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1. The SOUDAN 2 detector - The operation and performance of the tracking calorimeter modules

Author

S. Yarker, L. Balka, M. A. Thomson, L. Mualem, M. Lowe, R.J. Cotton, G. Villaume, B. Saitta, Marvin L Marshak, T. H. Fields, W. Leeson, J. Schneps, Christian P. Minor, K. Johns, N. West, D. M. DeMuth, V. W. Edwards, R. H. Milburn, Graham L. Giller, P.D. Shield, D. S. Ayres, S. Heppelmann, P. J. Litchfield, S. M S Kasahara, D. Wall, L.M. Kirby-Gallagher, H.M. Gallagher, Warner A. Miller, S. J. Werkema, C. A. Woods, N. Mondal, J. L. Thron, V. Vassiliev, E.W.G. Wallis, D. Rosen, N. Hill, D. Roback, Edward May, T. Joyce, F. V. Lopez, G.D. Barr, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, U. DasGupta, C.B. Brooks, W. A. Mann, H. Courant, B. Ewen, S. P. Wakely, R. H. Giles, C. Garcia-Garcia, A. Napier, J. Kochocki, E.M. Nelson, B. Dahlin, N. P. Longley, M. Shupe, D. Schmid, P. M. Border, J. H. Hoftiezer, I. Ambats, J. W. Dawson, T. Kafka, L. E. Price, L. McMaster, G. J. Alner, W.W.M. Allison, L. Weems, C. Bode, D. Benjamin, R. N. Gray, W. P. Oliver, Donald H. Perkins, U.M. Wielgosz, R. Seidlein, David Ja Cockerill, R. Nickson, W. L. Barrett, J. Schlereth, A. Stassinakis, K. Ruddick, E. A. Peterson, S. Spear, D. J. Jankowski, K. Coover, D. Maxam, and M.H. Schub

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Plane (geometry), business.industry, Detector, Tracking (particle physics), Charged particle, Nuclear physics, Optics, Spatial reference system, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nucleon, business, Instrumentation, Image resolution
Abstract

SOUDAN 2 is a 960-ton tracking calorimeter which has been constructed to search for nucleon decay and other phenomena. The full detector consists of 224 calorimeter modules each weighing 4.3 tons. The modules consist of finely segmented iron instrumented with 1 m long drift tubes of 15 mm internal diameter. The tubes enable three spatial coordinates and dE/ dx to be recorded for charged particles traversing the tubes. The spatial resolution is 0.38 cm in the x-y plane and 0.65 cm in the z, or drift, direction. The operation and performance of the modules are discussed.

Published
2016
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2. THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE ZEUS CENTRAL TRACKING DETECTOR

Author

C.K. Sinclair, D.E. Clark, I. McArthur, J.C.H. Roberts, D. Hayes, E.W.G. Wallis, G.A. Blair, R.D. Wilson, C.G. Auty, T.J. Fraser, K.L. Yeo, John Hart, P. O'Brien, B.T. Payne, K.N. Nobbs, M.D. Gibson, A. Middleton, D.J. White, J.W. Hiddleston, D. B. Miller, L W Toudup, J. Dumper, D.G. Miller, D. H. Saxon, C.B. Brooks, D. Morrow, N.C. Martin, J. Malos, I.A. Vine, F. F. Wilson, M Morrissey, R.L. Wastie, R.W. Hatley, D.E. Strachan, C. Markou, F. W. Bullock, W. Linford, T.B. Shaw, R. J. Cashmore, J. Nash, M.T. Williams, B. Foster, A.T. Hanford, Neville Harnew, N. A. McCubbin, A.K. Jamdagni, T. W. Jones, and A.R. Holmes

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, ZEUS (particle detector), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Track (disk drive), Detector, Tracking (particle physics), Nuclear physics, Electronic design, Aerospace engineering, business, Instrumentation, Event (particle physics), High magnetic field
Abstract

The mechanical, electrical and electronic design and construction of the ZEUS central tracking detector are described, together with the chamber monitoring and environmental control. This cylindrical drift chamber is designed for track reconstruction, electron identification and fast event triggering in a high beam-crossing rate, high magnetic field application.

Published
2016

3. STUDY OF MUONS FROM THE DIRECTION OF CYGNUS-X-3 USING AN UNDERGROUND PROPORTIONAL-TUBE ARRAY

Author

L. McMaster, R. H. Milburn, David Ja Cockerill, M. Lowe, J. W. Dawson, P. D. Shield, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, T. Kafka, R. H. Giles, P. J. Litchfield, J. Kochocki, D. Benjamin, A. Napier, Marvin L Marshak, Maury Goodman, B. Saitta, K. Ruddick, J. H. Hoftiezer, Ken Heller, W. P. Oliver, J. L. Thron, L. E. Price, K. Coover, C.B. Brooks, J. L. Schlereth, N. West, U. DasGupta, C. Garcia-Garcia, H. Courant, D. S. Ayres, L.M. Kirby-Gallagher, S. J. Werkema, G.D. Barr, W.W.M. Allison, W. L. Barrett, W. A. Mann, L. Balka, D. H. Perkins, M. Shupe, D. Schmid, B. Dahlin, D. J. Jankowski, I. Ambats, S. Heppelman, G. J. Alner, E. A. Peterson, D. Rosen, D. Roback, T. Joyce, F. V. Lopez, K. Johns, T. H. Fields, N. Hill, Warner A. Miller, G. F. Pearce, P. M. Border, M. A. Thomson, E. N. May, V. W. Edwards, and J. Schneps

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Muon, Argon, chemistry, Degree (graph theory), chemistry.chemical_element, Cosmic ray, Elementary particle, Fermion, Particle detector, Lepton
Abstract

From July 1987 through March 1988 an array of proportional wire modules was operated as a muon detector at a depth of 2090 meters water equivalent in the Soudan mine in northern Minnesota. A spatial angular resolution of 1.2{degree} was achieved for muon tracking. A clean sample of 1.02{times}10{sup 5} muon trajectories recorded underground is used to search for an excess flux of muons from the direction of Cygnus X-3. For muons within the phase interval (0.6, 0.9) of the source's 4.8-h period, 90%-C.L. upper limits for fluxes arriving within 3{degree} and 1.5{degree} half-angle cones centered on the Cygnus X-3 direction are 8.5{times}10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1} and 3.1{times}10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1}, respectively.

Published
2016
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4. Study of Large Hemispherical Photomultiplier Tubes for the ANTARES Neutrino Telescope

Author

F. Salesa, F. Ameli, I. Sokalski, Jean Virieux, T. Legou, Robert Lahmann, J. Carr, G.V. Russo, Lester D.R. Thompson, Nathalie Palanque-Delabrouille, F. Montanet, C. Hoffmann, A. Calzas, J. Fopma, V. Roca-Blay, E. Falchini, A. Le Van Suu, E. Nezri, L. Caponetto, W. Kretschmer, D. Lo Presti, R. Coniglione, R. De Vita, V. Rigaud, F. Réthoré, C. Racca, S. Saouter, P. Goret, R. Blaes, S. L. Cartwright, J. Poinsignon, L. Moscoso, J-J. Aubert, E. Castorina, M. Jaquet, U. F. Katz, Jean-Luc Fuda, V. Bertin, Elie Aslanides, Giorgio Riccobene, M. Anghinolfi, A. Mazure, C. Olivetto, C.B. Brooks, H. Lafoux, Timo Karg, L. Laubier, D. Denans, Vincenzo Cavasinni, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. Distefano, Yann Hello, V. Valente, S. Favard, P.M. Kooijman, P. A. Ogden, R. Potheau, R. van Dantzig, G. Giacomelli, V. Lyashuk, J.D. Zornoza, Nunzio Randazzo, M. Battaglieri, S. Loucatos, J.-P. Ernenwein, R. Bruijn, F.E. Ardellier-Desages, E. Migneco, Rezo Shanidze, G. Damy, M. Taiuti, T. Pradier, C. De Marzo, P. Coyle, S. Cuneo, G. de Vries, M. Karolak, Paolo Sapienza, F. Jouvenot, V. Niess, F. Mazéas, S. Kuch, F. Blanc, S. Basa, A. Albert, H. J. Rose, Teresa Montaruli, P.K.A. de Witt Huberts, G. F. Burgio, G. Raia, Y. Sacquin, Jürgen Brunner, A. Rostovtsev, M. Ripani, Jean-Francois Rolin, E. Carmona, M.C. Bouwhuis, J.-C. Languillat, D. S. Bailey, J.-J. Destelle, J. Hößl, F. Louis, P. Lamare, M. Naumann-Godo, S. Tilav, S. Ferry, E. A. De Wolf, Juanan Aguilar, Philippe Charvis, P. Valdy, E. V. Korolkova, Alexander Kappes, B. van Rens, C. Maron, S. Cecchini, H. Le Provost, Juan José Hernández-Rey, P. Keller, F. Feinstein, Y. Le Guen, S. Karkar, Antonio Capone, N. Girard, Maurizio Spurio, A.J. Heijboer, J.J. Engelen, Kay Graf, F. Cafagna, Chantal Compère, M. Ruppi, Roberto Bellotti, V. Flaminio, Antoine Kouchner, M. Morganti, L Lo Nigro, B. Vallage, B. Dinkelspiler, J. Zúñiga, Jean-Pierre Morel, M. Romita, V. Popa, B. Hartmann, D. Festy, J. E. McMillan, S. M. Bradbury, R. Masullo, J. Beltramelli, Riccardo Papaleo, C. Petta, Wolfgang Schuster, H. Laschinsky, P. Amram, J. Boulesteix, J. F. Drogou, Annarita Margiotta, Gisela Anton, T. Stolarczyk, A. Milovanovic, D. Stubert, G.D. Hallewell, J. P. Schuller, P. Payre, K. Salomon, C. Millot, J.-P. Pineau, C. Naumann, P. Piattelli, D. Zaborov, Anne Deschamps, A. Massol, M. Marcelin, M. Billault, V. Zakharov, J.R. Hubbard, Diego Real, J.M. Gallone, Susan Cooper, S. Anvar, Yvonne Becherini, M. de Jong, F. Druillole, N. de Botton, G. Herrouin, H. Zaccone, C. Colnard, Mario Musumeci, Gerardus Nooren, P. Vernin, M. Circella, P. Lagier, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 6526), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANTARES, J.A. AGUILAR, A. ALBERT, F. AMELI, P. AMRAM, M. ANGHINOLFI, G. ANTON, S. ANVAR, F.E. ARDELLIER-DESAGES, E. ASLANIDES, J.J. AUBERT, D. BAILEY, S. BASA, M. BATTAGLIERI, Y. BECHERINI, R. BELLOTTI, J. BELTRAMELLI, V. BERTIN, M. BILLAULT, R. BLAES, F. BLANC, N. DE BOTTON, J. BOULESTEIX, M.C. BOUWHUIS, C.B. BROOKS, S.M. BRADBURY, R. BRUIJN, J. BRUNNER, G.F. BURGIO, F. CAFAGNA, A. CALZAS, A. CAPONE, L. CAPONETTO, E. CARMONA, J. CARR, S.L. CARTWRIGHT, E. CASTORINA, V. CAVASINNI, S. CECCHINI, P. CHARVIS, M. CIRCELLA, C. COLNARD, C. COMPERE, R. CONIGLIONE, S. COOPER, P. COYLE, S. CUNEO, G. DAMY, R. VAN DANTZIG, A. DESCHAMPS, C. DE MARZO, D. DENANS, J.J. DESTELLE, R. DE VITA, B. DINKELSPILER, C. DISTEFANO, J.F. DROGOU, F. DRUILLOLE, J. ENGELEN, J.P. ERNENWEIN, E. FALCHINI, S. FAVARD, F. FEINSTEIN, S. FERRY, D. FESTY, V. FLAMINIO, J. FOPMA, J.L. FUDA, J.M. GALLONE, G. GIACOMELLI, N. GIRARD, P. GORET, K. GRAF, G. HALLEWELL, B. HARTMANN, A. HEIJBOER, Y. HELLO, J.J. HERNANDEZ-REY, G. HERROUIN, J. HÖßL, C. HOFFMANN, J.R. HUBBARD, M. JAQUET, M. DE JONG, F. JOUVENOT, A. KAPPES, T. KARG, S. KARKAR, M. KAROLAK, U. KATZ, P. KELLER, P. KOOIJMAN, E.V. KOROLKOVA, A. KOUCHNER, W. KRETSCHMER, S. KUCH, V.A. KUDRYAVTSEV, H. LAFOUX, P. LAGIER, R. LAHMANN, P. LAMARE, J.C. LANGUILLAT, H. LASCHINSKY, L. LAUBIER, T. LEGOU, Y. LE GUEN, H. LE PROVOST, A. LE VAN SUU, L. LO NIGRO, D. LO PRESTI, S. LOUCATOS, F. LOUIS, V. LYASHUK, M. MARCELIN, A. MARGIOTTA, C. MARON, A. MASSOL, R. MASULLO, F. MAZÉAS, A. MAZURE, J.E. MCMILLAN, E. MIGNECO, C. MILLOT, A. MILOVANOVIC, F. MONTANET, T. MONTARULI, J.-P. MOREL, M. MORGANTI, L. MOSCOSO, M. MUSUMECI, C. NAUMANN, M. NAUMANN-GODO, E. NEZRI, V. NIESS, G.J. NOOREN, P. OGDEN, C. OLIVETTO, N. PALANQUE-DELABROUILLE, R. PAPALEO, P. PAYRE, C. PETTA, P. PIATTELLI, J.P. PINEAU, J. POINSIGNON, V. POPA, R. POTHEAU, T. PRADIER, C. RACCA, G. RAIA, N. RANDAZZO, D. REAL, B.A.P. VAN RENS, F. RÉTHORÉ, G. RICCOBENE, V. RIGAUD, M. RIPANI, V. ROCA-BLAY, J.F. ROLIN, M. ROMITA, H.J. ROSE, A. ROSTOVTSEV, M. RUPPI, G.V. RUSSO, Y. SACQUIN, F. SALESA, K. SALOMON, S. SAOUTER, P. SAPIENZA, R. SHANIDZE, J.-P. SCHULLER, W. SCHUSTER, I. SOKALSKI, M. SPURIO, T. STOLARCZYK, D. STUBERT, M. TAIUTI, L.F. THOMPSON, S. TILAV, P. VALDY, V. VALENTE, B. VALLAGE, P. VERNIN, J. VIRIEUX, G. DE VRIES, P. DE WITT HUBERTS, E. DE WOLF, D. ZABOROV, H. ZACCONE, V. ZAKHAROV, J.D. ZORNOZA, J. ZUÑIGA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Neutrino detection, Neutrino telescope, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, large area photosensor, hemispherical photomultiplier, neutrino detection, Nuclear physics, Optics, Intensive Phase, 0103 physical sciences, 14. Life underwater, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Astroparticle physics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Hemispherical photomultiplier, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Large area photosensor, Glass spheres, Neutrino detector, 95.55.Vj, 85.60.Ha, Física nuclear, business, hemispherical photomultiplier, large area photosensor, neutrino detection
Abstract

The ANTARES neutrino telescope, to be immersed depth in the Mediterranean Sea, will consist of a 3 dimensional matrix of 900 large area photomultiplier tubes housed in pressure resistant glass spheres. The selection of the optimal photomultiplier was a critical step for the project and required an intensive phase of tests and developments carried out in close collaboration with the main manufacturers worldwide. This paper provides an overview of the tests performed by the collaboration and describes in detail the features of the PMT chosen for ANTARES., Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures. To be published in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A

Published
2005
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5. Search for the proton decay mode p→νK in Soudan 2

Author

H.R. Gallagher, S. Wakeley, C.B. Brooks, G. J. Alner, Marvin L Marshak, T. Joffe–Minor, M.H. Schub, A. Napier, G.D. Barr, J. L. Thron, Warner A. Miller, C. Garcia-Garcia, L. Mualem, W.W.M. Allison, C. Bode, M. C. Goodman, N. P. Longley, R. Gran, K. Ruddick, R.J. Cotton, U.M. Wielgosz, G. F. Pearce, W. Leeson, G. Villaume, T. H. Fields, H. Courant, D. Wall, L. E. Price, A. Stassinakis, R. H. Milburn, J.H. Cobb, J. Schneps, W. P. Oliver, E. A. Peterson, D. M. DeMuth, V. Vassiliev, William L. Barrett, P. J. Litchfield, W. A. Mann, R. Seidlein, N. West, D. S. Ayres, P. M. Border, D. A. Petyt, T. Kafka, S. M S Kasahara, and H. Tom

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton decay, Analytical chemistry, High resolution
Abstract

We have searched for the proton decay mode p {yields} {nu} K{sup +} using the one-kiloton Soudan 2 high resolution calorimeter. Contained events obtained from a 3.56 kiloton-year fiducial exposure through June 1997 are examined for occurrence of a visible K{sup +} track which decays at rest into {mu}{sup +}{nu} or {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0}. We found one candidate event consistent with background, yielding a limit, {tau}/B(p {yields} {nu} K{sup +})>4.3x10{sup 31} years at 90% CL with no background subtraction.

Published
1998
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6. The SOUDAN 2 detector The design and construction of the tracking calorimeter modules

Author

W. Leeson, D. Rosen, J. Schneps, P. J. Litchfield, D. Roback, T. Joyce, Christian P. Minor, J. H. Hoftiezer, B. Saitta, L. Mualem, P.D. Shield, S. Heppelmann, C. Garcia-Garcia, P. M. Border, R.J. Cotton, G. Villaume, T. H. Fields, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, V. W. Edwards, U. DasGupta, D. M. DeMuth, V. Vassiliev, M. Shupe, D. Schmid, M. A. Thomson, David Ja Cockerill, R. Nickson, W. L. Barrett, I. Ambats, S. P. Wakely, R. H. Milburn, R. H. Giles, Graham L. Giller, N. Hill, C.B. Brooks, J. Kochocki, Edward May, L. E. Price, H. Courant, R. Seidlein, W. A. Mann, N. Mondal, H.M. Gallagher, A. Napier, N. P. Longley, S. Yarker, D. Wall, C. A. Woods, J. Schlereth, L. Balka, N. West, W.W.M. Allison, C. Bode, D. S. Ayres, U.M. Wielgosz, L.M. Kirby-Gallagher, S. J. Werkema, K. Coover, D. Maxam, M.H. Schub, J. W. Dawson, A. Stassinakis, T. Kafka, E. A. Peterson, S. Spear, E.M. Nelson, B. Dahlin, D. Benjamin, R. N. Gray, B. Ewen, G. J. Alner, Marvin L Marshak, K. Johns, M. Lowe, K. Ruddick, Donald H. Perkins, L. McMaster, Warner A. Miller, D. J. Jankowski, G.D. Barr, E.W.G. Wallis, F. V. Lopez, L. Weems, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, W. P. Oliver, S. M S Kasahara, and J. L. Thron

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Tracking (particle physics), Nucleon, Instrumentation, Charged particle
Abstract

SOUDAN 2 is a 960-ton tracking calorimeter which has been constructed to search for nucleon decay and other phenomena. The full detector consists of 224 calorimeter modules each weighing 4.3 tons. The design and construction of the modules are described. The modules consist of finely segmented iron instrumented with 1 m long drift tubes of 15 mm internal diameter. The tubes enable three spatial coordinates and dE/dx to be recorded for charged particles traversing the tubes.

Published
1996
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7. First results from the Soudan 2 proton decay experiment

Author

L. E. Price, J.H. Cobb, G. F. Pearce, D. Rosen, L. M. Tupper, Donald H. Perkins, D. Roback, C.B. Brooks, B. Saitta, R. N. Gray, K. Ruddick, P.D. Shield, A. Napier, J. L. Thron, P. J. Litchfield, D. P. Benjamin, M. Lowe, C. Garcia-Garcia, M. A. Thomson, R. H. Giles, G.D. Barr, J. Kochocki, F. V. Lopez, J. W. Dawson, David Ja Cockerill, L. McMaster, J. Schneps, Marvin L Marshak, K. A. Johns, H. Courant, J. L. Schlereth, M. C. Goodman, W. W.M. Allison, T. Kafka, D. Schmid, I. Ambats, S. Heppelmann, D. J. Jankowski, L. Balka, R. H. Milburn, V. W. Edwards, G. J. Alner, W. P. Oliver, N. Sundaralingam, E. A. Peterson, B. Dahlin, Warner A. Miller, William L. Barrett, W. A. Mann, N. P. Longley, N. West, D. S. Ayres, S. J. Werkema, P. M. Border, N. Hill, Edward May, Michael Shupe, S. M. S. Kasahara, and T. H. Fields

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Proton decay, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Solar neutrino problem, Nuclear physics, Neutrino detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Neutrino, Neutrino oscillation
Abstract

First results on contained neutrino interactions are presented from the Soudan 2 proton decay experiment. 20 neutrino events have been found in a fiducial exposure of 0.29 kton years.

Published
1991
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8. A Study of Cosmic Ray Composition in the Knee Region using Multiple Muon Events in the Soudan 2 Detector

Author

D. Wall, R. N. Gray, R. Gran, K. Johns, T. H. Fields, Edward May, S. P. Wakely, Jack L. Uretsky, M. Shupe, D. M. DeMuth, D. Schmid, H.R. Gallagher, M.H. Schub, A. Napier, M. Lowe, W. P. Oliver, Warner A. Miller, R.J. Cotton, G. J. Alner, G. Villaume, V. Vassiliev, H. Courant, J. L. Thron, P. J. Litchfield, E. A. Peterson, B. Ewen, L. Mualem, W. Leeson, H.J. Trost, W.W.M. Allison, C. Bode, D. Roback, L. E. Price, J. Schneps, P. M. Border, W. A. Mann, R. H. Milburn, C.B. Brooks, T. Kafka, S. M S Kasahara, N. P. Longley, K. Ruddick, N. West, D. S. Ayres, S. J. Werkema, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, R. Seidlein, David Ja Cockerill, W. L. Barrett, and Marvin L Marshak

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Knee region, Water equivalent, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Energy spectrum, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Multiplicity (chemistry), Nuclear Experiment, Multiplicity distribution
Abstract

Deep underground muon events recorded by the Soudan 2 detector, located at a depth of 2100 meters of water equivalent, have been used to infer the nuclear composition of cosmic rays in the "knee" region of the cosmic ray energy spectrum. The observed muon multiplicity distribution favors a composition model with a substantial proton content in the energy region 800,000 - 13,000,000 GeV/nucleus., 38 pages including 11 figures, Latex, submitted to Physical Review D

Published
1996

9. Simultaneous Air Shower and Deep Muon Observations at Soudan

Author

J. L. Schlereth, C. Garcia-Garcia, L. E. Price, S. Heppelmann, N.P. Longley, V. W. Edwards, A. Napier, M. Shupe, D. Schmid, T. H. Fields, G.D. Barr, I. Ambats, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, D. M. DeMuth, R. H. Giles, J. L. Thron, J. Kochocki, U. DasGupta, D. J. Jankowski, J. W. Dawson, G. J. Alner, W.W.M. Allison, W. L. Barrett, J. Schneps, L. M. Tupper, T. Kafka, C.B. Brooks, L. McMaster, C. A. Woods, H. Courant, F. V. Lopez, N. West, P. J. Litchfield, P. M. Border, M. A. Thomson, D. S. Ayres, D. Rosen, B. Ewen, J. H. Hoftiezer, Donald H. Perkins, E. A. Peterson, S. J. Werkema, D. Roback, T. Joyce, N. Hill, B. Saitta, David Ja Cockerill, K. Johns, K. Ruddick, Edward May, D. Benjamin, R. N. Gray, W. A. Mann, K. Coover, R. H. Milburn, S. Schubert, P.D. Shield, B. Dahlin, W. P. Oliver, Warner A. Miller, L. Balka, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, Marvin L Marshak, and M. Lowe

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Air shower, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Cosmic ray, Nucleon, Coincidence
Abstract

Recently, a few groups1 have made attempts to simultaneously measure the electromagnetic and deep underground muon components of cosmic ray showers. This is one such experiment, using a small proportional tube surface air shower detector in coincidence with the Soudan 2 nucleon decay detector. It has run since June, 1991, and some 22 000 events which triggered both detectors have been recorded. This body of data may provide insight into the composition of cosmic rays in the “knee” area of the cosmic ray spectrum.

Published
1993
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10. SEARCH FOR MAGNETIC MONOPOLES WITH THE SOUDAN-2 DETECTOR

Author

L. E. Price, G.D. Barr, E. A. Peterson, G. J. Alner, C. Garcia-Garcia, S. J. Heilig, A. Napier, W.W.M. Allison, G. Villaume, Marvin L Marshak, R. H. Giles, D. Benjamin, R. N. Gray, Kenneth Johns, J. Kochocki, J. W. Dawson, W. Leeson, J. H. Cobb, N. Sundaralingam, D. Maxam, Michael Shupe, J. Schneps, D. J. Jankowski, T. Kafka, D. Schmid, Christian P. Minor, Donald H. Perkins, David Ja Cockerill, W. L. Barrett, N. Hill, I. Ambats, C. A. Woods, Edward May, F. V. Lopez, P. D. Shield, B. Ewen, V. W. Edwards, P. M. Border, T. H. Fields, L. M. Tupper, J. Schlereth, K. Ruddick, J. L. Thron, M. A. Thomson, D. M. DeMuth, C.B. Brooks, B. Saitta, W. P. Oliver, W. A. Mann, R. H. Milburn, Warner A. Miller, P. J. Litchfield, G. F. Pearce, Maury Goodman, N. P. Longley, M. Lowe, Graham L. Giller, L. Balka, D. Roback, N. West, D. S. Ayres, H. Courant, S. J. Werkema, S. M S Kasahara, D. B. Rosen, J. Hoftiezer, and L. McMaster

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Argon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Magnetic monopole, chemistry.chemical_element, Elementary particle, Particle detector, Particle identification, Nuclear physics, chemistry, Grand Unified Theory, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nucleon, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

A search for grand unified theory magnetic monopoles making highly ionizing tracks in argon gas has been conducted using the Soudan 2 nucleon decay detector. This underground detector is a large fine-grained tracking calorimeter comprised of long drift tubes read out by proportional wires. No monopole candidates were observed in data taken over almost three years, yielding an upper flux limit of 8.7{times}10{sup {minus}15} cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1}sr{sup {minus}1} for monopole velocities of {beta}{gt}2{times}10{sup {minus}3}.

Published
1992

11. The identification of secondary particles by ionisation sampling (ISIS)

Author

J.L. Lloyd, J.N. Bunch, R.W. Pleming, W.W.M. Allison, C.B. Brooks, and J. H. Cobb

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Track (disk drive), Nuclear Theory, General Medicine, Nuclear physics, Transverse plane, Pion, Sampling (signal processing), Position (vector), Ionization, Calibration, Bubble chamber, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

A large volume multi-wire proportional chamber employing drift paths of up to 2 m in an unconventional geometry is described. This device will distinguish between kaons, pions and protons for all secondaries from 5 GeV/c to over 100 GeV/c and obtain over 300 transverse position measurements on each track to an accuracy of approximately 2 mm. Results from experiments on a prototype in a test beam are given and a possible design for use with a rapid cycling bubble chamber at the CERN-SPS or NAL accelerators is discussed.

Published
1974
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12. Multiparticle identification with ISIS: Tests with the full aperture ISIS 1

Author

A.M. Romaya, L. Lyons, P.D. Shield, C.B. Brooks, W.W.M. Allison, and A. McPherson

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Spectrometer, Aperture, Nuclear Theory, General Medicine, Electron, Momentum, Nuclear physics, Pion, Ionization, Nuclear Experiment, Particle beam
Abstract

Results are reported of a successful test of ISIS 1 in a particle beam. ISIS 1 is a full aperture (4m × 2m) prototype of the particle identifier ISIS (Identification of Secondaries by Ionisation Sampling), proposed for the European Hybrid Spectrometer (EHS) at the SPS at CERN. Using the “relativistic rise” of the ionisation loss, electrons and pions at 500 MeV/c were identified with better than 99% confidence, the data containing typically 5–10 tracks per “picture” drifted by up to 2 m. The ionisation resolution was 12–14% fwhm on 1m of track and the two track resolution was 2 cm. These results, which agree with our predictions, indicate that ISIS 2 with 5 m of useful track length will be able to distinguish uniquely kaons and protons from pions of known momentum in high multiplicity interactions up to 50 and 100 GeV/c respectively.

Published
1979
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13. Development of the ZEUS central tracking detector

Author

B. Foster, A.K. Jamdagni, Neville Harnew, D. McQuillan, D. Shaw, G. Nixon, R. J. Cashmore, R.J. Tapper, John Hart, D.J. White, K.R. Long, M. M. Mobayyen, R.C. Devenish, J. Shulman, Fergus Wilson, G.L. Salmon, S.M. Tkaczyk, Douglas Gingrich, L W Toudup, A.J. Sephton, T.J. Fraser, S. Smith, Jon-Paul R. Wells, J. Malos, J. Nash, E.W.G. Wallis, C.J.S. Morgado, C.B. Brooks, J.H.C. Roberts, R. Wastie, P.D. Shield, T.B. Shaw, G.J. Lush, I. Silvester, T.J. Llewellyn, N. A. McCubbin, R.S. Gilmore, D. H. Saxon, A.G. Parham, G.P. Heath, I. McArthur, D.E. Strachan, M.D. Gibson, K.L. Yeo, A.R. Holmes, T.W. Jones, F. W. Bullock, D. B. Miller, B.T. Payne, J.W. Hiddleston, and N.C. Martin

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, ZEUS (particle detector), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Track (disk drive), Detector, Tracking (particle physics), Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, business, Instrumentation, Event (particle physics)
Abstract

The design concept and development of the ZEUS central tracking detector is described. This is a cylindrical drift chamber designed for track reconstruction, electron identification and event triggering in a high-crossing-rate, high-magnetic-field environment.

Published
1989
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14. The ionisation loss of relativistic charged particles in thin gas samples and its use for particle identification II. Experimental results

Author

R.W. Pleming, R.K. Yamamoto, J.N. Bunch, C.B. Brooks, and W.W.M. Allison

Subjects
Physics, Argon, Nuclear Theory, Monte Carlo method, chemistry.chemical_element, General Medicine, Electron, Charged particle, Particle identification, Relativistic particle, Nuclear physics, Pion, chemistry, Ionization, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We present the results of an experiment in which a proportional chamber sampled the ionisation loss of each incident relativistic particle some 60 times. The chamber, filled with 80% argon/20% Co2 was exposed to a beam of pions, protons and electrons at momenta between 25 GeV/c and 150 GeV/c at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The observed pulse height spectra were corrected for systematic effects and compared with new Monte Carlo theoretical calculations discussed in paper I. The agreement is good. The relativistic rise is sufficient to enable individual pions and protons to be distinguished even with the present apparatus. Our results suggest that with a larger device kaons, pions and protons may be separated.

Published
1976
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15. RELATIVISTIC CHARGED-PARTICLE IDENTIFICATION WITH ISIS2

Author

P.D. Shield, J. Dumarchez, M. Aguilar-Benitez, M. Schouten, C.B. Brooks, C. Willmott, and W.W.M. Allison

Subjects
Physics, Momentum, Nuclear physics, Wire chamber, Strange quark, Spectrometer, General Engineering, Electron, Charged particle, Particle detector, Particle identification
Abstract

The operation of the ISIS2 pictorial drift chamber in the European Hybrid Spectrometer at the CERN SPS is described. The data analysis and calibration procedure are outlined. After a brief presentation of the quality of the spatial data form the chamber, the dE/dx data are treated in some detail. It is shown that an ionisation resolution of 3.5% rms (or 8.3%fwhm) is routinely obtained on a large majority of tracks entering the 8 m2 acceptance of the device; this is within 20% of the theoretical limit of the performance. Samples of tracks identified as electrons, pions or protons by kinematic fitting to conversions or strange particle decays are used to check the quality of the mass identification. Misidentification rates and confidence levels for mass separation as a function of momentum for each mass pair are given. Some data are given on the effects of space charge and a measurement of the relativistic rise is reported.

Published
1984

16. THE EUROPEAN HYBRID SPECTROMETER

Author

J. Dolbeau, P. R. S. Wright, P. Herquet, R. Contri, C. Fernandez, O. Pingot, L. Montanet, H. Nowak, I. Duran, R. Ouared, M. MacDermott, A. De Angelis, J. Duboc, D. Huss, J. J. Hernandez, C. Defoix, J. Kesteman, F. Diez-Hedo, Ugo Gasparini, P. Checcia, E. Jegham, C. Voltolini, Edoardo Castelli, K. E. Johansson, M. Eriksson, E. Dicapua, N. G. Minaev, C. Troncon, E. P. Kistenev, Evgueni Vlasov, J. Dumarchez, S-O. Holmgren, T. Naumann, M. Begalli, M. Mazzucato, M. I. Josa, Torbjoern Moa, A. Michalon, H. Rohringer, V. Canale, J. Schmidmeyer, R. Bizzarri, Y.M. Ivanyushenkov, Sten Hellman, B. Sellden, Alan Poppleton, N. Colino, Yu. Fisjak, P.D. Shields, S. Squarcia, W.W.M. Allison, Simonetta Gentile, B. Vonck, J. Panella, M. Aguilar-Benitez, A Hervé, Pierre Vilain, C. Caso, S. Reucroft, Alessandro Bettini, C.B. Brooks, D. B. Gibaut, P. Ladron de Guevara, C. Fisher, S. Falciano, D. Knauss, J. L. Bailly, B. Powell, L. Haupt, M. Atkinsson, Josef Hrubec, S. J. Colwill, B. Polyakov, B. Epp, H. Leutz, F. Fontanelli, U. Trevisan, G. Piredda, K. Sudhakar, A. Gurtu, M. Pernicka, M. Sessa, W. Strusczinski, D. Crennell, Rene Brun, M. Iori, U. Gensch, S. Nilsson, A. Roth, M. C. Touboul, G. Neuhofer, W. Bartl, P. Hughes, R. Monge, Gianni Zumerle, P. Poropat, E.A. Starchenko, L. Ventura, A. G. Kholodenko, Reinhard W. Schulte, G. Otter, J. Salicio, M.E. Michalon-Mentzer, Aguilar Benitez, M., and Canale, Vincenzo

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Spectrometer, Mass distribution, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scintillator, Charged particle, Calorimeter, Nuclear physics, Bubble chamber, Particle, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation
Abstract

The final version of the European hybrid spectrometer (EHS) is described. EHS was used in the NA27 experiment to study charm particles produced in View the MathML source interactions. A rapid cycling, high resolution bubble chamber (LEBC) produced bubbles of 17 μm diameter which were measured with a precision of 2.5 μm. Short-lived charm particles are observed with an efficiency up to 90% (D±). The spectrometer accepts 70% of all particles produced, including approximately 100% of those in the forward hemisphere and the momenta of charged particles are measured to better than 1% over the whole momentum range. The charged particle identification detectors give information on 84% of the spectrometer tracks, half of which obtain unique identification. Two lead glass detectors measure the energy of electromagnetic showers such that the π0 mass distribution has a fwhm of View the MathML source. Hadronic showers are measured with two iron/scintillator calorimeters. The mass resolutions are 3.0, 0.9 and 11 View the MathML source for K0, Λ0 and D− charged particles respectively. The D0 mass is measured to be (1865.1 ± 1.8 ± 0.8) View the MathML source.

Published
1987

17. The construction of ISIS 1, A 4 m×2 m× 1.6 m drift chamber for particle identification

Author

W.W.M. Allison, A.R. Holmes, and C.B. Brooks

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Plane (geometry), General Medicine, Particle identification
Abstract

The construction of a large drift chamber for multitrack particle identification is reported. The design of the electrostatic structure, the wire plane and the gas system are described. The result of the first attempt to run the chamber is presented.

Published
1978
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