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Copyright of Materiales para la Historia del Deporte is the property of Polytechnic University of Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Educatio Artis Gymnasticae is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin des bibliothèques de France is the property of ENSSIB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin des bibliothèques de France is the property of ENSSIB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sporting events are arenas of emotional bursts, and social media is a place where such emotional irruptions of fans are encoded in their words and button clicks. This study investigates the use of Facebook reactions by sports fans during the most significant world-class sporting events in 2016: the UEFA Euro, the men's football championship of Europe, and the Summer Olympics Games, a major international multi-sport event. Our research challenge is to find out how people react to sports content and underscore the importance of emotional processes in shaping collective outcomes. In the paper, we propose a model for measuring the intensity of emotional charge, in terms of Facebook reactions and virality, and the results show what Facebook users think and feel about both sports events. According to our findings, the Olympics are the sporting arena of "emotions of peace", and the Euro is the sporting arena of "war of emotions". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is a historiographic review of the literature on the Olympic Games and the Cold War. The topic has been a growth area among scholars of both diplomatic history and the history of sports over the past three decades. Most of the literature has been in English, but a significant amount of work has appeared in French, German, and a few other languages. Despite the proliferation and richness of the historiography, some large gaps in coverage still exist, and some important issues still need to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the potential for the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) to provide a model for reforming the Olympic Games (OG) and making them more sustainable and efficient. The YOG has successfully utilized existing and temporary venues, making it a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly event. It has also prioritized local attendance and implemented social media and new media strategies to enhance its reach. By incorporating these successful elements from the YOG, the OG could reduce costs, increase accessibility, and improve sustainability. The article suggests that the YOG could play a leadership role in redefining venue usage and expenditure practices within the framework of the OG. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports is the property of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Materiales para la Historia del Deporte is the property of Polytechnic University of Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the modern scientific perspective, Olympia is a ruin at the far end of a fading sense of history that represents little more than the origins from which sport has continuously evolved. Quantitative measurements show continued increases in human performance, equipment efficiency and funding. But some question this athletic evolution. We worry about qualitative issues, such as virtue, meaning and beauty. The source of this contrast is a difference in values: Olympic vs. Efficiency values. Such values establish an ethos in sporting communities that influences how we behave, explain and even conceptualize our activities. I argue from the perspectives of metaphysics, epistemology, aesthetics, ethics and politics, that Olympic Ethos is needed to balance out the modern Efficiency Ethos, which threatens to dehumanize sport. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Beyond the competition between several alpine states (Austria, Switzerland, France, etc.), the emergence of the alpine version of skiing is a complex process that combines the rise of winter tourism, technical developments enabling access to the mountain regions and the increasing sportification of leisure practices. Thus, it focuses on a period of time from the end of the nineteenth century up to the interwar, with specific attention to the late 1920s. Straddling tourism study, sport history and elite sociability, it is a process that has not been studied that much in the historiography. Through this contribution, our aim is to analyse the local conditions presiding over the emergence of 'alpine skiing', considering an episode played out in St. Moritz at a particular moment – the years leading up to and after the organisation of the 1928 Olympic Games – as indicators of more global processes. We based our analysis on the rich archives of the city of St. Moritz (political authorities, tourist office, hotel infrastructures, ski club), never really used in historical work on the birth of alpine skiing, and several other institutions such as international sports federations and national organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wednesday, 28 May 1924 is a seminal date in the history of Irish sport. On this date, the footballers of the Football Association of the Irish Free State became the first representatives of independent Ireland to engage in Olympic competition. The footballers were representing an association that had its jurisdiction limited to the territory of the Irish Free State, at a time when the British Olympic Association were raising questions about the jurisdiction of the Irish Olympic Council which claimed to manage Olympic sport on an all-Ireland basis. Irish footballers competed in the 1948 Games at a time when the International Olympic Council had decided that the jurisdiction of the Irish Olympic Council did not extend to Northern Ireland. The Irish council fiercely resisted this move and this had implications for domestic sport, particularly athletics, and had the potential to prevent the Irish football team's entry for the London Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South Korean province of Gangwon will stage the Youth Olympic Winter Games in 2024, and this marks the first Youth Winter Olympics awarded to the location outside the Western cultural zone. After all, the 1998 Olympic Games in Nagano rang the wake-up call for event stakeholders to reconsider the environmental cost of hosting the Winter Olympics. The regeneration of urban settings is seen as one of the major impacts of hosting a premier sporting contest, and this Winter Olympics in Sapporo presents a prototype example of the interlink between inner-city redevelopment and a global sport mega-event (Smith [44]). The Winter Olympics in Asia Pacific Sapporo 1972 and Nagano 1998 The northern Japanese city of Sapporo was supposed to host the Olympic Winter Games in 1940. [Extracted from the article]

The Cotswold Olimpick Games in Gloucestershire, England, are generally considered by sports historians to be the first so-called 'pseudo-Olympics', i.e. competitions referring to the broadly understood Olympic idea inspired by the ancient Olympic Games. Although the exact date of the first Cotswold Games remains unknown, they were in all likelihood founded by a local lawyer Robert Dover in 1612, as evidenced by his settling a year earlier in Saintbury near Chipping Campden – the officially accepted venue of the games. However, in 1609, a large group of knights, esquires and gallants from all over the region were known to visit Hereford on May Day to participate in an Olympian race. It is therefore likely that the Hereford race was historically the first, unequivocally confirmed, sporting event termed 'Olympic', not the Cotswold Olimpick Games or other competitions held in the seventeenth-century British Isles, such as the Olympian Games in the Brae of Mar, or the Gog Magog Olympiks, dated several years after the Hereford event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport has been widely used as a tool of communication (ping-pong diplomacy), penalization (boycotts) and also safe competition during the Cold War. The allegedly apolitical Olympic Games held a prominent place in this system of de facto politicized sport, with both rivalling superpowers trying to prove their fitness through the winning of Olympic medals. In this article, we would like to compare the media coverage of the Olympic hockey contest between the USSR and the US in order to identify how the victory in the match was portrayed and whether in fact sport served as a tool of ideological confrontation between East and West. We would like to test the common narrative of sport being the proxy for a great ideological rivalry of power between the East and the West in the case of Olympic ice-hockey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the existing literature, it is clear that the Summer Olympic Games since 1896 have been carefully evaluated, with detailed statistical records compiled accordingly. However, documentation and historical analysis of the Summer Olympic Games is lacking for some nations. In particular, a number of post-colonial and non-Western countries have a relatively low Olympic profile. This is the case with the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, which has a distinctive position in regard to its geography and its system of religious and cultural values. Although it is well-known that Pakistan began to participate in the Summer Olympic Games in 1948, the year after its independence was gained, few attempts have been made to explain why it has won a limited number of medals. In an effort to address this gap in existing knowledge, this paper adopts the perspective of social development theory, with the aim of describing and analyzing the historical background of Pakistan's participation in international sporting events, mainly focusing on the Summer Olympic Games. The paper will therefore expand understanding of a series of problems faced by this Islamic country against the background of its elite sports development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the coverage of the history and formation of Paralympic sports in Ukraine in Ukrainian electronic sports media. The purpose is to find out the role of electronic sports media in covering the history and formation of Paralympic sports in Ukraine. Scientific approaches: methodological principles of system analysis and the method of content analysis are intelligence tools. The scientific novelty is determined by the involvement and development of a wide range of electronic resources of the sports press, which has allowed to determine the level of their informativeness and to draw conclusions about their importance as a source of information for studying the history of Paralympic sports. The main results of the study. According to the results of the analysis of Ukrainian electronic sports media, the authors note their growing role in studying the history and popularization of Paralympic movement in Ukraine. Launched in the 1990s, today electronic sports media have become an important source for research into this scientific problem. The authors have concluded that the topic of Paralympic sports occupies a significant place on the pages of sports websites, among which the sites of the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine and the National Committee of Sports for the Disabled of Ukraine, as well as others, including regional electronic resources, are distinguished by their thematic content. In the last decade, these media resources constantly contain information about Paralympic sports competitions, participation of Ukrainian Paralympians in the Olympic Games and international Paralympic competitions, and about Paralympic athletes and their achievements. State policy to support Paralympic movement and the problems of legislation in this area are reflected. It is concluded on the importance of online media as a historical source for the study of sports history for people with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how Irish journalists depicted Mexico City as a suitable host for the 1968 Olympic Games. Mexican elites believed the event would attract foreign investment and tourists but faced an uphill battle as many European observers criticized the city as undeserving. Irish journalists often presented images of Mexico that were impacted by Ireland’s own struggles of achieving sporting modernity and its sense of global importance as a white European nation. The image that emerged portrayed Mexico as rich in history and sporting infrastructure, but also mired in disorganization, superstition, and violence. These negative images may have propelled journalist and president of the Olympic Committee of Ireland, Lord Killanin, to the International Olympic Committee presidency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambassadors on the Sports Front: Sports, Politics and Diplomacy during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) This article examines the role of sports in the international politics and diplomacy of nation states in wartime. Through a case study on public diplomacy during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), this article shows how sport could influence international public opinion. By focussing on some lesser-known international sporting events from this period, such as the 1937 Labour Olympiad in Antwerp, this article will move away from the dominant focus in sports history on mega-events such as the Olympic Games. Although research about the relationship between sports and diplomacy has grown in recent years, it has barely taken into account the influence of a war context on sport and diplomacy. This article attempts to fill this gap by analysing left-wing Belgian and Spanish newspapers, archives of the Belgian workers' sports movement, and unused source material from the FIFA archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Grand Duchy of Posen, which was created and incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815, developed less dynamically in relation to other parts of the Prussian state, also in the area of physical culture. However, since the end of the 1830s a gradual increase in the Duchy residents' interest in sports became noticeable. Authors of several works on the subject of Olympic Games even indicate that in the nineteenth century the Grand Duchy of Posen hosted athletic competitions dubbed 'Greek competitions' or 'Olympic Games' that can be compared with similar competitions held in Europe and North America called 'pseudo-Olympics'. A review of available sources reveals, however, that numerous errors and unverified data on this subject have been commonly duplicated. In the nineteenth century circuses and athletic troupes did stage various types of performances and shows, which could – however only to a limited extent – be likened to the ancient Olympic Games. This is confirmed, for example, in a press note by a correspondent of the Dziennik Poznański (Posen Daily) from 1873, one of the most valuable sources from the period, who indicated the town of Grätz (present-day Grodzisk Wielkopolski) as a venue for those performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scrutiny of archival documents, press materials, and testimonies from eyewitnesses reveals circumstances under which Poland joined the boycott of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. The politically motivated decision not to send the athletes to California arose due to Poland's dependence on the USSR. As early as in May 1982 Moscow outlined the instruction for all Eastern Bloc states concerning a propaganda campaign aimed at contesting organizational preparations for the 1984 Summer Olympics. Intensification of the efforts took place in months directly preceding the event. Finally, the Soviet authorities declared the boycott on May 8, 1984. Poland did so nine days later. Still the Polish communists tried to keep up appearances. They announced the members of the National Olympic Committee had made the crucial decision. This way the ruling political circles made a scapegoat of the institution. De facto, it was a communist Polish United Workers' Party decision. The roots of the affair dated back to the United States-led boycott of the Moscow Olympics, which had taken place in 1980. A glance at the episode enables to put the main story into a relevant historical context. The 1984 communist countries' withdrawals were mere retaliatory enterprises, typical of the Cold War reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia: Questoes & Debates is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

De Coubertin developed the sport philosophy of Olympism and the Olympic Games as a response to social and political crisis to promote peace, fair play, and the development of Christian masculinity. The purpose of this paper is to examine how crisis discourse functions as an important shaper of contemporary understandings of Olympism and how conflicting discourses have mobilized crisis discourse to produce competing ‘truths’ in which to rationalize and understand the Olympic Games. In drawing from Foucault's work and de Certeau's text, Heterologies: Discourse on the other, I argue that ‘crisis’ as the rationalization for Olympism and the Olympic Games has proven an unsuccessful venture for de Coubertin; as the Olympic Games have produced conservative outcomes based on a neoliberal agenda focused on elitism, professionalism, nationalism, and commercialism. This historical case raises important questions about the role of Olympism and its power to act as a catalyst for change. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Starting with the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games, which saw then 14-year-old Nadia Comãneci book her place in the history of sport with the first perfect 10 ever recorded, gymnastics became a national craze in Romania, where thousands of young girls, as little as 3, would flock the Deva training complex in Transylvania, in a bid to become "the new Nadia". Following the Romanian Revolution in 1989, gymnastics remained at the fore of sport in a society marred by corruption and poverty, acting as a unique springboard to stardom for disadvantaged youth from all over the country, second only to football prestige-wise. However, after peaking in the early 2000s, Romanian gymnastics eventually dwindled. We argue that this reverse in the history of the sport in Romania and its sharp drop in youth appeal come down not only to falling standards or the steady "bankruptcy" of the Communist-inherited sports system, but also to a change in mentality and the emergence of a new socio-economic class which embraced tennis as a positional good. Interest in the sport is today at an all time high thanks to the exploits of Simona Halep in particular, making tennis the new "youth fountain" of Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sport theme was immediately embraced by the earliest photographers. In its first part, this essay traces the long and influential history of sport photography from its beginnings through the motion studies of the late 19th century to the role of illustrated magazines in making sport photography widely available. Based on that outline, the essay then elaborates upon the relevance of photography for sport history, arguing that the uses of visual representations in sport history have been largely under-theorized. As examples, the essay then offers close readings of Life magazine features from the Cold War, discussing Ralph Crane's and Mark Kaufman's depictions of Soviet athletes during the 1952 and 1960 Olympic Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lebanon’s record in international competitions is meagre. Since 1948, the year the country first participated in the Olympics, Lebanon has won only four medals: two silver, and two bronze. The last medal was obtained in 1980, during the Civil War that had ravaged the country from 1975 to 1990. Since 1992, the year of the first post-conflict era Olympics, only 11 athletes qualified for the Winter and Summer editions, but none won a medal. For the same period, countries such as Estonia, Georgia, and Jamaica with smaller populations and lower gross domestic product were able to win 20, 32, and 58 medals respectively. What are the reasons behind this condition? Is it the low public funding for sport? Is it rampant corruption gangrening the Lebanese sport structure? Or is it the fact that the sport sector, similar to any other public sector in this country, is a mere arena of struggle among political parties; thus, unable to provide the proper conditions for the establishment of an efficient national elite sport policy? This paper seeks to answer these questions by thoroughly examining the historical aspects of the Lebanese sport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When looking at the impact of the political, territorial, and social transformations which occurred in Central and Eastern Europe after the defeat of the Central Powers in the First World War, an evidence check suggests that sport was deeply influenced by the sudden disappearance of the Habsburg Empire. This article examines the shift triggered in the relation between a ‘centre’ (e.g. Bucharest) and a ‘periphery’ (former Austro-Hungarian provinces) of sporting life by the political outcome of the First World War. The joy and difficulties surrounding the emergence of ‘Greater Romania’ were well highlighted in the field of sport by tensions which appeared mostly in internal competitions and debates, rather than in the international arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]