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Vulvar cancer is rare, but causes substantial morbidity in affected patients. A subset of vulvar cancers is caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV), which primarily exerts its oncogenic effect through upregulation of tumor suppressor protein p16. Tumors positive for both hrHPV and p16 (double positive) are assumed to be HPV-driven, but only few large studies have investigated the combined prevalence of hrHPV and p16 positivity in vulvar cancer over time. In this Danish cross-sectional study, we assessed the prevalence of p16 positivity and double positivity for hrHPV and p16 in a large sample of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (VSCCs) diagnosed during 1990 to 2017. In a nationwide register, we identified VSCCs from 13 hospitals across Denmark, and collected archival tumor tissue for hrHPV testing with INNO-LiPA and immunohistochemical p16 staining. We calculated the prevalence of hrHPV, p16 positivity and double positivity according to time, age and histological subtype and evaluated time trends through estimated annual percentage changes. We included 1278 VSCCs. Overall, 35.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32.4-37.6) were positive for p16 and 31.0% (95% CI: 28.4-33.5) were positive for both hrHPV and p16. The prevalence of p16 positivity and double positivity increased over time, both in women aged ≤59 and ≥60 years. The double positive prevalence was higher in nonkeratinizing (60.7%) and warty/basaloid VSCCs (67.5%) than in keratinizing (16.1%) and verrucous VSCCs (5.0%). These results indicate that approximately one-third of vulvar cancers were caused by hrHPV infection, supporting a substantial preventive potential of the HPV vaccine.

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV), p16, and p53 have been investigated as prognostic markers in various HPV-related cancers. Within the field of vaginal cancer, however, the evidence remains sparse. In this systematic review, we have compiled the presently published studies on the prognostic significance of HPV and immunohistochemical expression of p16 and p53 among women with vaginal cancer. Material and methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies published until April 2021. We included studies reporting survival after histologically verified vaginal cancers tested for HPV, p16, and/or p53. Survival outcomes included overall survival, disease-free survival, disease-specific survival, and progression-free survival. Results: We included a total of 12 studies. The vast majority of vaginal cancer cases included in each study were squamous cell carcinomas (84%–100%). Seven studies reported survival after vaginal cancer according to HPV status, and the majority of these studies found a tendency towards improved survival for women with HPV-positive vaginal cancer. Three out of four studies reporting survival according to p16 status found an improved survival among women with p16-positive vaginal cancer. For p53, only one of six studies reported an association between p53 expression and survival. Conclusions: This systematic review suggests that women with HPV- and p16-positive vaginal cancer have an improved prognosis compared with those with HPV- or p16-negative vaginal cancer. Results for p53 were varied, and no conclusion could be reached. Only 12 studies could be included in the review, of which most were based on small populations. Hence, further and larger studies on the prognostic impact of HPV, p16, and p53 in vaginal cancer are warranted.

To describe trends in incidence of high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) and vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in Denmark. For vaginal SCC, we also examine 5-year relative survival and mortality.All high-grade VaIN cases diagnosed 1997-2017 and vaginal SCCs during 1978-2017 were identified in two high-quality nationwide registers. Age-standardized incidence rates and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were assessed. For vaginal SCC, 5-year relative survival was calculated, and Cox regression was applied to study the effect of selected characteristics on mortality.Altogether, 831 cases of high-grade VaIN and 721 vaginal SCCs were identified. The age-standardized incidence rate of high-grade VaIN showed no clear trend over time. However, when we stratified by age and divided the study period according to HPV vaccine licensure in Denmark (2006), the incidence of high-grade VaIN decreased significantly by 15.6% per year (95% CI: -23.2, -7.3%) after 2007 onwards among the youngest women (30 years). For vaginal SCC, the incidence decreased from 0.5 (1978-1982) to 0.3 (2013-2017) per 100,000 woman-years. The 5-year relative survival improved over time and was 67.9% (95% CI: 54.9, 84.1%) in the most recent time period. Mortality was significantly associated with calendar year, age, and stage at diagnosis.The overall incidence of high-grade VaIN showed no clear trend over time, but a significant decline was observed in women younger than 30 years after HPV vaccine licensure. The incidence of vaginal SCC was reduced by approximately 50% and survival after vaginal SCC improved over time.