name S. volutans should be related to the organism described by Ehrenberg. It is therefore requested that the Judicial Commission delete Muller's name from the author citation for S. volutans (i.e., S. volutans Ehrenberg, not S. volutans [Muller] Ehrenberg). Although Ehrenberg included S. undula and S. volutans in his new genus, he did not designate a type species. Stiles (1905) was apparently the first to designate the type species (S. volutans), but the later designation of S. undula as the type by Vuillemin (1913) is the designation that has been generally recognized. The acceptance of S. undula as the type species is not only contrary to the rules of nomenclature [Rule 9c(3)] but also unfortunate because the name is a source of confusion and error. It is therefore requested that the Judicial Commission issue an opinion establishing S. volutans Ehrenberg as the type species of Spirillum Ehrenberg and placing S. undula on the list of rejected names. Well's strain (ATCC 19554) is designated as the neotype strain of S. volutans.