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Objectives: To examine the relationship between whole grain and fiber consumption and body weight measures in children 6 to 12 (n=3868) and adolescents 13 to 18 (n=4931) years old., Study Design: Combined 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were analyzed. Mean body mass index (BMI), BMI percentile, BMI z-score, waist circumference, and prevalence of overweight/obesity were compared across categories of whole grain consumption (0 to <0.6, >or=0.6 to <1.5, >or=1.5 to <3, and >or=3 servings) with (1) a sex, ethnicity, and total energy intake-adjusted model and (2) a cereal fiber plus model 1 covariates profile., Results: Mean whole grain intake was 0.59 and 0.63 servings/d among children 6 to 12 years and adolescents 13 to 18 years, respectively. In children, consumption of >or=3 servings of whole grain was not associated with body weight measures; however, consumption of 1.5 to <3 servings was positively associated with all weight measures. In adolescents, BMI z-score was significantly lower in the highest whole grain consumption group compared with the lowest 2 groups; BMI percentile and waist circumference (model 1 only) were also significantly lower in the highest whole grain consumption group., Conclusions: Overall consumption of whole grain was below current recommendations of at least 3 servings per day. Only in adolescents was this level of whole grain intake associated with lower BMI z-scores., (Copyright (c) 2010 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

BackgroundBreastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of subsequent overweight or obesity, but it is uncertain whether this is a causal relation because most studies have not adequately reduced risk of bias due to confounding.ObjectivesThe aim of this review was to examine whether 1) ever compared with never consuming human milk and 2) different durations of human milk consumption among infants fed human milk are related to later risk of overweight or obesity, with emphasis on sibling-pair and intervention studies.MethodsThe 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, together with the Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review team, conducted a systematic review of articles relevant to healthy full-term infants in countries with a high or very high level of human development. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL; dual-screened the results using predetermined criteria; extracted data from and assessed the risk of bias for each included study; qualitatively synthesized the evidence; developed conclusion statements; and graded the strength of the evidence.ResultsThe review included 42 articles, including 6 cohorts with sibling-pair analyses and 1 randomized controlled trial of a breastfeeding promotion intervention. Moderate evidence suggested that ever, compared with never, consuming human milk is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity at ages 2 y and older, particularly if the duration of human milk consumption is >6 mo. However, residual confounding cannot be ruled out. Evidence was insufficient to determine the relation between the duration of any human milk consumption, among infants fed human milk, and overweight and/or obesity at age 2 y and older.ConclusionsFurther research, using strong study designs, is needed to disentangle the complex relation between infant feeding practices and the risk of subsequent overweight or obesity, as well as the biological and behavioral mechanisms if the relation is causal.

Evaluates the effects of dietary fat and fat substitutes on obesity and energy regulation in the United States, referencing data from studies conducted on the issue. Relationship between dietary fat and obesity; Concept associated with dietary fat and energy regulations; Comparison between dietary fat and energy density.

The authors convey their thoughts on a study about the relation between duration of breastfeeding and nutritional outcomes in children. A cross-sectional data analysis from the population of infants followed longitudinally in The Applied Research Group for Kids cohort was done. The study authors suggest causality by citing several biologically plausible explanations for the observed association. Factors that can influence the experience with new foods in the diet at early ages are mentioned.