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Background: New York State (NYS) has approximately 4.7 million Medicaid beneficiaries with 75% having at least one or more chronic conditions. An estimated 10% of Medicaid beneficiaries seek emergency department (ED) services for nonurgent matters. It is unclear if an increased supply of nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) impact utilization of ED and subsequent hospitalizations for chronic conditions., Purpose: To investigate the relationship between NYS workforce supply (physicians, NPs, and PAs) and 1) ED use and 2) in-patient hospitalizations for chronically ill Medicaid beneficiaries., Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed by calculating total workforce supply per NYS county and the proportion of physicians, NPs, and PAs per total number of Medicaid beneficiaries. We extracted the frequencies of all NYS Medicaid beneficiary chronic condition-related ED visits and in-patient admissions. Medicaid beneficiaries were considered to have a chronic condition if there was a claim indicating that the beneficiary received a service or treatment for this specific condition. We calculated the proportion of ED visits/beneficiary for each chronic disease category and the proportion of category-specific in-patient hospitalizations per the number of beneficiaries with that diagnosis., Results: As the NP/beneficiary proportion increased, ED visits for dual and nondual eligible beneficiaries decreased (p = .007; β = -2.218; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.79 to -0.644 and p = .04; β = -2.698; 95% CI: -5.268 to -0.127, respectively)., Implications for Practice: Counties with a higher proportion of NPs and PAs had significantly lower numbers of ED visits and hospitalizations for Medicaid beneficiaries., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 American Association of Nurse Practitioners.)

Purpose: Various models of care delivery have been investigated to meet the increasing demands in primary care. One proposed model is comanagement of patients by more than 1 primary care clinician. Comanagement has been investigated in acute care with surgical teams and in outpatient settings with primary care physicians and specialists. Because nurse practitioners are increasingly managing patient care as independent clinicians, our study objective was to propose a model of nurse practitioner-physician comanagement., Methods: We conducted a literature search using the following key words: comanagement; primary care; nurse practitioner OR advanced practice nurse. From 156 studies, we extracted information about nurse practitioner-physician comanagement antecedents, attributes, and consequences. A systematic review of the findings helped determine effects of nurse practitioner-physician comanagement on patient care. Then, we performed 26 interviews with nurse practitioners and physicians to obtain their perspectives on nurse practitioner-physician comanagement. Results were compiled to create our conceptual nurse practitioner-physician comanagement model., Results: Our model of nurse practitioner-physician comanagement has 3 elements: effective communication; mutual respect and trust; and clinical alignment/shared philosophy of care. Interviews indicated that successful comanagement can alleviate individual workload, prevent burnout, improve patient care quality, and lead to increased patient access to care. Legal and organizational barriers, however, inhibit the ability of nurse practitioners to practice autonomously or with equal care management resources as primary care physicians., Conclusions: Future research should focus on developing instruments to measure and further assess nurse practitioner-physician comanagement in the primary care practice setting., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: authors report none., (© 2018 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.)