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Background the potential benefits of dual-task interventions on older adults living in long-term nursing homes (LTNHs) from a multidimensional perspective are unknown. We sought to determine whether the addition of simultaneous cognitive training to a multicomponent exercise program offers further benefits to dual-task, physical and cognitive performance, psycho-affective status, quality of life and frailty in LTNH residents. Design: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Setting nine LTNHs in Gipuzkoa, Spain. Subjects 85 men and women (ACTRN12618000536268). Methods participants were randomly assigned to a multicomponent or dual-task training group. The multicomponent group performed two sessions per week of individualized and progressive strength and balance exercises for 3 months. The dual-task group performed simultaneous cognitive tasks to the same tasks as in the multicomponent group. Gait speed under single- and dual-task conditions, physical and cognitive performance, psycho-affective status, quality of life and frailty were measured at baseline and after 3 months of intervention. Results both groups showed clinically significant improvements on gait performance under single- and dual-task conditions and on the short physical performance battery (P  < 0.05). Both interventions were effective in maintaining cognitive function (P  > 0.05). Only the multicomponent group significantly improved quality of life, and reduced anxiety and Fried frailty score (P  < 0.05). No group-by-time interactions were found except for the chair-stand test in favour of the multicomponent group (P  < 0.05). Conclusions the addition of simultaneous cognitive training does not seem to offer significantly greater benefits to the evaluated multicomponent exercise program in older adults living in LTNHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background the association between vitamin intake and frailty has hardly been studied. The objective was to assess the association of dietary vitamin intake with incident frailty in older adults from Spain. Methods data came from a cohort of 1,643 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥65, recruited in 2008–10 and followed up prospectively throughout 2012. At baseline, 10 vitamins were assessed (vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins B6, B12, C, D, E and folates) using a validated face-to-face diet history. Incident frailty was identified using Fried's definition as having ≥3 of the following five criteria: unintentional weight loss of ≥4.5 kg, exhaustion, weakness, slow walking speed and low physical activity. Nonadherence to the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) was considered when the intake of a vitamin was below the recommendation. Analyses were performed with logistic regression and adjusted for main confounders. Results during a 3.5-year follow-up, 89 (5.4%) participants developed frailty. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of frailty for those in the lowest versus the highest tertile of vitamin intake were 2.80 (1.38–5.67), P -trend: 0.004, for vitamin B6; 1.65 (0.93–2.95), P -trend: 0.007, for vitamin C; 1.93 (0.99–3.83), P -trend: 0.06, for vitamin E and 2.34 (1.21–4.52), P -trend: 0.01, for folates. Nonadherence to the RDAs of vitamins was related to frailty for thiamine odds ratio (OR): 2.09 (1.03–4.23); niacin OR: 2.80 (1.46–5.38) and vitamin B6; 2.23 (1.30–3.83). When considering tertiles of RDAs for the 10 vitamins those who met <5 RDAs had a higher risk of frailty, OR: 2.84 (1.34–6.03); P -trend: <0.001, compared to those who met >7. Conclusion a lower intake of vitamins B6, C, E and folates was associated with a higher risk of frailty. Not meeting RDAs for vitamins was also strongly associated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]