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Aim: This study aimed to explore the association of gross motor coordination (GMC) with a matrix of biocultural factors in prepubescent children, taking into account weight status, somatic maturation, sociodemographic variables, and type of school., Methods: One hundred twenty-nine prepubescent children, of both sexes, aged between 8.00 and 8.99, were assessed for GMC (Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder - KTK), weight status, biological maturation (predicted mature stature), sex, mother's education level and type of school. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between higher values of KTK and associated biocultural factors., Results: Normoponderal children are more likely to attain better total KTK scores than those with overweight or obesity (OR: 2.942; LC 95%: 1.189, 7.280). In addition, children who are more advanced in terms of biological maturation exhibited significantly lower odds of being in the high KTK category than their less advanced peers (OR: 0.670; LC 95%: 0.474,0.946). Sex, mother's education level and the type of school are not associated with higher performance on KTK., Conclusion: Weight status and biological maturation are associated with motor competence in prepubescent children. Future studies should consider additional correlates to better understand the complex interactions between biological, psychosocial and behavioral factors in the prediction of motor competence., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Recent studies have shown various relationships between physical activity and the incidence of obesity, but this study critically explored the association of sedentary time (ST) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with obesity risk in adults from eight Latin American countries. ST and MVPA were assessed with accelerometers and stratified into 16 joint categories. Multivariate logistic regression models were used. The obesity risk indicators evaluated were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and neck circumference (NC). Quartile 4 of ST and ≥300 min/week of MVPA was associated with lower odds of BMI compared to quartile 1 of ST and ≥300 min/week of MVPA. Quartile 1 of ST and 150-299 min/week of MVPA, quartile 1 of ST and 76-149 min/week MVPA, quartile 3 of ST and 76-149 min/week MVPA, and quartiles 1, 2, and 3 of ST with 0-74 min/week MVPA were associated with higher odds of high WC compared to quartile 1 of ST and ≥300 min/week of MVPA. Quartile 3 of ST and 150-299 min/week of MVPA, quartiles 1 and 3 of ST and 76-149 min/week of MVPA, and quartile 1 of ST and 0-74 min/week MVPA were associated with higher NC compared to quartile 1 of ST and ≥300 min/week of MVPA. This study suggests that achieving the MVPA recommendations will likely protect against obesity, regardless of ST.

This study aims to establish cut-off points for the number of minutes of physical activity intensity and the number of daily steps that identify overweight/obesity in adolescents, adults, and older adults. This study examined data from 2737 participants. Physical activity intensity and the number of daily steps were assessed using GT3X+ ActiGraph model accelerometers. Body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and waist-to-hip ratio were used as indicators of overweight/obesity. The cut-off points for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for the prevention of overweight/obesity according to body mass index in women ranged from 15.1 to 30.2 min/day; in men, the values were from 15.4 to 33.8 min/day. The lowest cut-off point for daily steps was established in the adolescent group for women and men (7304 and 5162). The highest value in women was 11,412 (51-65 years) and 13,234 in men (18-30 years). Results from measurements different from BMI, show average cut-off points for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and daily steps of 29.1/8348 and 43.5/10,456 according to waist-to-height ratio; and results of 29.3/11,900 and 44.3/11,056 according to the waist-to-hip ratio; in women and men respectively. A more specific recommendation of physical activity and daily steps adjusted by sex and age range is suggested to prevent overweight/obesity., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Our aim was to analyze the joint association of parental characteristics and offspring obesity indicators with metabolic risk in adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 972 adolescents and their parents. We observed that overweight adolescents who have a normal weight mother show lower metabolic risk in comparison with their counterparts with overweight mothers. In conclusion, mother's weight status moderates the relationship between offspring' obesity indicators and metabolic risk in adolescents.

Objective: To describe the experiences of weight stigma in prenatal clinical settings among high-risk pregnant women living with obesity and to obtain women's perspectives regarding changes to prenatal health care practices that may reduce weight stigma., Design: Qualitative descriptive study., Setting/local Problem: High-risk obstetrics clinic. Weight stigma experienced in prenatal clinical settings can negatively influence maternal health and well-being as well as communication with health care providers., Participants: Nine pregnant women with obesity who were receiving specialized prenatal care in their third trimester., Intervention/measurements: Women participated in semistructured telephone interviews. Data were inductively analyzed using a content analysis, whereby coded data were organized to represent experiences of or suggestions provided by pregnant women to reduce weight stigma in prenatal clinical settings., Results: Experiences of weight stigma included poor communication, generalizations made about health and lifestyle behaviors, and focusing only on excess body weight during clinical appointments as the cause of negative health outcomes. To reduce weight stigma, women suggested that health care providers practice sensitive communication, offer individualized care for weight management, and reduce the focus on body weight by also independently addressing comorbidities or other health indicators., Conclusion: Women interviewed for this study provided suggestions that can be implemented in prenatal clinical settings to reduce weight stigma and improve the delivery of equitable health care., (Copyright © 2021 AWHONN. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the association between active transportation and obesity indicators in adults from eight Latin American countries., Methods: Data from the ELANS study, an observational multi-country study (n: 8336; 18-65 years), were used. Active transportation (walking and cycling) and leisure time physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (long version). The obesity indicators considered were: body mass index, and waist and neck circumference., Results: In the total sample, the average time dedicated to active transportation was 24.3 min/day, with the highest amount of active transportation being Costa Rica (33.5 min/day), and the lowest being Venezuela (15.7 min/day). The countries with the highest proportion of active transportation were Ecuador (71.9%), and the lowest was Venezuela (40.5%). Results from linear regression analyses suggest that active transportation was significantly and independently associated with a lower body mass index (β: -0.033; 95% CI: -0.064; -0.002), but not with waist circumference (β: -0.037; 95% CI: -1.126; 0.390 and neck circumference (β: -0.007; 95% CI: -0.269; 0.130)., Conclusions: Active transportation is significantly associated with a lower body mass index. Governments should incentivize this type of transportation as it could help to reduce the obesity pandemic in Latin America.

We investigated the association between age at menarche, and adiposity and blood pressure in adulthood, as well as the mediation effects of adiposity on the relationship between age at menarche and blood pressure. This was a nationally representative survey conducted in Brazil in 2013 (Brazilian Health Survey). The participants included 33,715 women between 18 and 100 years old. Age at menarche was self-reported and outcomes (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, and blood pressure) were objectively measured. As covariates, data on chronological age, race, educational status, tobacco smoking, leisure physical activity, TV viewing, sodium consumption, alcohol drinking, menopause status, and antihypertensive medication use were obtained by questionnaires. Negative and linear relationships were observed between age at menarche and adiposity indicators. Early maturers presented a greater prevalence of obesity (waist circumference: 56.3% [54.0-58.7] vs. 52.4% [51.4-53.5], BMI: 32.4% [30.2-34.6] vs. 25.1% [24.2-26.0]) than on time/late maturers. Age at menarche was significantly inversely related to blood pressure and adiposity in adulthood (p < 0.05), although these associations were weaker than the association between obesity and early menarche. Adiposity indicators mediated the relationship between age at menarche, and systolic (partly) and diastolic (fully) blood pressure. In conclusion, early maturation is related to obesity and higher blood pressure in adulthood. Obesity is an important mediator of the influence of early maturation on high blood pressure in women.

Aim: This study compared the effect of different resistance training (RT) frequencies on total, android, gynoid and trunk body fat in overweight/obese older women., Methods: Fifty-seven overweight/obese older women (66.9±5.3 years and 39.9±4.9% body fat) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a group performing RT twice a week (G2X), a group performing RT three times a week (G3X), or a non-exercise control group (CG). Both training groups performed the same 12-week RT program consisting of 8 exercises that trained all major muscle groups. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess body composition., Results: After the intervention period, both G2X and G3X demonstrated significant (P<0.05) reductions in adiposity compared to the CG for total body fat (G2X=-1.7%, G3X=-2.7%, CG=+2.1%), android fat (G2X=-6.2%, G3X=-7.0%, CG=+8.6%), gynoid fat (G2X=-2.5%, G3X=-2.9%, CG=+1.0%), and trunk fat (G2X=-2.5%, G3X=-3.0%, CG=+2.9%), with no significant differences between training groups., Conclusion: These results demonstrate that a low-volume 12-week RT program performed two or three times per week causes decreases in total and regional fat deposition with the greatest reductions occurring in the android region., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

We examine the joint association of weight status and leisure-time physical activity on high blood pressure in a nationally representative sample of adults and older adults in Brazil. This was a national cross-sectional survey conducted in Brazil in 2013 (Brazilian Health Survey). The sample consisted of 59 402 participants (56% women, aged 18 to 100 years). Outcome was objectively assessed blood pressure. Body mass index (BMI) was objectively measured, while self-reported information on leisure-time physical activity, TV viewing, chronological age, race, educational status, tobacco smoking, sodium consumption, and hypertension medication was obtained using questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis with adjusted odds ratio was conducted to test the joint association of BMI and leisure-time physical activity categories on high blood pressure. Overall, compared to normal weight (NW) and physically active group, the NW/inactive (OR = 1.28; 1.04 to 1.58), overweight/active (OR = 1.38; 1.08 to 1.78), overweight/inactive (OR = 1.89; 1.53 to 2.33), obese/active (OR = 2.19; 1.59 to 3.01) and obese/inactive (OR = 2.54; 2.05 to 3.15) groups were 28% to 254% more likely to have high blood pressure. The attenuation and high blood pressure was greater for women and adults than for men and older adults. Thus, leisure-time physical inactivity and being overweight and obesity were associated with high blood pressure in Brazilian population. Engaging in sufficient level of physical activity during leisure could attenuate, but not eliminate, the negative influence of obesity on high blood pressure in Brazilian adults and older adults., (©2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

To compare water- versus land-based exercise programs, as part of a multidisciplinary intervention, on physical fitness and health-related quality of life in overweight and obese adolescents. A total of 151 overweight and obese adolescents (age: 13.2±1.8years) were divided into: 1) a water-based intervention (WB; n=28); 2) a land-based intervention (LB; n=57); and 3) a control group (CG; n=66). Anthropometric measures, body composition, flexibility, abdominal strength/endurance, cardiorespiratory fitness and health-related quality of life were assessed prior and by the end of a 16-week intervention. Both the water- and land-based interventions were part of a multidisciplinary program focusing on behavioral changes. Fat Mass (%) was significantly reduced in both intervention groups and a higher progression was observed in the WB group (-9.8±7.2% versus -6.1±6.2%; p<0.05 for pre-to-post changes within-groups). However, LB increased more abdominal strength than WB (69.6±165.8% versus 53.4±83.4%; p<0.05) and significantly increased social (19.7±88.8%), psychosocial (5.1±15.1%) and total score (6.3±14.8%), which was observed in neither WB nor CG. The intervention groups did not change body weight (WB: -1.7±5.3%; LB: 0.1±3.4%; p>0.05 for both groups) and increased (p<0.05) fat-free mass (WB: 4.6±4.0%; LB: 4.4±4.1%), VO2max (WB: 9.3±7.8%; LB: 11.0±13.4%), and physical dimension of quality of life (WB: 9.2±17.2%; LB: 8.9±18.0%) differently of what was observed in CG. The physical dimension improvement observed in the land-based and water-based samples was associated with decreased percentage fat mass (r=0.282 and 0.229; p<0.05). We suggest water- and land-based physical exercises within a multidisciplinary program promote similar improvements in body composition, physical fitness and health-related quality of life in overweight and obese adolescents., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between risk behaviors and adiposity indicators in adolescents and to discuss some methodological aspects related to this relationship. We evaluated 1,321 adolescents (55.2% female) aged 10-16 years. Relative body fat (%fat) by measurement of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness and waist circumference (WC) were used as total and central adiposity indicators, respectively. Physical inactivity, time spent in front of the TV, the consumption of soda and/or chocolate, alcohol, and tobacco smoking were analyzed as risk behaviors. Information about the socioeconomic status (categorized into three levels) and nutritional status of the mother (overweight or normal weight) were used as adjustment factors in the analyses of prevalence ratio (PR) of the outcomes and their associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The chi-square test and Poisson regression were used for statistical analyses. Low associations were found between risk behaviors and adiposity indicators. Tobacco smoking was the most positively correlated behavior with adiposity in girls (%fat: PR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.04-2.47; WC: PR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.17-3.08) and in adolescents whose mothers were normal weight (%fat: PR = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.33-4.03; WC: PR: 2.31; CI: 1.19-4.46). Additionally, as an important methodological issue, we highlighted the assessment of risk behaviors in adolescents as crucial to producing more robust evidence on the subject. Of the investigated behaviors, we concluded that tobacco smoking is the behavior most associated with adiposity indicators., (© The Author(s) 2015.)

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of 8 weeks of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation associated with aerobic exercise on body fat and lipid profile on obese women. We performed a randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled trial with 28 obese women who received 3.2 g/day of CLA or 4 g/day of olive oil (placebo group) while performing an 8-week protocol of aerobic exercise. Dietary intake (food record), body fat (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and biochemical analysis (blood sample) were assessed before and after the intervention period. Independent of CLA supplementation, both groups improved (p < .05) oxygen uptake (CLA group, 13.2%; PLC group, 14.8%), trunk fat (CLA group, -1.0%; PLC group, -0.5%), leg fat (CLA group, -1.0%; PLC group, -1.6%), and total body fat (CLA group, -1.7%; PLC group, -1.3%) after the 8-week intervention. No main effect or Group × Time interaction was found for total cholesterol, triglycerides, and plasma lipoproteins (p > .05). We conclude that CLA supplementation associated with aerobic exercise has no effect on body fat reduction and lipid profile improvements over placebo in young adult obese women.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiac parasympathetic activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin, and hemodynamic profile in overweight and obese adolescent girls and boys (aged 12-16 years). Data were taken from the Multidisciplinary Obesity Treatment Program. Only post-intervention measurements are presented herein. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, and metabolic profile (insulin and glucose profile) of adolescents were assessed. Cardiac parasympathetic activity was determined by resting heart rate variability, which was analyzed using a heart rate monitor. Greater parasympathetic cardiac activity was associated with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in both girls and boys (0.375 ≤ r ≤ 0.900), while the sympathetic-vagal balance was negatively related to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in girls (r = 0.478). An association between lower parasympathetic activity and insulin resistance was noted in girls (mean of R-R intervals [RRmean] and homeostasis model assessment insulin-resistance index [HOMA-IR]: r = -0.678), while greater systolic blood pressure (SBP) and lower parasympathetic activity were associated in both sexes (RRmean and SBP: r = -0.526; high frequency [HF (nu)] and SBP: r = -0.754). In conclusion, autonomic nervous system activity was associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin resistance, and SBP in overweight and obese adolescents. The identification of these potential relationships assists with the establishment of future long-term exercise interventions that evaluate the improvements in parasympathetic nervous system activity, in addition to metabolic profile and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese adolescents.

This study aims to assess the effects of a 16-week multidisciplinary program of obesity treatment on the control of metabolic syndrome (MS) and dyslipidemia in obese adolescents. Eighty-six adolescents aged 10-18 years were allocated in either the intervention group (IG; n = 44) or control group (CG; n = 42). IG was submitted to a multidisciplinary intervention based on cognitive behavioral therapy that aimed to modify eating habits and exercise behavior. We analyzed, before and after the intervention period, anthropometric parameters, body composition, bone mineral density, cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, and lipid profile of the subjects. MS was classified according to International Diabetes Federation (2007) and the presence of dyslipidemia according to Back et al. (Arq Bras Cardiol 85:4-36, 2005). In the beginning of the intervention, the median number (range) of risk factors for MS present was 2.0 (0.0-5.0) in the IG and 2.0 (0.0-4.0) in the CG. After the intervention, this parameter reduced significantly in the IG (1.0 (0.0-5.0); p = 0.004) while no change was observed in the CG (2.0 (0.0-4.0); p = 0.349). In addition, we observed improvements in body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, maximal oxygen uptake, absolute and relative body fat, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol in the IG which was not identified in the CG. Conclusio n: We suggest that a 16-week multidisciplinary intervention based on cognitive behavioral therapy was adequate to reduce risk factors for MS in obese adolescents.

Objectives: To investigate whether participants with knee osteoarthritis classified as 'more' or 'less' physically active at baseline differ in characteristics and/or outcomes at baseline and at 3 and 12 months following the commencement of an education and exercise‐therapy program. Methods: Prospective cohort study using the GLA:D® Australia registry. The University of California, Los Angeles Physical Activity Scale (UCLA) participant data dichotomised as 'more' (≥7) or 'less' active (≤6). Groups were compared using chi‐square (obesity [baseline only], comorbidity prevalence, medication consumption, fear of damage from physical activity); and linear mixed model regression (12‐item Injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [KOOS‐12], pain [visual analogue scale], health‐related quality of life [QoL] [EQ‐5D‐5L]) statistics, adjusted for age, sex and baseline physical activity at 3 and 12 months. Results: We included 1059 participants (70% female). At baseline, 267 (25%) were classified as 'more' active, increasing to 29% and 30% at 3 and 12 months, respectively. At baseline, compared to the 'less' active group, the 'more' active group had a lower proportion of participants who were obese ('more' = 21% vs. 'less' = 44%), had comorbidities (58% vs. 74%) and consumed medications (71% vs. 85%); lower pain intensity (37 vs. 47); and higher KOOS‐12 (59 vs. 50), and health‐related QoL (0.738 vs. 0.665) scores. When accounting for age, sex and baseline physical activity, improvements seen in knee‐related burden and health‐related QoL were not different between groups at 3 or 12 months. Compared to the 'less' active group, the proportion of participants not consuming medication remained higher in the 'more' active group at 3 ('more' 45% vs. 'less' 28%) and 12 months (43% vs. 32%). Conclusion: 'More' active people with knee osteoarthritis were less likely to be obese, had fewer comorbidities, lower medication consumption, knee‐related burden and pain intensity, and higher health‐related QoL than 'less' active participants at all timepoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Women with patellofemoral pain have higher body mass index and body fat and lower skeletal muscle mass compared to pain-free women. • Men with patellofemoral pain and both sexes combined have no difference in body mass index, body fat, or skeletal muscle mass compared to their respective pain-free control groups. • Body mass index and levels of body fat and skeletal muscle mass should be considered when assessing women with patellofemoral pain. • Future studies should not assess body composition measures in a mixed-sex population without discriminating between men and women. We compared body mass index (BMI), body fat, and skeletal muscle mass between (1) a mixed-sex nonathletic cohort of people with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and pain-free people, and (2) a nonathletic cohort of people with PFP and pain-free people subgrouped by sex (i.e., men and women with PFP vs. pain-free men and women). This cross-sectional study included 114 people with PFP (71 women, 43 men) and 54 pain-free controls (32 women, 22 men). All participants attended a single testing session to assess body composition measures, which included BMI, percentage of body fat (%BF Bioimpedance), and skeletal muscle mass (both assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis), and percentage of body fat (%BF Skinfold) (assessed by skinfold caliper analysis). A one-way univariate analysis of covariance (age and physical activity levels as covariates) was used to compare body composition measures between groups (i.e., PFP vs. pain-free group; women with PFP vs. pain-free women; men with PFP vs. pain-free men). Women with PFP presented significantly higher BMI, %BF Bioimpedance , and %BF Skinfold , and lower skeletal muscle mass compared to pain-free women (p ≤ 0.04; effect size : ‒0.47 to 0.85). Men with PFP and men and women combined had no differences in BMI, %BF Bioimpedance , %BF Skinfold , and skeletal muscle mass compared to their respective pain-free groups (p > 0.05). Our findings indicate that BMI and body composition measures should be considered as part of the evaluation and management of people with PFP, especially in women, who have demonstrated higher BMI and body fat and lower skeletal muscle mass compared to pain-free controls. Future studies should not assess body composition measures in a mixed-sex population without distinguishing men participants from women participants. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To analyze the association between body mass index trajectories and non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) in women, and the interaction effects of leisure time physical activity on this relationship. Methods: Sample was composed by 15 628 women (≥30 years old) who performed objective measurement of body mass, height, and blood pressure in the 2013 Brazilian Health Survey (2013). Information regarding the body mass at 20 years old, current type 2 diabetes (T2DM), dyslipidemia diagnosis, and leisure time physical activity were self‐reported by the participants. Socio‐demographic and behavioral covariates were considered. Logistic regression models were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Those who were obese in both moments and women who become obese showed similar high risk, however, the prevalence of NCDs among women who were no longer obese was similar to the consistently non‐obese. Leisure time physical activity attenuated the general deleterious effect of obesity, especially among the consistently obese women for dyslipidemia (inactive: OR: 2.02 [95%CI: 1.69‐2.43] vs active: OR: 1.05 [95%CI: 0.55‐1.99]), T2DM (inactive: OR: 3.84 [95%CI: 2.72‐5.43] vs active: OR: 4.38 [95%CI: 1.49‐12.86]) and high blood pressure (inactive: OR: 2.00 [95%CI: 1.56‐2.57] vs active: OR: 1.15 [95%CI: 0.57‐2.52]). Conclusions: Changes in body mass index appear to be sensitive to detecting the risk of NCDs over lifespan. In addition, leisure time physical activity attenuates the negative effects of obesity on NCDs, but this appears more important for the consistently non‐obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Presence of knee crepitus did not affect knee strength or objective function. • People with knee crepitus present lower self-reported physical function (small effect). • People with knee crepitus present lower quality of life (small effect). Crepitus is a common clinical feature of knee osteoarthritis. However, the importance of crepitus in the overall clinical presentation of individuals with knee osteoarthritis is unknown. (A) To compare function, pain and quality of life between individuals with knee osteoarthritis with and without crepitus; (B) to compare whether individuals with knee osteoarthritis in both knees, but crepitus in just one, differ in terms of function pain, and knee strength. Setting : Observational study. Participants : (A) A total of 584 participants with crepitus who had the same Kellgren–Lawrence grade on both knees were matched for gender, body mass index and Kellgren-Lawrence grade to participants without crepitus on both knees. (B) 361 participants with crepitus in only one knee and with the same Kellgren-Lawrence grade classification on both knees were included. Main outcome measure(s) : A – Self-reported function, pain, quality of life, 20-m walk test and chair-stand test. B –Knee extensor and flexor strength, self-reported function and pain. A – Individuals with crepitus had lower self-reported function, quality of life and higher pain compared to those without crepitus (3–11%; small effect = 0.17–0.41, respectively). No difference was found in objective function between groups. B – Self-reported function was lower in the limb with crepitus compared to the limb without crepitus (15%; trivial effect = 0.09). No difference was found in pain and knee strength between-groups. Individuals with knee osteoarthritis and knee crepitus have slightly lower self-reported physical function and knee-related quality of life (small or trivial effect). However, the presence of knee crepitus is not associated with objective function or knee strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sports practice during childhood can influence health indicators in later ages through direct and indirect pathways. Thus, this study aimed to test direct and indirect pathways to the association between sports practice in childhood and metabolic risk in adolescence, adopting physical activity, adiposity, and cardiorespiratory fitness at adolescence as potential mediators. This cross-sectional study with retrospective information was conducted with 991 adolescents (579 girls, 412 boys) aged 10 to 16 y. Sports activity was self-reported in childhood (retrospective data) and physical activity evaluated in adolescence through questionnaires. Somatic maturation (Mirwald method), cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle-run test), body fat (skinfolds), waist circumference, blood pressure (automatic instrument) and blood variables (fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) were measured at adolescence. Waist circumference, blood pressure and blood variables composed the metabolic risk score. Structured equation modeling was adopted. In both sexes, the relationship between sports practice at childhood and metabolic risk was fully mediated by habitual physical activity, which is related to the obesity construct and cardiorespiratory fitness. Obesity was associated with metabolic risk in boys (β = 0.062; p < 0.001) and girls (β = 0.047; p < 0.001). The relationship between sports practice in childhood and metabolic risk in adolescence was mediated by physical activity, obesity, and cardiorespiratory fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Both cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat have been independently related to metabolic syndrome in adolescents; however, the strength of these relationships seems to be dependent on the outcome composition. Aim:To analyse the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat combined with different indicators of metabolic risk in adolescents. Subjects and methods:The sample was composed of 957 adolescents (58.7% girls). Cardiorespiratory fitness was obtained using the 20-metre shuttle run test and skinfold thickness was collected for body fat estimation. Metabolic risk score was calculated from waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides measurements and an alternative outcome without the central obesity indicator was adopted. Chronological age and somatic maturity were used as covariates. Results:Higher metabolic risk was observed in the highest fat/lowest fit adolescents (p < .05), regardless of sex and outcome. In the regression models, for full metabolic risk score, body fat presented higher coefficients compared to cardiorespiratory fitness in both sexes (boys: 0.501 vs −0.097; girls: 0.485 vs −0.087); however, in the metabolic risk without waist circumference, the coefficients became closer (boys: 0.290 vs −0.146; girls: 0.265 vs −0.120), with a concomitant decrease in body fat and increase in cardiorespiratory fitness coefficients. Conclusion:These findings suggest that body fat is strongly related to cardiovascular risk, but, when the outcome is calculated without the central obesity indicator, cardiorespiratory fitness becomes more related to metabolic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Differences between Obese and Severely Obese Adolescents in Relation to the Effects of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype. JEPonline 2016;19(2):68- 75. This study compared obese and severely obese adolescents in relation to the effects of a multidisciplinary intervention on hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype. Subjects consisted of 44 adolescents, aged between 10 and 18 yrs of age. They were divided into two groups: obese group (n=25) and severely obese group (n=19). Both groups underwent a multidisciplinary intervention in which body composition, waist circumference, and triglycerides levels were assessed before and following the intervention. Following the 16-wk intervention, we observed a reduction in the prevalence of HW phenotype in both groups (-24.0% OG; -10.5% in SOB; P=0.901 between the groups). Changes in body composition were similar between the groups. The findings indicate that the multidisciplinary program decreased the prevalence of HW phenotype and improved body composition similarly between obese and severely obese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The obesity epidemic is a global challenge that requires evidence-based intervention to slow the emergence of weight-related illness in children and adolescents. Thus, effective treatments are urgently needed. This study aimed to analyze whether there is relationship between the initial stage of readiness for behavior change (SRBC) and the results obtained through participation in a multidisciplinary program of obesity treatment (MPOT). The study included 113 overweight or obese children and adolescents who participated in an intervention for 16 weeks, in which the categorical variable was the SRBC. The dependent variables included: anthropometric measures of body composition, hemodynamic parameters (e.g., blood pressure values), and health-related physical fitness. Although stages 1 and 2 had greater improvements in flexibility than those in stage 5, and stage 1 had greater percentage changes in abdominal strength than those in stage 5, children and adolescents in the highest stage had greater percentage changes for anthropometric, hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory fitness, suggesting an impact of the stage of change on the effects of a MPOT. This study suggests that SRBC plays a role in obesity treatment in Brazilian children and adolescents and warrants consideration when enrolling patients to intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare body composition, hemodynamic parameters, health-related physical fitness, and health-related quality of life of adolescents with anthropometric diagnosis of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity. Methods: 220 adolescents with excess body weight were enrolled. They were beginners in a intervention program that included patients based on age, availability, presence of excess body weight, place of residence, and agreement to participate in the study. This study collected anthropometric and hemodynamic variables, health-related physical fitness, and health-related quality of life of the adolescents. To compare the three groups according to nutritional status, parametric and non-parametric tests were applied. Significance level was set at p<0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in resting heart rate, health-related physical fitness, relative body fat, absolute and relative lean mass, and health-related quality of life between overweight, obese, and severely obese adolescents (p>0.05). Body weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, and systolic blood pressure increased as degree of excess weightincreased (p<0.05). Dyastolic blood pressure of the severe obesity group was higher than the other groups (p<0.05). There was an association between the degree of excess weight and the prevalence of altered blood pressure (overweight: 12.1%; obesity: 28.1%; severe obesity: 45.5%; p<0.001). The results were similar when genders were analyzed separately. Conclusion: Results suggest that overweight adolescents presented similar results compared to obese and severely obese adolescents in most of the parameters analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the impact of a multidisciplinary program of obesity treatment (MPOT) on adolescents who have maintained/ gained weight or lost weight. Eighty-six adolescents aged 10—18 years were allocated in either the intervention group (IG; n = 44) or the control group (CG; n = 42). Each group was divided into two more groups: weight maintenance/gain and weight loss, as assessed after the intervention. The MPOT lasted 16 weeks and was conducted by a multidisciplinary team based on cognitive-behavioral therapy. We analyzed body composition and cardiometabolic parameters prior to and after the intervention. Adolescents from the IG who lost weight showed improvements in maximal oxygen uptake (23.54 ± 5.30 mL/kg/minute vs. 25.39 ± 5.63 mL/kg/minute), body fat percentage (49.29 ± 6.98% vs. 46.75 ± 8.56%), triglyceride levels (116.58 ± 46.50 mg/dL vs. 101.19 ± 43.08 mg/dL), diastolic blood pressure (75.81 ± 8.08 mmHg vs. 71.19 ± 6.34 mmHg), and the number of risk factors for metabolic syndrome (2.00 ± 1.06 vs. 1.58 ± 1.10). Adolescents from the IG who gained/maintained weight reported reduced body fat percentage (48.81 ± 5.04% vs. 46.60 ± 5.53%), systolic blood pressure (123.39 ± 14.58 mmHg vs. 115.83 ± 7.02 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (74.83 ± 9.91 mmHg vs. 68.78 ± 5.95 mmHg), and number of risk factors for metabolic syndrome (from 1.67 ± 1.09 to 1.11 ± 0.68), and their lean mass (39.00 ± 7.20 kg vs. 41.85 ± 7.53 kg) and maximal oxygen uptake (23.74 ± 4.40 mL/kg/minute vs. 25.29 ± 5.17 mL/kg/minute) increased in a manner similar to those of adolescents who lost weight. Furthermore, we noted significant decreases in body mass index, body fat (kg), glycemia, and waist circumference in CG adolescents who lost weight, whereas those in the CG who maintained/gained weight had an increase in body mass index, hip circumference, body fat (kg), and lean mass. A 16-week MPOT promoted positive changes in body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors independently of weight changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify sources of weight stigma in physical activity (PA)-related milieus reported by pregnant women living with obesity. We also report person-informed strategies to improve the delivery of PA promotions and prescriptions to prevent weight stigma and improve maternal PA. This is a qualitative descriptive study and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Purposive sampling including pregnant women living with obesity, with a body mass index ≥35.0 kg/m2, ≥18 years of age, and receiving specialized prenatal care were recruited from an obstetrics clinic in Kingston, Canada. Data were assessed by a content analysis, whereby coded themes represented sources of weight stigma related to prenatal PA. Demographic characteristics (pre-pregnancy body mass index, age, gestational age) were summarized and presented as means and standard deviations. In-depth interview data were collected from eight women. Average pre-pregnancy BMI, age, and gestational age were 44.6±4.8 kg/m2, 32.0±4.1 years, 31.1±5.8 weeks, respectively. Two sources of weight stigma related to prenatal PA were identified: 1. Lack of visual representation – online images and images found in exercise promotional material do not include women who have obesity; 2. Lack of individualized recommendations – currently available prenatal PA guidelines and/or recommendations from healthcare providers do not always consider individual physical barriers or health goals women may have. By increasing body positive representation of pregnant women exercising and offering person-centered prenatal PA recommendations, maternal PA may improve including women living with obesity. Findings from this work can inform future PA interventions, health promotion programming, and prescriptions from prenatal care providers to implement person-oriented strategies to prevent weight stigma and improve the delivery of care for pregnant women living with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the longitudinal relationship between adiposity and maturity status throughout the transition between childhood and adolescence in boys, and the moderation effect of maturation on adiposity trajectories. Methods: This was a longitudinal study conducted with 197 boys who were followed over 3 years (from childhood to adolescence). Body adiposity was estimated through the subcutaneous skinfold method, with measures of triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Skinfolds were analyzed singly and aggregated through the sum of skinfolds. Maturity status was estimated through Moore's method of estimated peak of height velocity, which uses an algorithm with stature and chronological age values and was categorized according to mean and SD. Analysis of covariance was used to test moderation effects. All analyses were conducted in STATA 14.0, at a 0.05 level of significance. Results: Early maturing adolescents presented higher values of body adiposity at all moments when compared with on‐time and late maturing adolescents (P <.05). Moreover, maturity status moderated the association between sum of skinfolds at childhood and sum of skinfolds at adolescence (F = 2.49; P =.045). Conclusion: Somatic maturation moderates the relationship between adiposity in childhood and adolescence, with earlier maturation associated with a greater increase in adiposity. Future tracking studies should consider the effects of maturity status when analyzing body adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]