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The advancement of technology is projected to result in the creation of efficient tsunami detection early warning systems to aid individuals, especially those disabilities-friendly, in raising their consciousness and preparing for the worst-case disaster scenarios before they occur. This qualitative descriptive study uses data-gathering procedures based on the library research method. The numerous TEWS has been developed as an effort to recover, rehabilitate, and reconstruct and are carried out in such a way as to anticipate and prepare residents to be more alert and alert to the occurrence of tsunami. IoT based on IMU devices can be utilized as TEWS sensors with minimum limitation. IDSL information concerning elevation is highly correlated with the BIG forecast information. The Android-based received a response time of fewer than five seconds to start receiving with retrieving the tsunami and earthquake data. In conclusion, the EWS needs to be developed along with professional sign- language translators in all catastrophe knowledge as required by the National Regulation on the fundamental rights of individuals with disabilities as part of disclosing information for deaf citizens. Hence, recommendations for further research are needed to develop the TEWS integrated with VBEWS, ViBEWS, ViSEWS, and sign language.

The 16 June 2021 Seram earthquake occurred at a moderate magnitude of Mw 5.9 along the Banda Arc close to Seram Island, followed by a tsunami with a runup height of 0.51 m. A detailed kinematic study of the earthquake helps us better understand the tectonic environment of the secondary faults and the causes of an unexpected tsunamis after earthquakes, particularly on the island. In this study, we image the rupture processes of this earthquake using a Multiple Signal Classification Back-Projection (MUSIC-BP) method. This method used P-seismic waveforms from teleseismic data recorded by seismic stations across the Australian continent (AU arrays). These waveforms were filtered in the range of 0.5-1.0 Hz to remove unwanted phases. Our results show that the rupture moves bilaterally to southwest and northeast at a relatively slow speed of 1.47 km/s. In this earthquake, the rupture propagated ~35 km away from the epicenter and had a total duration of ~30 s. The maximum peak of the energy released is estimated to be ~15 km from the epicenter. The rupture directivity agrees well with the spatial distribution of aftershock events and the reported focal mechanism solution. According to the result of the rupture kinematics parameter, the tsunami was not caused directly by the earthquake. However, the direction of tsunami propagation is the same as that of earthquake rupture propagation. Furthermore, the results of this study reveal that the seismogenic fault under Seram Island has an SSW- NNE fault orientation.

Indonesia is an area with three different volcanic arcs. Almost every year, there are disasters in Indonesia, particularly tsunamis. On the other side, Indonesia has SDGs 2030 focused on disaster management or risk reduction. Based on Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis, this study will look at the part that SDGs education plays in disaster readiness. To attain the research orientation, the researchers developed a tsunami education program and assessed its validity and reliability to find a suitable model. The research approach included a cross-sectional survey to gather quantitative data on the students' replies. The data are valid and expected based on the normal tests. Two of the five indicators from the model influence analysis have been verified, making the model just partially acceptable. However, it is known that only a small number of factors have an impact on other variables based on total effect, direct effect, and indirect effect analyses. Five variables were identified as not significant in the final analysis. Therefore, not all of the model's hypothetical variables can be accepted entirely. The scope of research can be expanded in the future by using more focused variables, a larger sample size, and more respondents.

Both tsunamis and climate change have a significant impact in many aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research through scientific publications on the most effective mitigation efforts to reduce these impacts. This study's objectives are to analyze the research profile of climate change and tsunami mitigation using bibliometric analysis. A total of 1750 climate change mitigation documents and 139 tsunami mitigation documents were analyzed. The study results show that the publication of climate change mitigation has increased rapidly in the last decade exponentially, while the publication of tsunami mitigation tends to stagnate. Furthermore, research trends in climate change mitigation, namely emission control, environmental policy, and carbon sequestration, are the most researched mitigation efforts. Meanwhile, the leading causes of climate change are greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide. On the other hand, the trend of tsunami mitigation research is more towards disaster management and mitigation, the causes of tsunamis by earthquakes, and coastal area mitigation objects. The research profile on climate change mitigation follows the 13th goal of the SDGs, namely climate action, while tsunami mitigation follows the 11th goal of the SDGs.

The primary objective research is to obtain information from the Scopus database from 1972 to 2021 related to tsunamis from a mechanical perspective. The preliminary data get from the Scopus database considering that the Scopus indexed documents have gone through a rigorous review process and have credibility in publishing research results. 119 documents (years 1972-2021) get from Scopus data- based obtained based on the keyword Tsunami Mechanism. The VOSViewer application visualizes the research results related to the tsunami mechanism. Of all the papers, there are 80 of 119 documents in the form of articles on Tsunami Mechanisms from 1972 to 2021. Then, the scientist who studied the most tsunamis was Pararas-Carayannis, G., with seven documents. The author is in the first position of all written documents published in International Journals indexed by Scopus. The cities most affected by the tsunami were Japan. The affiliate most associated with tsunamis is The University of Tokyo in Japan. Earth and Planetary Sciences is the subject area in the first position with 77 documents. The keyword that appears the most is "tsunami" in 59 documents. The journal "Pure and Applied Geophysics" was the primary source. The implication of this research is to provide empirical evidence that research related to tsunami is still an exciting topic at present and in the future.

Earthquake research has expanded over the past few decades. Also, over the past 30 years, earthquakes have become a major study because earthquakes occur every year in each region. The aims of this research is to analyze the top 100 cited articles in the earthquake field from 1991 to 2021. Research give an idea of citation, author, year, journal and country characteristics of these articles using literature review, bibliometric analysis and VOSViewer which the data from Scopus database. The research found that articles is most document type of top 100 cited papers which 2005 was the most published year for the article. The average number of citations per article was calculated as 727 citations per paper. The journal Nature is the primary source of the Nature Publishing Group, which governs the publication of the most influential earthquake studies. Kanamori is recognized as the most productive author who received the highest number of quotes and the most incredible link strength. The United States dominates the production of highly cited articles. The research areas in these papers are mainly emphasized on earthquake, states, geological, sciences, earth, and japan. Further research related to earthquakes can also be directed to the relevance of the tsunami. The results of the Scopus database show 2,098 document results [January 17, 2022] with the title “earthquake tsunami.”

In this study, we used a tsunami-faulting model, where the discriminant for tsunami potential is the dominant period T! d of P-waves times the rupture duration of an earthquake T! 50ex of more than 50 seconds. The product of T! dT50ex was estimated in real time and validated with Tsunami Event Validity (TEV) from NOAA/WDC database. The T! dT50ex discriminant was calculated using a direct procedure for the vertical component of P-wave seismograms velocity. The data were obtained from 51 earthquakes that occurred during 2011-2020 with magnitudes of 6.5 ! ≤ Mw ≤ 8.6, containing 19 strike-slips fault, 11 normal-fault and 21 reverse-fault earthquakes. The results suggest that earthquakes are said to be potential to generate tsunamis when T! dT50ex ≥ 10 s is satisfied. In summary, T! dT50ex is proved to be an efective tsunami discriminant to detect the presence of a tsunami wave after about 4 minutes an earthquake occurs, implying that this is (can be accessed at http://prediksi-tsunami.unesa.ac.id/www/index.html) a useful parameter for rapid and accurate tsunami early warning.

On 30 October 2020, an earthquake with a moment magnitude Mw=7.0 occurred in the Aegean Sea close to the coasts of Turkey and of the Greek Island of Samos. The earthquake generated a local tsunami in the area, which had maximum amplitude of 2 meters, and inundation in certain coastal region of up to 155 times the run-up height. The present study provides a measure of the rupture dynamics of this tsunamigenic earthquake and provides the parameters of its rupture velocity, as well as the direction and length of the rupture by using beam forming and Multiple Signal Classification Back Projection (MUSICBP) techniques. In this present study we used 189 AK array stations and 153 European (EU) networks stations. The area of high frequency (HF) radiators extends almost bilaterally for more than 64 km along the rupture dynamics, with almost all ruptures having westward directivity. However, there was also an eastward rupture with high energy and low velocity. The timing of the HF radiators seen by both arrays were plotted against their epicenter distance slope 1 of the blue lines, which indicated rupture speeds of 1.9 km/s (slow), and the slope 2 of the yellow lines indicated very fast rupture speeds of 5 km/s, while the slope 3 of the purple lines indicated average rupture speeds of 3.3 km/s (regular).

It is widely known that earthquakes with strike-slip or normal-faulting crustal displacements have generated destructive tsunamis around the world. Many researchers have proposed that the main cause of such events was due to factors not associated with tsunami-seismic parameters. However, the present study examines a correlation between tsunamis generated by strike-slip or normal-faulting earthquake events and their associated two tsunami-seismic parameters, namely the dominant period 𝑇d and the duration of more than 50 seconds, 𝑇50ex of earthquake P-wave, and compares these with tsunami event validity (TEV). Based on this analysis, we confirm a correlation between tsunamis generated by strike- slip or normal-faulting earthquake events with periods 𝑇d × 𝑇50ex≥ 10 s. Thus, we propose that major earthquakes with both strike-slip and normal-fault motions, have the potential to generate more effectively tsunamis when the rupture duration is ≥ 50 seconds and P-wave dominant periods have values of 𝑇d × 𝑇50ex≥ 10s.

Many communities in Indonesia are potentially affected by tsunamis but do not have adequate preparedness in dealing with such disasters. This study aims to improve the preparedness capacity of the people living around the coast that are potentially affected by the tsunami through tsunami mitigation learning by using OMBAK learning model. The learning is done online to avoid the transmission of covid-19. Before the online learning begins, the student community is asked to work on the tsunami mitigation pre-test. The number of people living around the coast who took part in this learning was 62 people, ranging in age from 13 to 55 years old. Furthermore, students were briefed via a zoom meeting (synchronous) about the implementation of this online learning, especially relating on how to learn tsunami mitigation by using disaster mitigation video media. In this tsunami mitigation learning process, students are allowed to learn asynchronously. We also allow students to discuss tsunami mitigation materials through the WhatApp Group (WAG) during the learning process. After completing the learning process, students were asked to work on post- test questions. Based on the results of the percentage analysis on the learning implementation, it was found that the implementation of tsunami mitigation learning by using OMBAK learning model was carried out very well. In addition, based on the analysis of t-test and gain score from pre- test and post-test data, it was obtained that there was a significant increase in the students’ tsunami mitigation ability.

This research aims to produce a Research Roadmap of the Excellent Field of Science Unesa: Tsunami Science. The design of this research was Educational Design Research (EDR). The research site was chosen at the Surabaya State University (Unesa). This research was conducted using the modified ADDIE Model, with five stages including needs analysis, design, development, evaluation, and reporting. The Research Roadmap of Tsunami Early Warning (RRTEW) is an operational form of the Research Roadmap of Excellent Field of Science Unesa: Tsunami Science which is included in the Research Master Plan (RMP) and the Strategic Plan (RP) for Unesa Research in 2020-2030. RRTEW was given to 15 experts through a validation process using the Expert Validation Sheet. Research data in the form of scores from expert assessments were analyzed using a single measure interrater coefficient correlation (rα) to determine validity and using Cronbach's alpha (α) to determine RRTEW reliability. In addition, the results of the validation and input from experts will be used as a reference for revising RRTEW. The evaluation of all components of RRTEW by three experts was declared valid and reliable. The implications of this research are expected to: (1) provide an example of a Research Roadmap of Excellent Field of Science Unesa: Tsunami Science in tertiary institutions; (2) contributing thoughts to policymakers regarding the development of a Research Roadmap of Excellent Field of Science Unesa: Tsunami Science; (3) contributing thoughts to the academic community in increasing research in the form of developing a Research Roadmap of Excellent Field of Science Unesa: Tsunami Science.

he purpose of this study is to analyze the main source of the Palu-Indonesia tsunami based on the direction of rupture, Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT), the tsunami parameters, including the rupture duration (Tdur), the 50 Seconds Exceed Duration (T50ex) and the dominant period (Td) of the earthquake that occurred on September 28, 2018. The method employed in this study involves fitting the rupture duration versus seismic station azimuth graph to estimate the direction of the rupture, the full waveforms inversion method for determining the CMT and the direct procedure method for estimating tsunami parameters. The estimated direction of the earthquake rupture is azimuth 179°, which almost coincides with the Palu Koro Fault (PKF) azimuth. The direction of the earthquake rupture passed below the surface of the seawater in Palu Bay, which could possibly be the main source of the tsunami. The strike and dip of the nodal plane generated by the earthquake are 350° and 64°, respectively, which shows that a vertical displacement pushed seawater vertically in Palu Bay and caused the tsunami. All tsunami parameters from the earthquake exceeded the threshold; therefore, it is very likely that the earthquake was the main source of the first tsunami wave. The estimation results of the rupture directivity, Centroid Moment Tensor, and tsunami parameters are confirmed by inundation data that are qualitatively comparable with the observations.

People who live in tsunami disaster-prone areas need to be prepared to mitigate potential future risks. The present study aims in developing a learning model for tsunami mitigation in Indonesia. The model used for this study adopts an ADDIE approach - an acronym for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The analysis section of the report evaluates the learning needs of people who live in tsunami-prone locations. The subsequent design section of the report focuses in setting the creation of a new learning model regarding the mitigation of tsunami disaster impact and destruction. The development section addresses the required needs for the development of a tsunami mitigation learning model. The implementation section aims in applying and testing the developed model. Finally, the evaluation section assesses all of the activities of the developed model. The results of the study propose a new Tsunami learning model having four phases, abbreviated as "OMBAK".

Ease of accessing and using earthquake and tsunami early warning applications is a priority in this study. It is related to the more time the community prepares for disaster mitigation. The purpose of this research is to produce an Android-based earthquake and tsunami early warning application. The availability of this fast android-based earthquake and tsunami early warning application can help in quicker and more reliable earthquake and tsunami early warning for short distances to areas that have the potential to impact a tsunami. The research method used in this research is the ADDIE development method (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. In the first year, the focus of the development of the Rapid Tsunami Early Warning Application about 4 minutes after O.T. Our previous research results, which have supported many events this application will make it easier for us to complete the prototype target. The prototype of the Android-based earthquake and Tsunami, early warning application, has been tested in real-time at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Surabaya State University, Indonesia. The results of the trial have shown the eligibility requirements.

The flow of conducting ocean water generates weak magnetic signals relative to the main field. These signals lead to magnetic anomaly observed as variations in the vertical component b! z of time- varying secondary field and the horizontal component b! H during past tsunamis across the Pacific and Indian oceans. In this study, the maximum amplitude of b! z was predicted using theoretical approach and the prediction was compared with magnetogram provided by INTERMAGNET and/or BCMT for tsunamigenic events and cases with no tsunami threats in Indonesian regions. The focus of this study is thus to examine whether theory used to estimate tsunami-magnetic signals is consistent in terms of accuracy with real-time field records from the two world wide magnetic institutions. For three events where tsunami occurred, including the 2004 Aceh event, it was found that frozen-flux theory provides a useful tool for best estimates of b! z with its application to b! H signals is here limited with caution. While b! z is a measure of tsunami wave height offshore, b! H is likely to be a good indicator for tsunami propagation direction. For four recent earthquakes of no tsunami potential after shocks the b! z signal provided no anomaly with convincing signs of tsunami absence were, in the same period of time, given by almost zero declination. The results for all cases considered in the present study confirm that detection of magnetic anomaly owing to tsunami passage prior to tsunami arrivals at coastal zones is possible. This is of primary importance for tsunami early warning in the country.

Beta testing is a final stage for product examination following a series of product development. Regarding this, beta testing performed for an increased accuracy of Indonesian tsunami early warning application (Ina-TEWA) was applied to real conditions of Indonesian earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.0 or greater that occurred during a time period from January 1, 2018 to July 1, 2019. This stage was conducted in real-time for use of tsunami early warnings officially managed by Centre for Research and Development, The Indonesian Agency for Geophysics, Climatology and Meteorology (BMKG). It is frequently preceded by a series of preliminary tests known as alpha testing usually designed only for laboratory-scaled examination that is limited and offline. While implemented in real-time tsunami warnings, beta testing is considered as examination of acceptance given by and hence direct feedback from users. The launch for this tsunami early warning application is of great importance in the sense that it measures directly tsunami parameters from the earthquake source. The main aim of this stage is to identify possible errors, if any, and to make them the errors minimum for an increased accuracy in tsunami assessment to a maximum value possible. Based on beta testing applied to 35 events during the time period examined here, it was merely 7 errors occurred and found for tsunami false warnings. It follows that the Ina-TEWA prediction for accurate tsunami warnings reaches to a value of 80% or false warnings by this application remains relatively high of 20%. Therefore, tsunami early warning application for future use requires a further increase in terms of accuracy.

Effective early warning at local to regional distances is maximum 10 minutes after the OT. The shorter the tsunami early warning time that is announced, of course, the more time the community will have to prepare for mitigating the disaster. The purpose of this study is to develop a tsunami application and show the current real-time data available in most tsunami hazard areas in Indonesia - in particular, earthquake location, magnitude and tsunami discriminant Td, T50Ex, T0, Td x T50, and Td x T0 can be determined about four minutes after the earthquake occurs. This process will be implemented and continues in real-time in earthquake monitoring and tsunami early warning installed by the Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics Council. The availability of this rapid tsunami application (about 4 minutes after the OT) can help in tsunami early warning that is faster and more reliable for short distances to areas that have the potential of having the a tsunami impact. The purpose of this study is to produce a tsunami early warning application 4 minutes after the earthquake. The research method used in this study is the ADDIE development method (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation). In the first year, the focus of the development of rapid tsunami early warning applications was about 4 minutes after the OT. Our previous research results have supported a lot of development this application and make it easier for us to complete the prototype target, it has been obtained the results of the tsunami application prototype 4 minutes after the OT which is currently being tested in real time at the Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics Council Research and Development Center in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Travel time delay for a tsunami has been an increasingly important issue in recent years. The delay in time is calculated from a difference in arrival times between simulated waveforms and waves recorded by DART and gauge stations. In this study, we estimate travel times for the 2011 Tohoku, the 2014 Iquique, the 2004 Aceh, and the 2010 Mentawai events. We compare estimated travel times with travel times from field records and find that the time delay is increasing with epicentral distance, following reduced speeds during propagation. From analyses of the delays, we conclude that speed reduction in the Pacific is 1-2% from the long-wave speed but twice larger or more in the Indian Ocean due to its complex bathymetry. For far-field propagation in the Pacific, the delays could be approximately 17 minutes whereas the same amount of delay was attained at a shorter distance in the Indian Ocean.

Due to its geological conditions, Indonesia is home for a series of active volcanoes and fault zones spanning over the Sunda-arc in the country. With respect to possible volcano eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, recent research development has therefore covered areas (previously not classified into areas vulnerable to potential threats)that are possibly suffering from tectonic movement. These include regions in the northern East Java, where Mount Lawu exists. This work aims to estimate source parameters of the 4 November 2016 earthquake with mb= 4.7 that occurred in the region of interest. The methods were seismic data inversions using full moment tensors implemented in a MTINV software, where waveforms provided by 4 local stations from IA network: PCJI, UGM, SMRI, and KMMI were used. The results show a seismic moment of 5.03 x1022 dyne cm, corresponding to a moment magnitude of Mw4.40, variance reduction of 60.8% with a 0.9% ISO component, a 73.8% CLVD component and 25.3%, DC component, and a centroid depth of 33 km. These suggest a complex fault interaction in the source mechanisms with the volcanoes earthquake is found to be complex interaction between fault about mountain Lawu and mountain Lawu.

The purposes of this research is to improve Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTews), especially to improve result of automatic computation of P wave dominant period by applying filter-M to ignore noises signal. To reduce the effect of noise and signal defect on the calculation of the P wave dominant period automatically, this study used M-filter. The M-filter used the concept that the dominant period for small and moderate earthquakes is unlikely to exceed twice the maximum dominant period of the great earthquake. The automatic computation of P wave dominant period uses direct method, where the calculation uses time equation (τc) directly applied to seismogram, without inversion so that calculation process becomes faster. M- filter has been developed and used to filter out defective and high-null seismogram signals, so the seismogram is not used for the average computation of the P wave dominant period.

The purpose of this research was to use the Joko Tingkir software, to measure rapidly tsunami- faulting parameters of the March 2, 2016, earthquake (Mw = 7.8) off the coast of Southern Sumatra. The five parameters that needed measurement were the quake’s rupture duration (Tdur), the dominant period Td), the exceedance duration of 50 seconds (T50Ex), the multiplication between rupture duration and the dominant period (Tdur x Td), and the multiplication exceedance duration and dominant period (T50Ex x Td). The methodology of measuring these parameters is based on the direct analysis of the locally measured seismic broadband vertical components, without inversion. The seismographic data used for this study was obtained from 18 seismic stations of the BMKG network. The tsunami parameters thresholds used by the Joko Tingkir software were: Tdur = 65 s, Td = 10 s, T50Ex = 1, Tdur x Td =650 s2 and T50Ex x Td = 10 s. Earthquakes that have three or more parameters that are equal or bigger than these threshold values, are known to be associated with tsunami generation. Rapid measurements of parameters - in less than 4 minutes after the quake’s origin time - that have values of Tdur = 65.70, Td = 3.60, T50Ex = 0.13, Tdur x T50Ex = 234.00 and T50Ex x Td = 0.48, do not typically generate tsunamis.

Joko Tingkir program, an application for tsunami early warning, has been utilised using real-time data processing at the Research and Development Centre, Indonesian Agency for Geophysics, Climatology and Meteorology since 2013. The program can also be used to analyse earthquake events before 2013. The aim of this study is thus to validate Joko Tingkir program for an improved performance of the Indonesian tsunami early warning system using the data recorded by at least 6 seismic stations managed by BMKG-Net where data collecting for each event is limited to only 3 minutes after origin time. The data were used to determine new tsunami parameters: the duration of rupture (Tdur), the 50 second exceed duration (T50Ex), and the dominant period (Td). Hierarchical Product Platform Realisation Method (HPPRM), which had three different phases: defining phase, modeling phase and solving phase, was used to validate the program. This study exercises records before 2014 and during 2014-2015 available at the intranet 172.19.0.13/litbang/www. For earthquakes that occurred before 2008, we make use of IRIS DMC seismic stations at http://ww.iris.edu since BMKG-Net has not yet operated. All of the data in the present study were events having magnitudes of greater than 6.5. After a conversion of quantitative data into qualitative data, the results are compared to those of tsunami importance provided by NOAA database. It was found that there is no significant differences between the results derived from the current study and the NOAA database, leading to a conclusion that the software developed is valid.

Students are rarely given an opportunity to think deeply about experimental design or asked to develop experimental skills on their own. Without participating in these endeavors, they are often unaware of the many decisions necessary to construct a precise methodology. This article describes the Joko Tingkir Program as an Early Warning Tsunami, and how we have used this program as a learning tool for physics teacher candidates to improve their experimental design skills. The Joko Tingkir computer program has implemented a Tsunami Faulting Model (TFM). The TFM uses the principle that the tsunami is affected by the length and width of earthquake rupture. Both can be represented by the duration of rupture (Tdur) or Exceed 50 second duration (T50Ex) and the dominant period (Td). The TFM has been implemented by the Joko Tingkir computer program. When students are given a simple method using the Joko Tingkir program - such as the tutorial, observation of seismic station distribution, seismograms of the earthquake, equipment and software for this experiment, measurement of P time onset and determination of Tdur, Td and T50Ex - it allows them to focus exclusively on improving experiment design skills as indicated by significantly improved gain scores. Based on the gain analysis it can be inferred that the experiment design skills can be improved by implementation of Joko Tingkir Program as a Learning Tool of Tsunami Warning in the learning process

The purpose of the research was to estimate P-wave rupture durations (Tdur), dominant periods (Td) and rupture durations greater than 50 seconds (T50Ex) for two large, shallow earthquakes, which occurred off the coast of Sumatra on 6 April and 25 October 2010. Although both earthquakes had similar parameters of magnitude and focal depth, the 25 October event (Mw=7.8) generated a tsunami while the 6 April event (Mw=7.8) did not. Analysis of the above stated parameters helped understand the mechanisms of tsunami generation of these two earthquakes. Measurements from vertical component broadband P-wave quake velocity records and determination of the above stated parameters could provide a direct procedure for assessing rapidly the potential for tsunami generation. The results of the present study and the analysis of the seismic parameters helped explain why one event generated a tsunami, while the other one did not.