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As Arctic ecosystems become increasingly vulnerable to climate- and human-induced stressors, effective marine management will rely on the characterization of fish movements. Over a six-year study period, the movements of 65 Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus) (41 males, 24 females; mean LT = 2.48 ± 0.50 m) were monitored using static acoustic telemetry. Shark presence in a typical deep-water fjord was restricted to the summer open-water period. Residency duration varied based on age class (juvenile, n = 17; subadult, n = 48); however, activity space size and extent were comparable. A quarter of tagged sharks (n = 16) returned to the system in subsequent years after tagging, with individuals redetected for a maximum of 4 years. Movements between coastal and offshore waters occurred primarily via a deep-water channel with sharks detected along the channel banks. These multiyear data depict how a potentially vulnerable Arctic predator utilizes a deep-water fjord in the context of the regional development of community inshore and offshore commercial fisheries.

Ocean ridges form where new lithospheric crust is generated by seafloor spreading at tectonic plate boundaries. Some stretch for tens of thousands of kilometres through the oceans, but others can be quite short e.g., in back arc basins. They host a range of habitats including active and inactive hydrothermal vents, peripheral areas, rocky slopes and soft sediments, all connected to the pelagic environment above. Active vents harbour exceptionally productive ecosystems fuelled by chemosynthesis and are colonized by endemic species. Seafloor massive sulfide deposits are formed over long periods of time at hydrothermal vents and may be rich in metals including copper, zinc, lead, gold, and silver. Recent interest by the mining industry in these minerals has stimulated scientific projects to better understand these poorly-known environments, including their biodiversity, functioning and connectivity. New knowledge is needed to inform management plans and ensure the protection of the marine environment.

The themed article set (TS) “Science in support of a nonlinear non-equilibrium world” reflects the challenge presented by the increasing potential for complex non-linear behaviour in marine ecosystems, many of which are undergoing dramatic changes due to anthropogenic perturbations. Marine ecosystems are complex adaptive systems, yet management strategies are often guided by a linear, stable perspective that excludes non-linearities and the possibility for evolution and adaptation. Rapidly increasing amounts of observational data, the interdisciplinary development of powerful mathematical approaches from complexity theory, and the evolving complex adaptive systems approach that includes human behaviour promise to substantially advance the development of management strategies. For these reasons, the ICES Journal of Marine Science solicited contributions to a TS that would take up these issues. In this introduction, I focus on three important areas—causality, prediction, and emergence—where a “non-linear” perspective can advance our understanding and better support sustainable management of ecosystems. I briefly present the nine contributions that are included in the themed set and suggest some ways forward. We hope that these articles serve to convince managers and marine scientists of the benefits of incorporating approaches and results from research on non-linear dynamics.

Ecological studies that enhance our understanding of the structure and function of the natural world rely heavily on accurate species identification. With rapid sample accumulation and declining taxonomic expertise, cladistics, phylogenetics and coalescent-based analyses have become key tools for identification or discrimination of species. These tools differ in effectiveness and interpretation depending on researcher perspective and the unique evolutionary histories of the taxa. Given the cost and time required for taxonomic assessment of ambiguous species groups, we advocate a pragmatic approach to clarify species assignment. We carried out a case-study on species from the diverse ophiuroid genusOphiacanthacommon in shelf habitats around the Southern Ocean. Although several of the species are formally described with clear and distinctive morphological characters and reproductive strategies (O. vivipara,O. pentactis,O. densispina,O. antarctica, andO. wolfarntzi), recent molecular data has highlighted issues with these morphospecies, the characters that formally define them and their evolutionary histories. Here we provide evidence that key morphological features of species can be deceptive and show that six-armedO. vivipara, for example, is not a widely distributed Southern Ocean species as currently accepted, rather, three disparate clades.Ophiacantha pentactis, described as having five arms, frequently has six arms and the six-armed form is mistakenly classified asO. vivipara. All six-armed specimens collected from the Antarctic continental shelf fall into theO. pentactisspecies clade. Molecular tools designed for species delimitation appear to fail to reflect the “true” species composition. Rather than rely on a single tool for species recognition, we advocate an integrated approach using traditional detailed taxonomic morphology, summary statistics of molecular sequence data from populations, robust phylogenies, sufficient geographical sampling and local biological knowledge to ensure that species hypotheses can be built on mutually supporting lines of evidence.

Marine management areas in Indonesia can be claimed 12 nautical miles from the coastline by regional governments, according to Law 23 of 2014. However, in reality, there are many provinces whose distances to other provinces are fewer than 2 × 12 nautical miles, necessitating that they be delimited fairly and proportionally. The provinces of South Sumatra and Bangka Belitung Islands are such an example. The absence of clear boundaries drawn on the national map of Indonesia was the fundamental problem and focus of this study, owing to the need for delimitation of regional sea boundaries. The delimitation method used to obtain the median line was the equidistance principle using the basepoint to basepoint approach and baseline to baseline, within the consideration of the coastline proportion. Small islands are taken into account as a highly influencing factor and cause of the deviation from the pure median line. The median line results based on the basepoint to basepoint approach showed an area of the ocean as large as 7426.24:5973.41 km2, considering the coastline proportion. Meanwhile, with the baseline to baseline approach, resulting area was 7430.65:5956.13 km2 (South Sumatra:Bangka Belitung Islands). The equidistance principle is a comprehensive method for calculating the median line, as shown in this research.

Research funders can play an important role in supporting the integration of marine science into policy and practice to enable evidence-informed decision-making. However, to date, there is a paucity of guidance available to help research funders understand the specific actions they can take to support knowledge exchange among the researchers that they fund and relevant stakeholders, particularly within marine contexts. This Brief Research Report aims to begin to fill this gap through an in-depth case study of the Lenfest Ocean Program (LOP). Specifically, through qualitative interviews with 32 participants across eight LOP funded research projects (i.e., case studies) we sought to: (i) understand the types of impacts that have resulted from the LOP funded research, (ii) determine which activities undertaken by the LOP enabled funded research projects to achieve these impacts, and (iii) synthesize findings to articulate the core lessons that have emerged from our examination of these research projects. Results show that the concept of “research impact” is complex and can be interpreted in a number of ways including: (i) raising awareness of research among end-users, (ii) development and expansion of social networks, (iii) the provision of information to decision-makers, (iv) the development of decision-support tools, and (v) a direct contribution to policy change. We highlight the ways by which the LOP has supported the attainment of these impacts, as well as 10 general considerations that research funders should consider when seeking to enhance the impact of the research that they fund on marine policy and practice.

Formal and semi-formal networks are emerging as effective, collaborative, and adaptable approaches for addressing complex, rapidly evolving ocean governance issues. One such group of networks, which we refer to as marine-related learning networks, play multifaceted roles within ocean governance systems by facilitating knowledge creation, exchange, and dissemination, and by building the capacity of individuals and institutions to address problems and improve coastal and ocean governance. This study investigates the emergence, key attributes, and outcomes of marine-related networks using semi-structured interview data from 40 key informants representing 16 different networks that operate around the world at local, national, regional, and global scales. Our findings indicate that marine-related learning networks form in response to knowledge and action gaps and the specific needs of network members, and they function to inform policy and improve ocean management. Their success depends on attributes such as having a distinct purpose, building trust and relationships, emphasizing equitable participation, and supporting clear, sustained leadership. Marine-related learning networks are uniquely positioned to act as catalyzers and conduits to build capacity and develop solutions in response to governance needs through inclusive and collaborative responses to ongoing and emerging marine issues. As such, a broader understanding of their growing significance and the effective practices they employ is warranted.

Most species of whales are vulnerable to vessel collisions, and the probability of lethality increases logistically with vessel speed. An Automatic Identification System (AIS) can provide valuable vessel activity data, but terrestrial-based AIS has a limited spatial range. As the need for open ocean monitoring increases, AIS broadcasts relayed over earth-orbiting satellites, satellite AIS (SAIS), provides a method for expanding the range of AIS broadcast reception. We used SAIS data from 2013 and 2014 to calculate vessel density and speed over ground around the coast of Washington state in the northwestern United States. Nearby shipping lanes connecting the Ports of Seattle, Tacoma, Portland, and in Canada, Vancouver, have the greatest density of vessel traffic arriving and departing. Knowledge of shipping activity is important in this area due to the nearby presence of NOAA designated Cetacean Density and Distribution Working Group’s Biologically Important Areas (BIA) for large whale species vulnerable to vessel collisions. We quantified density and speed for each vessel type that transits through BIA’s. We found that cargo and tanker vessels traveled the farthest distance at the greatest speeds. As ship-strike risk assessments have traditionally relied on terrestrial AIS, we explored issues in the application of SAIS data. Temporal gaps in SAIS data led to a resulting systematic underestimation of vessel speed in calculated speed over ground. However, SAIS can be helpful in documenting minimum vessel speeds across large geographic areas and across national boundaries, especially beyond the reach of terrestrial AIS receivers. SAIS data can also be useful in examining vessel density at broad scales and could be used to assess basin-wide open ocean routes. Future use of additional satellite platforms with AIS receivers and technological advances will help rectify this issue and improve data coverage and quality.

Marine litter (ML) contaminates essentially all global coastal and marine environments and drives multiple ecosystem-level effects. Although deleterious effects of ML on several organisms have been investigated in the last years, this information tends to be dispersed or underreported, even in marine biodiversity hotspots such as reef ecosystems. Two are the main goals of this paper: (i) to integrate and synthesize current knowledge on the interactions of ML and reef organisms, and (ii) to evaluate the multiple disruptions on the ecological processes in reef systems. We report here ML-driven ecological disruptions on 418 species across eight reef taxa, including interactions that were previously not addressed in detail, and evaluate their major conservation implications. These results can help raise awareness of global impacts on the world's reefs by highlighting ML associations in different reef systems around the world, and can aid in ML input reduction and marine management.

An objective and comprehensive understanding of the development intensity of China's coastal area is of great significance to China's planning and marine management. On the basis of specifying the impact factors and characteristic indexes of the development intensity of China's coastal area, this paper constructs a model for ocean development intensity evaluation, comprehensively evaluates the development intensity of China's coastal area and summarizes the distribution features and patterns of ocean development intensities of different areas by fully using the relative data of sea area use and management, providing reference for future ocean development and protection policies.

The ocean is increasingly facing direct and indirect threats from multiple human activities that alter marine ecosystems worldwide. Mitigating these threats requires a global shift in the way people perceive and interact with the marine environment. Marine public perceptions research has emerged as a useful tool to understand public awareness and attitudes towards the sea. This study compares available surveys of public perceptions of marine threats and protection involving >32,000 respondents across 21 countries. Results indicate that 70% of respondents believe the marine environment is under threat from human activities, and 45% believe the threat is high or very high. Yet when asked about the ocean's health, only 15% thought it was poor or threatened. Respondents consistently ranked pollution issues as the highest threat, followed by fishing, habitat alteration and climate change. With respect to ocean protection, 73% of respondents support marine protected areas in their region. Most respondents overestimated the area of ocean currently protected, and would like to see much larger areas protected in the future. Overall, a clear picture emerged of the perceived threats and support for protection which can inform marine managers, policy makers, conservation practitioners and educators to improve marine management and conservation programs.

There is an urgent need to develop efficient evaluation tools that use easily measured variables to make rapid and timely eutrophication assessments, which are important for marine health management, and to implement eutrophication monitoring programs. In this study, an approach for rapidly assessing the eutrophication status of coastal waters with three easily measured parameters (turbidity, chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen) was developed by the grid search (GS) optimized support vector machine (SVM), with trophic index TRIX classification results as the reference. With the optimized penalty parameter C =64 and the kernel parameter γ =1, the classification accuracy rates reached 89.3% for the training data, 88.3% for the cross-validation, and 88.5% for the validation dataset. Because the developed approach only used three easy-to-measure variables, its application could facilitate the rapid assessment of the eutrophication status of coastal waters, resulting in potential cost savings in marine monitoring programs and assisting in the provision of timely advice for marine management.

A multitude of anthropogenic pressures deteriorate the Baltic Sea, resulting in theneed to protect and restore its marine ecosystem. For an efficient conservation,comprehensive monitoring and assessment of all ecosystem elements is of fundamentalimportance. The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission HELCOMcoordinates conservation measures regulated by several European directives. However,this holistic assessment is hindered by gaps within the current monitoring schemes.Here, twenty-two novel methods with the potential to fill some of these gaps andimprove the monitoring of the Baltic marine environment are examined. We asked keystakeholders to point out methods likely to improve current Baltic Sea monitoring. Wethen described these methods in a comparable way and evaluated them based ontheir costs and applicability potential (i.e., possibility to make them operational). Twelvemethods require low to very low costs, while five require moderate and two high costs.Seventeen methods were rated with a high to very high applicability, whereas fourmethods had moderate and one low applicability for Baltic Sea monitoring. Methodswith both low costs and a high applicability include the Manta Trawl, Rocket, SedimentCorer, Argo Float, Artificial Substrates, Citizen Observation, Earth Observation, theHydroFIARpH system, DNA Metabarcoding and Stable Isotope Analysis. © 2020 Mack, Attila, Aylagas, Beermann, Borja, Hering, Kahlert, Leese, Lenz, Lehtiniemi, Liess, Lips, Mattila, Meissner, Pyhälahti, Setälä, Strehse, Uusitalo, Willstrand Wranne and Birk. Funding: This work resulted from the BONUS FUMARI project in collaboration with BONUS SEAM project, funded by BONUS (Art. 185), which is jointly funded by the EU, the Academy of Finland and the Swedish Research Council Formas. Furthermore, funding was received from the BmBF project MicroCatch_Balt, grant number 03F0788A and EA was supported by the Red Sea Research Center at KAUST. Data on ARMS and ASUs were obtained by DEVOTES (DEVelopment Of innovative Tools for understanding marine biodiversity and assessing good Environmental Status) project, funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme, “The Ocean of Tomorrow” Theme (grant agreement no. 308392), www.devotes-project.eu.

The aim of this study is to measure PAHs concentrations in mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) and fish ( Anguilla anguilla ) from the Bizerte lagoon (north Tunisia), and evaluate their distribution and sources, in order to provide a baseline of the state of PAH contamination in this lagoon and assess their human health risk. For this purpose, several native mussel and fish specimens were collected and analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection for 15 EPA priority PAHs. PAHs levels in mussels and fish ranged from 107.4 to 430.7 ng g −1 dw and 114.5–133.7 ng g −1 dw, respectively. Naphthalene was the major component measured in mussels (31.5–272.6 ng g −1 dw) and fish (57.9–68.6 ng g −1 dw) and all specimens were classified as moderately contaminated. The PAHs composition pattern was similar for both species and was dominated by the presence of PAHs with 2- to 3-rings. The study of PAH ratios indicated a mixed petrogenic/pyrolytic origin. The health risks by consumption of these species was assessed and showed to present no threat to public health concerning PAH intakes. The results of this study would provide a useful aid for sustainable marine management in the region.

Determining the overall effects of human activities on the estuaries, seas and coasts, as a precursor to marine management, requires quantifying three aspects. These are: (a) the area in which the human activities take place, (b) the area covered by the pressures generated by the activities on the prevailing habitats and species, in which pressures are defined as the mechanisms of change, and (c) the area over which any adverse effects occur. These features can be respectively termed the activities-footprints, the pressures-footprints and the effects-footprints. The latter in turn incorporates both the effects on the natural system and the effects on ecosystem services from which society extracts goods and benefits. This viewpoint article explains the rationale behind this typology and proposes definitions for each of these three types of footprints.

We argue that stakeholder commitment and cooperation is essential for the success of strategic coastal and marine management initiatives and draw upon social identity theory to explain how inter-group relationships can either support or hinder cooperation across stakeholder groups. We analyse data from interviews carried out with 24 coastal and marine stakeholders from the Northern Territory, Australia, looking at how stakeholders describe their objectives for coastal and marine management and evidence of social identity effects either facilitating or impeding cooperation between stakeholders. While most participants sought improvements to coastal and marine management, only some were thinking in terms of a more regional-scale, forward-looking and integrated approach. Strong social identity effects inhibiting cooperation between stakeholders were evident in many of the interviews. However, the interviews also revealed shared objectives (e.g., the need for more data, to avoid duplication of effort, and more transparent and systematic decision-making) that could serve as a basis for developing a common social identity, and fostering the commitment and cooperation needed for strategic coastal and marine management initiatives.

Our understanding of ecological processes that lead to ecosystem services is still evolving but ecological research aims to understand the linkages between the ecosystem and services. These linkages can affect trade-offs between different ecosystem services. Understanding these linkages, by considering multiple ecosystem services simultaneously supports management of the environment and sustainable use of resources. The UK marine environment is relatively data rich, yet the links between ecosystem and several ecosystem services and linkages between services are poorly described. A workshop with 35 marine scientists was used to create a conceptual model that links ecosystem components and key processes to four services they provide and to highlight trade-offs between them. The model was subsequently further developed to include pressures and mitigating management measures. The models are discussed in terms of their application to marine data to facilitate evidence-based marine management and their usefulness to communicate management measures with managers and stakeholders.

The UK Marine Management Organisation (MMO) tasked the Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas) with reviewing the current UK dispersant efficacy testing procedures. The aim was to identify possibilities to increase standardisation, improve health and safety performance and explore harmonisation possibilities with international dispersant efficacy testing procedures. The US EPA 'Baffled Flask Test' (BFT) was adopted, implemented and validated as a new standard method in the UK. The outputs from this study suggest that dispersant efficacy results from the adopted BFT test and the currently used protocol are in a similar range and results presented by the US EPA. As a result, the transition to the adopted BFT test will require minimal changes in the assessment of the results or reporting and increase harmonisation between tests used in the UK and North America.

Costa, B., 2019. Multispectral acoustic backscatter: How useful is it for marine habitat mapping and management? Journal of Coastal Research, 35(5), 1062–1079. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISS...

Marine spatial management is challenged by complex situations in European countries where multiple stakeholder interests and many management options have to be balanced. EU policy initiatives such as the proposed Marine Spatial Planning Directive, are in different ways targeting area allocation in European waters. In this circumstance, EU marine management needs assessments based on a satisfactory evaluation framework design that can ensure a transparent treatment of different types of information including interests, values, and facts. The main goal of this article is to introduce an evaluation framework applicable to marine management in European countries. This so-called CoExist framework maps out different types of relevant knowledge to assess future possibilities for use or no-use of marine areas and links this with appropriate management measures. The CoExist framework is based on the principles of ensuring transparent treatment of different types of information as well as appropriate stakeholder representation which can ensure legitimacy. Empirical findings in six European case studies have been obtained while conducting the CoExist framework. Applying the basic principles of the CoExist framework when planning future management directions of the coexistence of multiple activities in the long-run will expectedly affect the ecological and social-cultural goals by counterbalancing the economic ones.

Molecular tools and analyses have played pivotal roles in uncovering the processes and patterns of biodiversity in the Indian and Pacific oceans. However, integrating genetic results into management and conservation objectives has been challenging, with few examples that show practical applicability. This review aims to address some of the perceived barriers to an enhanced approach that integrates molecular data into management and conservation goals, by reviewing papers relevant to both conservation and fisheries management in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly with respect to phylogeography, connectivity, and species identification, as well as stock delineation, restoration of depleted wild stocks, mislabeled marine resources and "molecular forensics." We also highlight case studies from each of these areas that illustrate how molecular analyses are relevant to conservation and management in the Indo- Pacific, spanning a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species. We discuss the application of genetic data to the design and evaluation of the effectiveness of marine protected area networks, stock delineation, and restoration and the usage of exclusion tests and parentage analyses for fisheries management. We conclude that there is a distinct need for increasing public awareness and ownership of genetically unique lineages and, ultimately, the increased inclusion of genetic research into management policy and conservation. Finally, we make a case for the importance of clear and effective communication for promoting public awareness, public ownership, and for achieving conservation goals within the region.

Heavy metal (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in surface sediments from the Changhua River Estuary and adjacent shelf, western Hainan Island, were conducted to evaluate the level of contamination. Numerical Sediment Quality Guidelines (TEL and PEL) were applied to assess adverse biological effects of these metals, suggesting that occasional biological effect may occur due to As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb. Enrichment factors shown that the significant As and Pb contaminations in the study area. Multivariate analysis indicated that the sources of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn resulted primarily from natural weathering processes, whereas As and Pb were mainly attributed to anthropogenic sources. The results of this study would provide a useful aid for sustainable marine management in the region.

In Europe and around the world, the approach to management of the marine environment has developed from the management of single issues (e.g., species and/or pressures) toward holistic Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) that includes aims to maintain biological diversity and protect ecosystem functioning. Within the European Union, this approach is implemented through the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC). Integrated Ecosystem Assessment is required by the Directive in order to assess Good Environmental Status (GES). Ecological modeling has a key role to play within the implementation of the MSFD, as demonstrated here by case studies covering a range of spatial scales and a selection of anthropogenic threats. Modeling studies have a strong role to play in embedding data collected at limited points within a larger spatial and temporal scale, thus enabling assessments of pelagic and seabed habitat. Furthermore, integrative studies using food web and ecosystem models are able to investigate changes in food web functioning and biological diversity in response to changes in the environment and human pressures. Modeling should be used to: support the development and selection of specific indicators; set reference points to assess state and the achievement of GES; inform adaptive monitoring programs and trial management scenarios. The modus operandi proposed shows how ecological modeling could support the decision making process leading to appropriate management measures and inform new policy., This manuscript is a result of DEVOTES (DEVelopment Of innovative Tools for understanding marine biological diversity and assessing good Environmental Status) project, funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme, “The Ocean of Tomorrow” Theme (grant agreement no. 308392), www.devotes-project.eu.

Recent additions to marine environmental legislation are usually designed to fill gaps in protection and management, build on existing practices or correct deficiencies in previous instruments. Article 13 of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires Member States to develop a Programme of Measures (PoM) by 2015, to meet the objective of Good Environmental Status (GES) for their waters by 2020. This review explores key maritime-related policies with the aim to identify the opportunities and threats that they pose for the achievement of GES. It specifically examines how Member States have relied on and will integrate existing legislation and policies to implement their PoM and the potential opportunities and difficulties associated with this. Using case studies of three Member States, other external impediments to achieving GES are discussed including uses and users of the marine environment who are not governed by the MSFD, and gives recommendations for overcoming barriers.

Through implementing environmental Directives, Europe has moved towards coordinated and integrated catchment-to-coast management, following the most novel legislation on ecosystem-based approaches worldwide. The novel joint synthesis of this direction reviewed here allows us to regard the Water Framework Directive (WFD) as a ‘deconstructing structural approach’ whereas the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is a ‘holistic functional approach’, i.e. the WFD has split the ecosystem into several biological quality elements, then it compares the structure of these (such as species complement) individually before combining them and attempting to determine the overall condition. In contrast the MSFD concentrates on the set of 11 descriptors which together summarize the way in which the whole system functions. We emphasize that both Directives are frameworks on which many other directives are linked but that they need to be fully and seamlessly integrated to give a land to open sea system of assessment and management. Hence, by taking account of the experience gained in the WFD implementation, together with that from regional sea conventions, such as OSPAR (North East Atlantic) or HELCOM (Baltic Sea), we propose in this contribution an integrative approach for the environmental status assessment, within the MSFD.

The Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) has been established with Australian federal government funding, bringing together universities and marine agencies from across the nation to deliver a sustained observing system for Australia. It is led by the University of Tasmania on behalf of the marine and climate science community, with 10 different organizations operating components of the system based on their institutional strengths and capabilities. The system’s primary goal is to provide information in support of marine and climate science; however, as all IMOS data are discoverable and freely available through the Internet-based Ocean Portal, the system has the potential to support decision making in many other areas of marine management. IMOS has become the cornerstone of Australia’s contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System and plays a leading role in the development of observing systems in the Southern Hemisphere. This article will outline how IMOS works, with an emphasis on the key principles of (i) national, science-driven planning and (ii) delivery of data streams as research infrastructure. It will also highlight recent achievements and challenges for the future. Although it is still in its “early days,” indications are that IMOS is revolutionizing ocean observing in Australia and is laying a platform for the delivery of sustained observations over the very long term.

Analysts increasingly look to the literature for estimates of the non-market value of coastal and marine resources. We examine the comprehensiveness, timeliness, geographical completeness, and methodological breadth of the peer-reviewed literature on non-market valuation studies for coastal and ocean resources in the United States. With the exception of beaches and recreational fishing, the literature is generally insufficient to support effective policy-making. Most assets have not been well studied. Values for many assets have not been estimated in recent years, the geographical coverage is incomplete, and the application of methodologies is uneven. We offer recommendations to improve the policy usefulness of the valuation literature.

Chronobiology began as a curiosity-driven science and now impacts significantly on the science of medicine through medical rhythm research and chronotherapeutics. However, whilst it has long been evident that rational exploitation and management of living organisms and their environments require detailed biological understanding, incorporation of the time-base of living systems into such activities has been slow. Evidence suggests that marine management and conservation strategies, whether directed towards the environment or fisheries, are only slowly taking account of the time-scales of endogenously controlled rhythmic animal behaviour as a basis from which to achieve their objectives. Similarly, in commercial aquaculture practices, there is a need for greater evaluation of the role of photoperiod manipulation and optimization of feeding regimes against the background of the endogenous rhythmicity of the organisms concerned. Correct synchronization of an organism’s endogenous biological oscillators, of tidal and/or daily to annual periodicities, is fundamental to its optimal physiological performance and survival. La cronobiología se inició como una ciencia dirigida por la curiosidad y hoy día impacta significativamente en la ciencia de la medicina a través de investigación médica sobre ritmos y cronoterapéutica. No obstante, mientras que ha sido evidente por mucho tiempo que la explotación y gestión racional de los organismos vivos y de su ambiente requiere una detallada comprensión biológica, la incorporación de la base temporal de los sistemas vivos en tales actividades ha sido lenta. La evidencia sugiere que las estrategias de gestión y conservación marinas, ya sea dirigidas hacia el ambiente o a las pesquerías, están tomando en cuenta únicamente de una manera lenta las escalas temporales del comportamiento animal rítmico controlado endógenamente como una de las bases con las que conseguir sus objetivos. De manera similar, en prácticas de acuicultura comercial, existe una gran necesidad para una mayor evaluación del papel de la manipulación del fotoperíodo y de la optimización de los regímenes de alimentación respecto a la ritmicidad endógena de los organismos. Una correcta sincronización de los osciladores biológicos endógenos de un organismo, con periodicidades mareal y/o diaria a anual, es fundamental para el funcionamiento fisiológico óptimo así como para la supervivencia.

Introduction Many countries worldwide are now considering developing (or at least being required to consider developing) a holistic marine management planning framework which can encompass all the marine users and uses, the players and stakeholders, and the demands on the system (e.g.Borja et al., 2010). Given that there are many sectors involved in the marine environment (shipping, fishing, aquaculture, industries, recreation, etc.), there is the need for integrated management but within that multi-manager sectoral framework. Each sector usually has its own administrative body (e.g.Boyes and Elliott, 2014a) and often the complexity of the system means that one sectoral body, for example for conservation, is so preoccupied tackling its own conservation aspects that they pay less attention to others, such as fisheries. The aim of that management framework should be to build on the previous history of marine management, for example in Europe and North America since the 1970s, and should not alienate legitimate sectoral planning bodies but rather build on existing expertise and linkages. Furthermore, for it to be successful requires an inclusive system involving stakeholder expertise and understanding. The pages of this journal have long recorded the different aspects of marine management although usually these are treated separately – hence the aim of this note is to attempt to integrate the aspects.

Marine and coastal tourism is one of the fastest growing areas within the world's largest industry. Yet despite increased awareness of the economic and environmental significance of marine and coastal tourism it is only in recent years that a substantial body of research has emerged. This article provides a review of some of the coastal and marine tourism literature which focuses, in particular, on the environmental impacts of tourism. The article then notes the manner within which tourism is a component of integrated approaches towards coastal and marine management and some of the strategies that are utilised to manage tourism in a sustainable fashion.

This paper provides an overview of the regulatory regimes pertinent to operating very large floating platforms (VLFPs) in Hawaii. Coastal and offshore jurisdictions are defined and key county, state and federal authorities and responsibilities are described. Forty applicable state and federal laws are cited. Special consideration is given to marine management areas, state claims for extended jurisdiction, native Hawaiian entitlements, submerged lands, ocean leasing, water quality areas and the humpback whale national marine sanctuary. VLFPs in Hawaii probably will have to be deployed offshore, out of sight of scenic coastal viewplanes, to assure public acceptance. However, offshore positioning is coincident with a simpler regulatory regime (federal) and lowered regulatory uncertainty and risk. The unambiguous delimitation of the seaward extent of state jurisdiction may well be the paramount regulatory issue requiring resolution for deciding where to site a VLFP in Hawaii.

Nature conservation in Great Britain is well established as a legitimate objective of land use and management, and there is an extensive and complex system of terrestrial protected areas. The designation of protected areas in the seas around Britain is considerably less well developed. Marine nature conservation is still almost entirely dependent on species-based measures and the voluntary cooperation of user groups and sectoral management authorities, while marine protected areas are few in number and weak in effect. The inadequacy of the marine management regime in protecting nature conservation interests, and the continuing failure of environmental management systems to recognise the coast as a zone not a boundary line, are not simply due to legal and technical obstacles to the implementation of marine conservation policy. It arises from the inadequate breadth and depth of public and political consideration of the fundamental ways in which the marine environment is valuable in conservation terms.

A gestão costeira e marinha do Brasil dá-se a partir de espaços definidos pela legislação específica do tema, tais como ‘Mar Territorial’, ‘Zona Costeira’, entre outros. A partir de 2004 o Decreto 5.300, que regulamentou a Lei do Gerenciamento Costeiro no país, definiu um novo espaço geográfico de gestão do território: a Orla Marítima. No Brasil, uma das principais frentes de ação do Ministério do Meio Ambiente é o Projeto ORLA, que tem como objetivo otimizar o ordenamento dos espaços litorâneos sob domínio da União, aproximando as políticas ambiental, urbana e patrimonial. O presente artigo descreve os dez anos de existência do Projeto ORLA sob a ótica da situação legal dos espaços de orla marítima e praia, identificando as principais contribuições e entraves do referido projeto à gestão da zona costeira brasileira. Como principal conclusão, aponta-se para a necessidade de retomada do Projeto junto aos municípios atendidos, com foco na revisão dos Planos de Gestão da Orla e na definição das formas de apoio à implementação das ações propostas nos Planos de Gestão. Embora apresente problemas específicos, principalmente na implementação das ações supracitadas, o Projeto Orla pode ser considerado uma ação governamental exitosa, dada a consistente mobilização por parte da sociedade em torno de seus objetivos e por tratar-se de um projeto consolidado, com metodologia validada e amplamente aplicada ao longo de seus dez anos de existência. The coastal and marine management in Brazil was defined from specific legislation, such as ‘Territorial Waters’, ‘Coastal Zone’, among others. From 2004, Decree 5300, which regulated the Coastal Management Act in the country, set a new geographical area of land management: the seashore. In Brazil, one of the main line of action of the Ministry of Environment is the ORLA Project, which aimed to optimize planning of coastal areas under national jurisdiction, by harmonizing environmental, urban, and national heritage policies. This paper is a proposed study on Orla Project’s ten years of existence from a legal perspective; a review of the situation of coastlines and beaches, plus a description of the main contributions - as well as obstacles - of the Orla Project to management of the Brazilian coastal zone. As a main conclusion, pointing to the need to resume the project in the municipalities served, focusing on reviewing the seashore Management Plans and defining ways to support the implementation of actions proposed in the management plans. Although it has specific problems, especially in implementing the above actions, the Orla Project can be considered a successful government action; given the consistent mobilization by the society around their goals and that this is a consolidated project, with validated methodology and widely applied throughout its ten years of existence.

In the context of increasing pressures on European coastal zones and a proliferation of coastal and marine legislative and policy initiatives to alleviate these pressures, it is argued that there is a lack of capacity to successfully implement coastal and marine management programmes. This paper reviews perspectives of 26 coastal managers and 32 academics involved in the SPICOSA Project, to identify European coastal and marine management education and training needs and availability of courses to fulfil those needs. Results show that there are significant gaps in the requirements and delivery of courses and the paper concludes with recommendations to bridge the divide between professional needs and academic and training capacity development activities.

Satellite remote sensing has been an important method of marine monitoring. In this paper, according to the requirements of marine monitoring and marine management, the authors produced figures to show the coastline changes, distributions of suspended sediment and chlorophyll-a based on the data from Landsat-5 and synchronous monitoring data of Yellow River's mouth and Laizhou Bay in different periods. Analyses were made on the characteristics of changes of coastline, distributions of suspended sediment and chlorophyll-a. Through this practice, satellite remote sensing was experimentally applied in operational work of marine monitoring. The value of applying remote sensing to marine management and environmental monitoring were discussed and proved as well in this paper.

The background to the development of policy for coastal and marine management is outlined, including increasing intensification of coastal land and sea uses, leading to more use conflicts and deterioration of water quality. The data bases for management are briefly discussed before recent innovations are considered, including environmental evaluation as a basis for physical planning applied for example to fishery areas.

Circa 75% of the coastline in The Netherlands is formed by dunes and beaches. This coastline is constantly moving because ofaccretion and erosion. Sand nourishments are used to prevent coastal erosion and have been carried out along the Dutch coast since the 1970's. As alternative to the common used dune and beach nourishment, a recent development in coastal protection is application of shoreface nourishment (VAN HEUVEL & HILLEN 1991). Shoreface nourishment implies the deposition of a buffer ofsand on the sea floor at ca. 5 m depth in front of the beach. This buffer is intended a) to provide the beach with sand through natural onshore transport and b) to reduce erosion by dissipating wave action. Shoreface nourishment is designed to conserve the coastline for several years. Apart from being cheaper than beach nourishment, shoreface nourishment has the advantage ofminimal interference with recreational activities on the beach. Large scale nourishments will confront the benthic community with environmental changes including increased sedimentation and changes in sediment structure. Benthic fauna is able to survive a sudden coverage with sediment to a certain extent. This ability, however, varies from species to species, being dependent on the type of material, the thickness of the sediment deposited and the deposition velocity (BrJKERK 1988). To study the response of the benthic community to shoreface nourishment and the accompanying subaqueous sand extraction, the RIACON program was initiated. RIACON is co-sponsored by the MAST II (Marine Science & Technology) program of the Commission of the European Communities and evaluates the ecological risk of shoreface nourishment and subaqueous sand extraction at sites in Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium and Spain (Catalonia).

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the status of Baltic Operational Oceanographic System (BOOS). BOOS focuses primarily on observations, analysis, and model predictions for water level, waves, currents, temperature, salinity, sea ice, oxygen, nutrients, algae, and chlorophyll, and thereby contributing towards improving efficiency of marine operations, reducing the risk of accidents, optimizing the monitoring of the marine environment and climate, improving the assessment of fish stocks and improving the foundation of public marine management. The establishment of an efficient and cost-effective operational oceanographic system for the Baltic Sea has been initiated through a formal cooperation between 15 institutions representing all countries around the Baltic Sea. The observational system is based on existing national and international observations systems, which are gradually made operational, improved with new instrumentation, and extended with new stations. A system for real-time exchange of data between the partners has been established. Forecasting of basic physical variables such as water level, current, waves, temperature, salinity, and sea ice is done in operational mode by several members of the BOOS community using Baltic scale models as well as local or coastal models.

It has for some years now almost been folklore that the marine traffic situation in the Dover Strait is one of great potential danger. Very considerable efforts have been made to alleviate the situation. There is a complete traffic separation scheme (the first in the world), there is continuous radar surveillance both from England and France, there are routine broadcasts on v.h.f. to warn mariners of any navigational problems, and there is now a system whereby certain ships report-in. Concurrently with all this activity, the accident rate has dropped significantly over the last decade, especially in fog, and it is a reasonable inference that the reduction in the number and severity of accidents is attributable to this activity.But patterns of navigation change, and it is necessary for marine administrators to be aware of problem areas as or before they arise so that marine management measures can be introduced when appropriate. Factors to be taken into account are the volume and characteristics of the traffic, the difficulty of navigation and the accident record. One of us has drawn attention to the traffic situation off East Anglia and suggested that a prima facie case for some remedial measures had been made. This paper examines the available evidence in more detail.First, an account is given of the accident record in the area under consideration (Figs 1, 2) over the last 10 years. Both the numbers and severity of collisions and strandings are discussed.