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Introduction: Recommender systems, digital tools providing recommendations, and digital nudges increasingly affect our lives. The combination of digital nudges and recommender systems is very attractive for its application in preventing overweight and obesity. However, linking recommender systems with personalised digital nudges has a potential yet to be fully exploited. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a scoping review to identify which digital nudges or recommender systems or their combinations have been used in obesity prevention and to map these systems according to the target population, health behaviour, system classification (eg, mechanisms for developing recommendations, delivery channels, personalisation, interconnection, used combination), and system implementation., Methods and Analysis: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guideline was used to inform protocol development. The eligibility criteria are based on the PCC framework (Population: any human; Concept: recommender systems or digital nudges; Context: obesity prevention). MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINHAL, Scopus, ACM Digital Library and IEEE Xplore were searched until September 2023. Primary studies with any design published in peer-reviewed academic journals and peer-reviewed conference papers will be included. Data will be extracted into a pre-developed extraction sheet. Results will be synthesised descriptively and narratively., Ethics and Dissemination: No ethical approval is required for the scoping review, as data will be obtained from publicly available sources. The results of this scoping review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, presented at conferences and used to inform the co-creation process and intervention adaptation in the context of a HealthyW8 project (www.healthyw8.eu)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Introduction: Despite international efforts, the number of individuals struggling with obesity is still increasing. An important aspect of obesity prevention relates to identifying individuals at risk at early stage, allowing for timely risk stratification and initiation of countermeasures. However, obesity is complex and multifactorial by nature, and one isolated (bio)marker is unlikely to enable an optimal risk stratification and prognosis for the individual; rather, a combined set is required. Such a multicomponent interpretation would integrate biomarkers from various domains, such as classical markers (eg, anthropometrics, blood lipids), multiomics (eg, genetics, proteomics, metabolomics), lifestyle and behavioural attributes (eg, diet, physical activity, sleep patterns), psychological traits (mental health status such as depression) and additional host factors (eg, gut microbiota diversity), also by means of advanced interpretation tools such as machine learning. In this paper, we will present a protocol that will be employed for a scoping review that attempts to summarise and map the state-of-the-art in the area of multicomponent (bio)markers related to obesity, focusing on the usability and effectiveness of such biomarkers., Methods and Analysis: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL and Embase databases will be searched using predefined key terms to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English until January 2024. Once downloaded into EndNote for deduplication, CADIMA will be employed to review and select abstracts and full-text articles in a two-step procedure, by two independent reviewers. Data extraction will then be carried out by several independent reviewers. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews and Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies guidelines will be followed. Combinations employing at least two biomarkers from different domains will be mapped and discussed., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethical approval is not required; data will rely on published articles. Findings will be published open access in an international peer-reviewed journal. This review will allow guiding future directions for research and public health strategies on obesity prevention, paving the way towards multicomponent interventions., Competing Interests: Competing interests: MSD works as a consultant and an advisory board member at Theralution, Germany. Otherwise, the authors declare no conflict of interest., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Introduction: Although previous studies have provided relevant information regarding the progress in the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Union. So far it not determined the prevalence of relevant nutrition claims in preventing obesity in the Spanish market. Objective: To determine the prevalence of relevant nutritional claims related to prevent the obesity in the Spanish market. Material and methods: A database with 9 food product categories and it nutritional claims was created. Three supermarket chains were included because they represent the 40% of market share. Only the nutritional claims that mention nutrients related obesity was considered. Results: A total of 4,568 products were examined and a total of 900 nutrition claims were found in 20% of the products found. The most frequent nutrients referred in the nutritional claims were fat (42%), sugar (32%), dietary fibre (20%) and salt (6%). Conclusions: In accordance with previous studies, findings reported a low prevalence of nutritional claims indicating that agrifood sector should include more nutritional claims to help consumers making better food choices.

The aim of this study is to assess the influence of body image on consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for potato chips carrying nutritional claims among obese and non-obese people. About 309 non-clinical individuals participated in a Real Choice Experiment. They were recruited by a company and grouped in: (i) non-obese with good body image; (ii) non-obese with body image dissatisfaction; (iii) obese with good body image; (iv) obese with body image dissatisfaction. Results indicate differences in consumers' willingness to pay among consumer groups. Body image dissatisfaction of normal people did not influence the WTP for healthier chips. Obese people with body image dissatisfaction were willing to pay more for healthier chips (i.e., low-salt content potato chips) than normal ones with body image dissatisfaction. Examining the role of knowledge in the light of how this could impact on body image is relevant to improve the health status of individuals and their diet. Knowledge about nutrition could improve the body image of obese people., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for cheeses bearing reduced-fat and low salt claims in Spain., Study Design: An experiment with 219 cheese consumers was conducted in the period March-May 2015. We used different versions of cheese bearing reduced-fat and low salt claims., Methods: A choice experiment was used to estimate WTP for reduced-fat and/or low salt cheeses. Participants faced eight choice sets, each consisting of two packages of cheese with different combinations of two claims. Individuals chose one of the two packages of cheese in each choice set, or decided not to choose either. Moreover, to consider possible heterogeneity in WTP across consumers, a random parameters logit model (RPL), a Chi-squared test, and analysis of variance tests were used., Results: Spanish cheese consumers were willing to pay a positive premium for packages of cheese with reduced-fat claims (€0.538/100 g), and for cheese with reduced-fat and low salt claims (€1.15/100 g). Conversely, consumers valued low-salt content claims negatively. They preferred to pay €0.38/100 g for a conventional cheese rather than one low in salt content. As there was heterogeneity in consumers' WTP, two different consumer segments were identified. Segment 1 consisted of normal weight and younger consumers with higher incomes and levels of education, who valued low salt cheese more negatively than those individuals in Segment 2, predominantly comprising overweight and older consumers with low income and educational level. This means that individuals in Segment 1 would pay more for conventional cheese (€1/100 g) than those in Segment 2 (€0.50/100 g). However, no difference between the two segments was found in WTP for reduced-fat cheese., Conclusions: The findings suggest that consumers are willing to pay a price premium for a package of cheese with a reduced-fat claim or cheese with reduced-fat and low salt claims appearing together; however, they are not willing to pay for a package of cheese with only a low salt claim. In comparison with overweight people, normal weight consumers would prefer to pay more for conventional cheese than low salt cheese. Finally, the results of this study contribute to insights in the promotion of healthier food choices among consumers. In this regard, outreach activities promoted by food companies could drive consumers to increase their knowledge of the benefits of eating reduced-fat and low salt food products in relation to their health status., (Copyright © 2016 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)