1. Minhocas e sua excreta cutânea podem modificar a virulência e capacidade reprodutiva de nematoides e fungos entomopatômicos
- Author
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Ignacio Vicente-Díez, Francisco Ángel Bueno-Pallero, Raquel Campos-Herrera, Rubén Blanco-Pérez, Souad Amghar, Abdellatif El Harti, M. Chelkha, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Ministry of National Education, Vocational Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research (Morocco), Gobierno de La Rioja, and Universidad de La Rioja
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Veterinary medicine ,Eisenia fetida ,Metarhizium ,Metarhizium anisopliae ,Beauveria bassiana ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Rhabditida ,Soil ,Species Specificity ,biology.animal ,Lumbricidae ,Animals ,Beauveria ,Oligochaeta ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Soil Microbiology ,biology ,Virulence ,Lumbricus terrestris ,Reproduction ,Earthworm ,Entomopathogens ,biology.organism_classification ,010602 entomology ,030104 developmental biology ,Perionyx excavatus ,Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ,Cutaneous excreta ,Perionyx excavates - Abstract
Earthworms are ecological engineers that can contribute to the displacement of biological control agents such as the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and fungi (EPF). However, a previous study showed that the presence of cutaneous excreta (CEx) and feeding behavior of the earthworm species Eisenia fetida (Haplotaxida: Lumbricidae) compromise the biocontrol efficacy of certain EPN species by reducing, for example, their reproductive capability. Whether this phenomenon is a general pattern for the interaction of earthworms-entomopathogens is still unknown. We hypothesized that diverse earthworm species might differentially affect EPN and EPF infectivity and reproductive capability. Here we investigated the interaction of different earthworm species (Eisenia fetida, Lumbricus terrestris, and Perionyx excavatus) (Haplotaxida) and EPN species (Steinernema feltiae, S. riojaense, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) (Rhabditida) or EPF species (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae) (Hypocreales), in two independent experiments. First, we evaluated the application of each entomopathogen combined with earthworms or their CEx in autoclaved soil. Hereafter, we studied the impact of the earthworms' CEx on entomopathogens applied at two different concentrations in autoclaved sand. Overall, we found that the effect of earthworms on entomopathogens was species-specific. For example, E. fetida reduced the virulence of S. feltiae, resulted in neutral effects for S. riojaense, and increased H. bacteriophora virulence. However, the earthworm P. excavates increased the virulence of S. feltiae, reduced the activity of H. bacteriophora, at least at specific timings, while S. riojaense remained unaffected. Finally, none of the EPN species were affected by the presence of L. terrestris. Also, the exposure to earthworm CEx resulted in a positive, negative or neutral effect on the virulence and reproduction capability depending on the earthworm-EPN species interaction. Concerning EPF, the impact of earthworms was also differential among species. Thus, E. fetida was detrimental to M. anisopliae and B. bassiana after eight days post-exposure, whereas Lumbricus terrestris resulted only detrimental to B. bassiana. In addition, most of the CEx treatments of both earthworm species decreased B. bassiana virulence and growth. However, the EPF M. anisopliae was unaffected when exposed to L. terrestris CEx, while the exposure to E. fetida CEx produced contrasting results. We conclude that earthworms and their CEx can have positive, deleterious, or neutral impacts on entomopathogens that often coinhabit soils, and that we must consider the species specificity of these interactions for mutual uses in biological control programs. Additional studies are needed to verify these interactions under natural conditions., MC is supported by a Moroccan scholarship of the Ministry of National Education, Vocational Training, Higher Education and Scientific Research, and the travel assistance associated with the grant CSIC ICOOP + 2018 grant (COOPA20231). RBP is financed with an FPI contract (CAR-2018) by the Department of Economic Development and Innovation of The Government of La Rioja (Spain). IVD is supported with an FPI-UR fellowship by the Universidad de La Rioja (Spain). RCH is awarded by Ramon y Cajal contract award (RYC-2016-19939) of the Government of Spain. This study is supported by CSIC I-COOP + 2018 grant (COOPA20231).
- Published
- 2021