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This paper discusses the first major implementation of two significant new cataloging models: IFLA's FRBR (International Federation of Library Associations' Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) and event modeling (INDECS and Harmony). The paper refers briefly to the decision making processes leading to the adoption of these models, and outlines the implementation process, the benefits of the implementation, the practical and conceptual difficulties encountered in this implementation, and some observations on the future of these models in the library and information worlds. FRBR was published in 1998, and was widely accepted as providing a sound conceptual model for a new generation of bibliographic records which record and present the publishing history of information resources. The 2000 LC Cataloging conference included a number of papers on the requirement to add "event models" into cataloging. FRBR and Event Modeling are powerful tools for presenting bibliographic and other information in a richly contextual environment. Implementing the models presents significant challenges but is achievable, cost effective, offers many benefits to practitioners and should be considered by a range of information providers. (Contains 21 references.) (Author)

A truly global supply of bibliographic records and the emergence of online publishing put new challenges on the organization of bibliographic control. Three important cataloging codes are presently under revision, the AACR, the Italian RICA and the German RAK. The basis for a record, the carrier=content dichotomy, is one fundamental issue which has been particularly observed in the AACR revision process, strongly influenced by the IFLA report Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), 1997. Is it possible to move from "Manifestation records" to "Work records"? The answer seems to be no, and the conclusion is that the Manifestation record is more needed than ever, but that information on Works and Expressions is urgently needed as well, and that authority information must be expanded considerably in order to give proper guidance to users. FRBR offers a model and a language which can help to bring about the common understanding which is the first prerequisite of information interoperability. (Contains 18 references.) (Author)

The Colorado Digitization Project (CDP) commissioned the Library Research Service (LRS) of the Colorado State Library and the University of Denver Library and Information Science Program to evaluate user perceptions of the relative merits of the catalog (or database) and the exhibit approaches to providing access to digital information, especially digital images of artifacts, photographs, and other documents. The catalog approach is generally associated with libraries, while the exhibit approach is more common in museums. This evaluation combined PowerPoint and Web presentations with focus group interviews of three CDP clienteles: hobbyists, K-12 students, and general users. Each focus group interview was set up in a presentation/reaction format, beginning with a presentation of appropriate sample library and museum web sites, followed by the questions that comprised the focus group interview. Each group was presented with a scenario based on a specific assigned reason for utilizing digital resources. Relevance to needs, reasons for use, and impacts of virtual museum visits and of virtual library visits on actual visits are identified for each group. The conclusions of this evaluation were found to be consistent with three primary motivations of the Colorado Digitization Project: improving access to educational resources via digital format; aiding in the preservation of rare artifacts, photographs, and other documents; and encouraging users of museums in particular to visit in-person more often by attracting them with creative virtual exhibits. Focus group contacts are listed at the end of the report. (AEF)

E-Referencer is an expert intermediary system for searching library online public access catalogs (OPACs) on the World Wide Web. It is implemented as a proxy server that mediates the interaction between the user and Boolean OPACs. It transforms a Boolean OPAC into a retrieval system with many of the search capabilities of Web search engines. E-Referencer encapsulates some of the knowledge and searching expertise of experienced librarians. It processes the user's natural language query, maps the query words to Library of Congress subject headings, selects a suitable search strategy, and formulates an appropriate search statement to send to the library system. Based on the user's relevance feedback on the search results, it further selects a strategy for refining the search. (Author/MES)

Libraries faced with the challenge of cooperative cataloging must maintain a high degree of unification within the library network (consortium) without compromising local libraries' independence. This paper compares a traditional model for cooperative catalogs achieved by means of a Union Catalog that depends entirely on replication of data between the local libraries and the Union catalog, with a more advanced concept, the Virtual Cooperate Catalog (VCC) that includes an engine that enables a unified search and retrieval of records across diverse local library catalogs and systems. The two models are in fact complementary in their achievements. The ALEPH500 library information system contains a special component, the ALEPH-Net proposes a flexible model that can be tuned in order to achieve the best balancing between virtuality and the reality of data: a Network Cooperative Catalog (NCC). The basic conceptual and technological elements that underline the NCC consist of a distributed database design, links to other records, and an "Expand" option. (AEF)

The eLib (Electronic Libraries) Program in United Kingdom higher education began in the spring of 1995, as a result of the Follett Report (Joint Funding Councils' Libraries Review Group, 1993) that emphasized the need for higher education libraries to be involved in the development of information and communication technologies. A "clump" is a term that was coined at the third MODELS (Moving to Distributed Environments for Library Services) Workshop to describe an aggregation of library catalogs. The clump may be physical, in traditional terminology a union catalog, or it may be virtual, being created at the time of searching. The eLib clump projects are utilizing the Z39.50 bibliographic retrieval protocol to build gateways to library OPACs in the UK, creating virtual catalogs of university, national, and public libraries. The technology underlies increased collaborative activities between institutions in the clump consortia, and will open up the resources of the libraries to far greater numbers than at present. The different approaches to the issues of collaboration and cooperation taken by each clump are outlined. (Contains 15 references.) (Author/AEF)

This paper describes the Unisa (University of South Africa) Library's experience with cataloging remote electronic resources, including electronic journals, electronic text files, online databases, digital images, Unisa campus Web sites, and mailing list discussions. The first section discusses the decision to add bibliographic references for remote electronic resources to the OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog), policies and criteria supporting this decision, resulting changes in workflow, standards, and the bibliographic description of these resources. Providing access to the intellectual content of remote electronic resources is addressed in the second section, including subject headings, form/genre terminology, classification numbers, and summary notes. The third section covers keeping URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) up-to-date, including the use of a linkchecker, and the development of URNs (Uniform Resource Names), the PURL (Persistent URL), and the DOI (Digital Object Identifier). (MES)

Advances in computers and information technology have created huge potentials for cataloging staff to increase efficiency and accuracy, reorganize the work force, change the workflow, streamline costs, and provide better services to patrons. Based on the practices at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), this paper discusses what a librarian can do to take the initiative and take advantage of new information technology in a cataloging environment. Now more than ever, cataloging depends on information technology such as integrated local networks, integrated information retrieval systems, and bibliographic utilities. Empowering cataloging staff with new technology also becomes critical to efficiently providing access to a wide range of information sources. The paper also discusses forced integration of new information technology to be able to utilize new cataloging utilities, promoting work-related learning by staff, migrating to a Windows environment, and reaping the benefits of the Internet. In the information age, empowering library staff with new information technology has become one of the key issues for the success of a library. (Author/SWC)

The author argues that traditional library cataloging (MARC) and the online public access catalog (OPAC) are in collision with the world of the Internet because items in electronic formats undergo MARC cataloging only on a very selective basis. Also the library profession initially isolated itself from World Wide Web development by predicting no real need for universal access, by ignoring large areas of human creativity, and by de-emphasizing "ephemeral" resources. This paper recommends a constructive merger of the best of both worlds--the full text analysis provided by web search engines and the controlled vocabularies found in library OPACs. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is being used as a testbed to examine relevant techniques. Three of the major text analysis technologies are natural language processing, case-based reasoning, and adaptive learning. As part of "the new OPAC," the Experimental Search System (ESS) is one of the Library of Congress' first efforts to make selected cataloging and digital library resources available over the World Wide Web by means of a single, point-and-click interface. Perhaps even more promising is the idea of using large MARC databases to generate word clusters associated with controlled vocabulary terms and classifications. Six commercial text analysis software products are reviewed in the Appendix, using a comparative table. These tools, many of them associated with major search engine vendors, may support automatic classification and document analysis, thereby increasing cataloger productivity. (AEF)

The Music Materials Center (MMC) of the James White Library at Andrews University (Berrien Springs, Michigan) is organized to assist in such projects as: participating in the cataloging work flow, evaluating and processing gifts, creating and maintaining specialized lists, ordering new materials, updating printed reference sources, OPAC music authority cleanup and record enhancement, research assistant tasks for the music librarian, non-music data entry in OPAC, and others. Student assistants are assigned to increasingly complex tasks commensurate with their experience with music and data management. Working with the library system as a whole decreases the isolation of the branch library staff. Utilizing the assistants' time efficiently justifies a higher wage; this and the expanded responsibilities given the student assistants has resulted in increased job satisfaction and loyalty to the library system. Other information includes: music materials, services and statistics; staff profiles; a job description of the music librarian; supervisory and evaluation information; MMC staff contributions; floor plan; and examples of a training document and department policies and procedures. (Contains 17 references.) (Author/AEF)

The Electronic Resources Team at the University of Rochester (New York) River Campus Libraries pursued the concept of one-stop shopping as a component of their new integrated library system Voyager, which debuted in January 1997. Faced with a growing variety of electronic resources with no single guide to their existence and access, the Team dealt with a number of issues to create a unified group of Web pages providing information and, where possible, desktop access to the University of Rochester community. These pages are accessible within Voyager through the Windows client in the libraries and the World Wide Web gateway for remote users. Issued included logical presentation through a single interface of such disparate resources as both licensed and unrestricted remote Web and Telnet resources, some requiring CGI scripting, as well as CD-ROMs on standalone workstations and on local area networks (LANs). These resources are spread across eight separate libraries and the Internet. Content includes bibliographic indexes, electronic journals, and full-text and numeric databases. This paper covers specific elements in the development of the one-stop shopping concept, with considerations relevant for other institutions, including: resource formats; audience; access; security; web page design and maintenance; layering for individual choice; user support; specific achievements and barriers faced at the University of Rochester; and implications for future development. (Author/SWC)

Internet cataloging facilitates access and adds value to Internet resources by helping the user find needed resources with relative ease and in a timely manner. It attests to the value of traditional library principles of organizing information and the value of catalog librarians' experience and skills. This paper explores the suitability and applicability of current cataloging rules and tools for Internet resources, and indicates how traditional cataloging methods should evolve. Creating, organizing, and providing access points for Internet resources, and maintaining the currency, persistence, and validity of an Internet catalog present serious challenges for catalog librarians. The paper also discusses OCLC's InterCat Project, an online catalog that uses traditional cataloging standards, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln's (UNL) Internet Resources Catalog, other library World Wide Web databases, providing Web access through the online public access catalog, and Internet catalog maintenance. Six figures show an OCLC InterCat Record, UNL HTML Work-Form; UNL Internet Catalog Record; UNL Internet Catalog Database; UNL Internet Catalog Search Mode; and OCLC's PURL (Persistent Uniform Resource Locator). (Contains 21 references.) (Author/SWC)

In 1990, the Online Catalog Advisory Committee (OCAC) of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) charged a subcommittee with developing and implementing ways to measure the impact of the expanded online catalog on staff, users, collections, and library operations. The UIUC's online public access catalog, ILLINET (Illinois Library and Information Network) Online, links the circulation systems of about 40 institutions in Illinois. The subcommittee reviewed literature in this area and developed a two-stage study, with baseline and comparative data at one year. Instruments to measure impact were developed and introduced to staff in orientations at 36 sites. Over 8,000 questions were asked of university patrons and external users of the library in each of the two years. Study results make it overwhelmingly clear that the new online services are very popular and are being used at an increasing rate. It is important that staff and users be aware of how to make effective use of these resources. Recommendations are made for improved training for staff and users, improved and enhanced data collection for evaluation, improved resource availability and enhanced hardware, and increased attention to the availability of periodicals. Appendixes contain the data collection instruments, a sample of the data collection code, and 11 statistical tables. (Contains 20 references.) (SLD)

This paper describes the computerization of the libraries in the Chinese International School in Hong Kong. The Infant, Junior and Secondary libraries, with a staff of three professional librarians, one library assistant, and one audiovisual technician, needed an automated system which could support their bilingual curriculum. Two computer systems were evaluated which could input both Chinese and English language materials, and the V-LIB system was selected. This system consisted of six modules: (1) cataloguing and enquiry; (2) serials; (3) acquisitions; (4) item control; (5) loans and circulation; and (6) MARC interface. Three other options were an online public access catalog (OPAC); ideographic capability that allows handling of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Portuguese scripts; and an image interface. Special features of V-LIB include customization; user friendliness; security; local support; training; enhancements; and CJK capability--the ability to input and display Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters. In the Secondary school, implementation of the cataloging module for both English and Chinese language materials took six months, and adding the OPAC and circulation modules required the rest of the year. Computerization of the Infant and Junior libraries will follow. (SWC)

This document is a final report of a study that assessed students' use of the Information Online (IO) computer catalog at the Indiana University at South Bend (IUSB) library, as well as their skills and attitudes related to library use. The 38 participants completed multiple choice and true/false exercises testing their understanding of the IO catalog and their familiarity with general library terminology, concepts, and specific printed reference tools. The IO portion of the exercise required students to perform searches; transaction logs of the sessions were maintained. Performance on general library skills and IO library catalog skills items are discussed and analyzed to determine the significance of participation in library instruction, frequency of library use, and grade point average. Implications for IUSB library programs and practices are considered in several areas. They include improvements in library instruction methods, including workshops on advanced library topics and interactive computer tutorials; more emphasis on helping patrons limit IO searches to IUSB holdings; and improvements to the periodical holdings list. Potential uses of the microcomputers that have replaced five IO terminals for future assessment of the IO catalog and library instruction are discussed. The library skills survey questionnaire and sample IO screens are appended. (Contains 10 references.) (MES)

The Open Library Network (OBN) is intended to connect national and local university library systems in the Netherlands. OBN integrates existing automated library systems and procedures and brings services like catalog searching and document delivery to the desk of the library user. Project results can be grouped into four categories: (1) the new system; (2) the new online catalog; (3) the national network of online public access catalogs; and (4) the central gateway functions. The project is being carried out by the Pica Center for Library Automation. In the last few years the SURFnet network has provided advanced network infrastructure in the Netherlands. The OBN combines the efforts of the Pica Center with those of SURFnet. With technically advanced network services, the OBN will set the library user in the center of services with seamless access to catalogs and databases. Improvement and introduction of new services are planned, based on user evaluation. The new activities and services should, within the next few years, establish a system for fast mutual document delivery. Eight figures and four tables illustrate network operation and features. (SLD)

The dilemma of cataloging works in writing systems other than the roman alphabet is explored. Some characteristics of these writing system are reviewed, and the implications of these characteristics for input, retrieval, sorting, and display needed for adequate online catalogs of such works are considered. Reasons why needs have not been met are discussed, and some of the ways they might be met are examined. The following are four groups into which non-roman systems are generally divided for simplicity and features that have implications for cataloging: (1) European scripts--upper and lower case (Greek, Cyrillic, and Armenian); (2) Semitic scripts--read right to left (Hebrew and Arabic); (3) Indic scripts--implicit vowel (indigenous scripts of India and Nepal); and (4) East Asian scripts--very large character repertoires (Chinese, Korean, and Japanese). Unicode, which is an effort to define a character set that includes the letters, punctuation, and characters for all the world's writing systems offers assistance in cataloging, and will probably become an international standard late in 1992. Uses of Unicode and the MARC format are explored. (Contains 17 references.) (SLD)

This report considers the ways that the Regis University (Colorado) library has addressed needs created by new adult education programs offered at 10 campus locations in the region, 15 prison sites, a number of corporations, and through independent study. Creation of a new position for a full-time librarian for extended library services and cooperation between the extended library services librarian and the main campus public services librarian are discussed. Initiatives in the following areas defined by the ACRL (Association of College and Research Libraries) Guidelines for Extended Campus Library Services are described: (1) reference assistance, including cooperative library agreements and availability of reference services by telephone, electronic mail, and telefacsimile; (2) computer-based bibliographical and informational services, including use of the existing online catalog system, i.e., CARL (Colorado Alliance for Research Libraries); (3) consultation services provided by the extended services librarian; (4) library user instruction, including on-site assistance and classroom instruction; (5) assistance with non-print media and equipment; (6) reciprocal and contractual borrowing; (7) interlibrary loan services; (8) prompt document delivery; (9) access to reserve materials; and (10) promotion of library services. (KRN)