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In response to the need for real-world implementations of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data for Open Science, the FAIR Island Project offers an established, working field station as a controlled environment to experiment implementing FAIR data policies and workflows. Through a UC-focused, community-oriented, open approach, the FAIR Island Project explores, develops, and showcases generalized place-based tools and methods for FAIR data management. All researchers working on the Tetiaroa field station are required to create data management plans (DMPs) for their proposed projects to study the island, and said DMPs are updated as data collection advances.The FAIR Island Project builds interoperability between pieces of critical research infrastructure -- Data Management Plans (DMPs), research practice, DOIs, and publications contributing to the advancement and adoption of Open Science. The California Digital Library (CDL)’s leading work on transforming static data management plans into continuously updated, networked DMPs transforms the DMP into a living document that can guide the course of research by integrating data management activities and plans with related systems and workflows in the research lifecycle.As part of the FAIR Island Project, CDL is partnering with the University of California Natural Reserve System (UCNRS) to integrate their respective technologies for reservation management and the generation of data management plans to create an integrated system to manage research conducted at any UC field station. Moving forward, the project will advance social and technological infrastructure for place-based open science by rolling out project data policies and technologies to other UC-managed field stations.The Reserve Application Management System (RAMS) of the UCNRS is already in use by 56 field stations, primarily in California. By connecting the RAMS system with the DMPTool, the FAIR Island Project will create a unified workflow wherein researchers are required to submit a DMP that is then reviewed by the field station director/staff and a research data management specialist on the FAIR Island Project team. Upon approval of the DMP, a DOI is minted and can be connected with the DOI(s) assigned for each associated output.This short talk will review the FAIR Island Project’s work to promote Open Science practices at UC-managed field stations through technical integrations and optimal data policies.

This presentation has been given the 7th of June 2023 at the last INFO/RAC National Focal Points meetingand it has beenalready presented in some bilateral meetings with the Contracting Parties(https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7645445), but it is reported here with an homongeneized stylization after the entire meeting slides. Itdescribes the implications of the UNEP-MAP Data Policy for the Contracting Parties. The presentationis related to the document "MAP Data Policy – Implications for the Contracting Parties(UNEP/MED WG.566/Inf. 7)".

Assessing PUSH Universities open access and open data policies and infrastructure

The paper identifies a contradiction between data openness and economic value, possibly hiding a ‘market failure’ requiring a more active intervention from the public hand. Though the sheer quantity of data available for free usage is steadily increasing worldwide, its average quality usually stays well below the minimum threshold required for value creation. In contrast, there is now growing evidence that the use of data has enormous potential for the economy and society, including research and the progress of science. Unfortunately, useful datasets are usually locked in and when actually made accessible, suffer from the same limitations mentioned before. Maybe the time is ripe to undervalue the generalized disclosure of government data in favor of an appropriately incentivized and targeted creation of actionable bases of new IT applications. We present four cases touching upon the issues and potentials of service design, urban innovation, and data-related policies. We identify two possible ways of tackling the highlighted market failure: direct subsidies to government bodies or agencies engaged in disclosing their own datasets and keeping them clean and accessible over time or new regulations that establish more productive data ecosystems, rewarding knowledge creation rather than mere data ownership.

As the commercial remote sensing industry continues to grow, government agencies are looking for opportunities to take advantage of the new and relatively inexpensive data provided by thes...

With increasing importance of data, the interest in the availability of public sector information (PSI) has also increased. Because of its public attributes, PSI directly impacts the national administration as well as the lives of citizens. With the changing technological environment, the value of data is observed to change along with the manner in which data exist and the manner in which data are handled. Further, the usage of PSI should be easy and safe in the age of open data. The relation between the state and citizen with respect to PSI should also be re-established. Therefore, the following questions arise: what is the new-era governmental role in PSI use? What is the policy direction that will ultimately guarantee the right to use PSI? South Korea (hereinafter referred to as “Korea”) has one of the highest levels of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, and considerable amount of data has been collected through government-led policies. Because of such policies, Korea has demonstrated excellence in the United Nation’s e-government survey, ITU (International Telecommunication Union)’s ICT development index, and OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)’s public data openness index. Korea is currently working on further upgrading its data policy to achieve data-based innovation throughout the country. Thus, the current situations that are faced by Korea and their case studies can be good subjects for research, advancing the innovation of PSI management and activating the right to use of PSI. Hence, based on the awareness of the problem, this study sought to introduce the key tasks of future data policies and propose the future direction of the PSI policy. Therefore, this study demonstrated based on the media theory that the management method of PSI changed according to the advancing technology. In addition, this study analyzed the nature of the legal relation that appears with a change in data management and attempted to derive the role of the government to enforce the law ultimately. To do this, we analyzed the role of the government as a data manager and the role of the law as the coordinator of legal rights. Also, by examining the changes in Korea’s PSI policies and the responses experienced by Korea, we determined the essential elements that should be considered by the government for developing future data policies. Thus, the governments should be able to actively support the reuse of data and the participation of stakeholders; the law should go a step further and provide the basis for governments to actively encourage the use of PSI, protect privacy and security, and solve the disputes that arise in the overall process. Thus, the key elements of data management in the future will be the quality of data (accuracy and reliability), standardization of the data form (compatibility and availability), and data security (safety). This research results can be used as guidelines by the government; however, it has limitations in that it provides only key elements to increase citizen’s right to use PSI in the open data era. After Korea’s data usage legislation (the Legislation of Promotion of Data-based Administration) is implemented based on the above factors, new results can be derived through comparative analysis with the PSI policies that have been established overseas.

Open Science for a Global Transformation: CODATA coordinated submission to the UNESCO Open Science Consultation UNESCO is preparing aRecommendation on Open Scienceto be adopted by Member States in 2021. To contribute to this process, UNESCO launched aglobal consultation gathering inputs from all regions and all interested stakeholders, through online consultations, regional and thematic meetings and numerous debates on implications, benefits and challenges of Open Science across the globe. Input via an online consultation was requested by 15 June andCODATAwas invited by the UNESCO Open Science team to present a detailed submission. Following exchanges on theCODATA International Discussion list CODATA agreed to coordinate a joint response from a number of data and information organisations. That document—Open Science for a Global Transformation—was submitted to UNESCO on 15 June and, following minor editorial adjustments, is now published here. Open Science is best characterised as the necessary transformation of scientific practice to adapt to the changes, challenges and opportunities of the 21st century digital era to advance knowledge and to improve our world. This requires changes in scientific culture, methodologies, institutions and infrastructures. These changes are already present in many research domains and institutions, where their transformative effects can be witnessed, but they are unevenly distributed. One of the purposes of Open Science viewed as a call for transformation, is to ensure that ‘no-one is left behind’. Open Science for a Global Transformation was prepared by an expert group, coordinated byCODATA and including representatives from theISC World Data System (WDS),GO FAIRand theInternational Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI) These global data and information organisations have responsibilities for policy advice and promoting collaborations in relation to data and information; they are advocates of Open Science and are convinced of its necessity and benefits. The organisations believe—fundamentally—that it is important to win hearts and minds, to significantly transform science policy and practice, in order to facilitate the application of the technologies and methodologies associated with Open Science to improve our world and address global challenges. Open Science requires policy interventions and investments to ensure equitable participation and access to its benefits and to mitigate some negative consequences. The perspective brought by these organisations lays particular emphasis on maximising appropriate access to (re-)usable data. The Expert Group comprised: Paul Arthur Berkman, Founding Director, Science Diplomacy Center, Professor of Practice in Science Diplomacy, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University; Associated Fellow, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR); Member of the CODATA Data Policy Committee. Jan Brase, head of the Research and Development at the State and University Library, Göttingen; President of ICSTI. Richard Hartshorn, Professor, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury; Secretary General of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; member of the CODATA Executive Committee. Simon Hodson, Executive Director, CODATA. Wim Hugo, Director of Strategy, ISC World Data System. Sabina Leonelli, Turing Fellow and Professor in Philosophy and History of Science, University of Exeter. Barend Mons, Professor in Biosemantics, Leiden University Medical Center; President of CODATA; Director GO FAIR International Support and Coordination Office. Hana Pergl, Operations Manager, CODATA. Hans Pfeiffenberger, Consultant, scientific data infrastructures and policies, Member of the CODATA Data Policy Committee, founder and member of the advisory board of Earth Systems Science Data.

Digital technologies encourage companies to innovate with new processes, goods, and services, which ultimately enhance their competitiveness in local and global markets. This paper analyzes whether a wide set of data restrictions are negatively associated with digital innovation of firms. The paper develops an index of data restrictions that measures the level of data policy restrictiveness for 15 East Asian countries over time. Using various firm-level data sets, the analysis shows that data restrictions inhibit firms' ability to innovate. The analysis takes into account that data restrictions are likely to have a greater impact in sectors that are more reliant on software. Regressions show that in countries that have more restrictive data policies, firms are less likely to use foreign technologies through licensing as part of their innovation process. Country-specific cases for which data are available also show that restrictive data policies are negatively associated with firms' likelihood of using intangible assets, such as patents and goodwill, for performing innovation (in Malaysia and China) and developing innovations as a result of research and development that are new to the market (in Vietnam). The paper concludes that open data policies are likely to foster digital innovation.

Open data platforms provide free access to datasets in key areas of urban development. Often provided by the local state, open data platforms constitute a part of smart city strategies worldwide, serving different, potentially contradictory aims, i.e. fostering economic development, enhancing transparency of urban governance and reshaping the relation between citizens and the state. While benefits of open data are often highlighted, recent research has pointed out to open data initiatives failing to account for and include the ecosystem of urban actors and their interests. Instead, open data platforms are embedded in complex networks of actors and institutions, and consequently form both an object and an instrument of urban governance. Our interest lies in understanding how open data platforms are coproduced by different actors based on their conception of open data. Thus, we theorise the development of open data initiatives through a dynamic approach to agency focussing on the strategies of different actor groups shaping open data initiatives and platforms, in specific governance contexts that define barriers and windows of opportunity. Empirically, our paper will analyse the development and governance of open data initiatives and platforms in the cities of Lyon and Berlin. Departing from the initial steps for setting open data on the agenda, we will provide a process-based perspective unpacking actor strategies and agency to shape open data policies, concrete initiatives and platform design. The analysis is based on tracing the development processes and on interviews with representatives of the administration, open data initiatives and civil society. Our analysis identified a narrowing down of open data initiatives to objectives of economic development and efficient administration, despite the existence of broader visions on open data among other actors. This can be traced back to the impact of shifts in the urban governance contexts and high salience of personnel, financial and technical resources for defining the dominant conception of open data.

The paper aims to present the implementation of the RDA research data policy framework in Slovenian scientific journals within the project RDA Node Slovenia. The activity aimed to implement the practice of data sharing and data citation in Slovenian scientific journals and was based on internationally renowned practices and policies, particularly the Research Data Policy Framework of the RDA Data Policy Standardization and Implementation Interest Group. Following this, the RDA Node Slovenia coordination prepared a guidance document that allowed the four pilot participating journals (from fields of archaeology, history, linguistics and social sciences) to adjust their journal policies regarding data sharing, data citation, adapted the definitions of research data and suggested appropriate data repositories that suit their disciplinary specifics. The comparison of results underlines how discipline-specific the aspects of data-sharing are. The pilot proved that a grass-root approach in advancing open science can be successful and well-received in the research community, however, it also pointed out several issues in scientific publishing that would benefit from a planned action on a national level. The context of an underdeveloped data sharing culture, slow implementation of open data strategy by the national research funder and sparse national data service infrastructure creates a unique environment for this study, the result of which can be used in similar contexts worldwide.

Today it is increasingly evident that data is the new determining element in the economy and society. Digital data is essential resources for economic growth, competitiveness, innovation, job creation and social development. For well-founded decisions, real data containing all the necessary information are required. Public organizations are obliged to collect and store vast amounts of data. However, the question arises: who has access to them and for what purposes are they used for? Open Data has become increasingly prevalent both on organizational and national levels. By making the datasets available to the public, institutions have become more transparent, efficient and more economical. There are EU and national strategies and programs to support open public administration by providing an appropriate legal environment and recommending practical measures. Freedom of information guarantees the accessibility of public data. However, accessibility is blocked by several challenges and obstacles, such as traditional approaches, legal constraints, practical and technical problems. The aim of this paper is to interpret the basic concepts of open government data, and present some of the problems of Hungarian data policy, legal regulations and practical implementations.

Purpose Open data and data sharing should improve transparency of research. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how different institutional and individual factors affect the data sharing behavior of authors of research articles in sociology and political science. Design/methodology/approach Desktop research analyzed attributes of sociology and political science journals (n=262) from their websites. A second data set of articles (n=1,011; published 2012-2014) was derived from ten of the main journals (five from each discipline) and stated data sharing was examined. A survey of the authors used the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine motivations, behavioral control, and perceived norms for sharing data. Statistical tests (Spearman’s ρ, χ2) examined correlations and associations. Findings Although many journals have a data policy for their authors (78 percent in sociology, 44 percent in political science), only around half of the empirical articles stated that the data were available, and for only 37 percent of the articles could the data be accessed. Journals with higher impact factors, those with a stated data policy, and younger journals were more likely to offer data availability. Of the authors surveyed, 446 responded (44 percent). Statistical analysis indicated that authors’ attitudes, reported past behavior, social norms, and perceived behavioral control affected their intentions to share data. Research limitations/implications Less than 50 percent of the authors contacted provided responses to the survey. Results indicate that data sharing would improve if journals had explicit data sharing policies but authors also need support from other institutions (their universities, funding councils, and professional associations) to improve data management skills and infrastructures. Originality/value This paper builds on previous similar research in sociology and political science and explains some of the barriers to data sharing in social sciences by combining journal policies, published articles, and authors’ responses to a survey.

The ways in which environmental priorities are framed are varied and influenced by political forces. One technological advance–the proliferation of government open data portals (ODPs)–has the potential to improve governance through facilitating access to data. Yet it is also known that the data hosted on ODPs may simply reflect the goals and interests of multiple levels of political power. In this article, I use traditional statistical correlation and regression techniques along with newer natural language processing and machine learning algorithms to analyze the corpus of datasets hosted on government ODPs (total: 49,066) to extract patterns that relate scales of governance and political liberalism/conservatism to the priorities and meaning attached to environmental issues. I find that state-level and municipal-level ODPs host different categories of environmental datasets, with municipal-level ODPs generally hosting more datasets pertaining to services and amenities and state-level ODPs hosting more datasets pertaining to resource protection and extraction. Stronger trends were observed for the influences of political conservatism/liberalism among state-level ODPs than for municipal-level ODPs. Accepted version

How big data and small data shape society. Databases as a form of media. Topics may include: data policy and regulation, the politics and ethics of big data, data and decision-making, and data as discourse. Course presentations include: Week 1 - Introduction - What Are Data? Week 2 - Crowdsourcing & Digital Humanitarianism Week 3 - Open Data Week 4 - Moving, Locating and Sensing You Week 5 - Counting You Week 6 - Social Media You Week 7 - Sorting You Week 8 - Identifying You Week 9 - Watching You Week 10 - Big Data You Week 11 - Data Brokers and You Week 12 - Remembering You Week 13 - Critical Data Studies and Review

International audience; Open research data, resulting both from the Open movement (software, public data, scientific publications) and from the encouragement of national and international institutional sponsors, raises not only technical but also epistemological, ethical and political questions. This article examines the questions raised when developing the research action and planning the opening of data, when collecting data requiring a description for storage, and when making them available from storage warehouses. It also discusses institutional incentive initiatives and accompanying measures that support the policy of opening up research data, and reviews the proactive attitude of decision-makers at the highest level of government.; L'ouverture des données de la recherche, née à la fois de la mouvance \textit{Open} (logiciel, données publiques, publications scientifiques) et de l'incitation des commanditaires institutionnels nationaux et internationaux, soulève des interrogations non seulement techniques, mais aussi épistémologiques, éthiques, politiques. Cet article étudie les questions posées lors de l'élaboration de l'action de recherche et de la planification de l'ouverture des données, lors de la collecte des données nécessitant leur description en vue de leur conservation, et lors de leur mise à disposition depuis les entrepôts de stockage. Ce texte revient également sur les initiatives d'incitation institutionnelles et les mesures d'accompagnement qui soutiennent la politique d'ouverture des données de la recherche, et fait le point sur l'attitude volontariste des décideurs au plus haut niveau de l'État.

In the open science and open access to scientific publications movement, the availability of open research data is a recent trend, but one that is becoming increasingly important at the institutional level (European H2020 or ANR national research programs). The publication of research results is no longer sufficient, and it is now necessary to perpetuate, and as far as possible share, the raw or pre-processed data collected during research projects. In their daily professional lives, researchers in Communication Science and Library and Information Sciences are particularly confronted with this evolution, which is likely to influence both their practices and their research objectives. Indeed, from the collection of data - whose typology and very nature, even the conditions of production, often remain uncertain - to their valorisation (initial scientific publication, reuse in sometimes very different perspectives, various treatments...) via phases of description, structuring, analysis, conservation and communication, all aspects of the research in Communication Science and Library and Information Sciences are questioned: methodology, analysis and treatment, interpretation, dissemination, in addition to the ethical aspect. This issue of Études de communication intends to address and question those dimensions of information and communication science research., Dans la mouvance de la science ouverte (Open Science) et du libre accès aux publications scientifique, la mise à disposition des données de la recherche (Open Research Data) est un courant récent, mais qui s’affirme de plus en plus massivement au niveau institutionnel (programmes de recherches européens H2020 ou nationaux ANR). La publication des résultats de la recherche ne suffit plus, et il faut désormais pérenniser, et dans la mesure du possible partager, les données brutes ou prétraitées collectées au cours des projets de recherche. Dans leur quotidien professionnel, les chercheurs en SIC sont particulièrement confrontés à cette évolution qui est de nature à influencer tant leurs pratiques que leurs objets de recherche. En effet, depuis la collecte des données – dont la typologie et la nature même, voire les conditions de production, restent souvent incertaines – jusqu’à leur valorisation (publication scientifique initiale, réutilisation dans des perspectives parfois très différentes, traitements divers...) en passant par des phases de description, de structuration, d’analyse, de conservation et de communication, ce sont tous les aspects du métier de chercheur en SIC qui sont questionnés : méthodologie, analyse et traitement, interprétation, diffusion, en plus du volet éthique. Ce sont ces dimensions de la recherche en sciences de l’information et de la communication que le présent numéro d’Études de communication entend aborder et questionner.

International audience; In the open science and open access to scientific publications movement, the availability of open research data is a recent trend, but one that is becoming increasingly important at the institutional level (European H2020 or ANR national research programs). The publication of research results is no longer sufficient, and it is now necessary to perpetuate, and as far as possible share, the raw or pre-processed data collected during research projects. In their daily professional lives, researchers in Communication Science and Library and Information Sciences are particularly confronted with this evolution, which is likely to influence both their practices and their research objectives. Indeed, from the collection of data - whose typology and very nature, even the conditions of production, often remain uncertain - to their valorisation (initial scientific publication, reuse in sometimes very different perspectives, various treatments...) via phases of description, structuring, analysis, conservation and communication, all aspects of the research in Communication Science and Library and Information Sciences are questioned: methodology, analysis and treatment, interpretation, dissemination, in addition to the ethical aspect. This issue of Études de communication intends to address and question those dimensions of information and communication science research.; Dans la mouvance de la science ouverte (Open Science) et du libre accès aux publications scientifique, la mise à disposition des données de la recherche (Open Research Data) est un courant récent, mais qui s’affirme de plus en plus massivement au niveau institutionnel (programmes de recherches européens H2020 ou nationaux ANR). La publication des résultats de la recherche ne suffit plus, et il faut désormais pérenniser, et dans la mesure du possible partager, les données brutes ou prétraitées collectées au cours des projets de recherche. Dans leur quotidien professionnel, les chercheurs en SIC sont particulièrement confrontés à cette évolution qui est de nature à influencer tant leurs pratiques que leurs objets de recherche. En effet, depuis la collecte des données – dont la typologie et la nature même, voire les conditions de production, restent souvent incertaines – jusqu’à leur valorisation (publication scientifique initiale, réutilisation dans des perspectives parfois très différentes, traitements divers...) en passant par des phases de description, de structuration, d’analyse, de conservation et de communication, ce sont tous les aspects du métier de chercheur en SIC qui sont questionnés : méthodologie, analyse et traitement, interprétation, diffusion, en plus du volet éthique. Ce sont ces dimensions de la recherche en sciences de l’information et de la communication que le présent numéro d’Études de communication entend aborder et questionner.

International audience; Open research data, resulting both from the Open movement (software, public data, scientific publications) and from the encouragement of national and international institutional sponsors, raises not only technical but also epistemological, ethical and political questions. This article examines the questions raised when developing the research action and planning the opening of data, when collecting data requiring a description for storage, and when making them available from storage warehouses. It also discusses institutional incentive initiatives and accompanying measures that support the policy of opening up research data, and reviews the proactive attitude of decision-makers at the highest level of government.; L'ouverture des données de la recherche, née à la fois de la mouvance \textit{Open} (logiciel, données publiques, publications scientifiques) et de l'incitation des commanditaires institutionnels nationaux et internationaux, soulève des interrogations non seulement techniques, mais aussi épistémologiques, éthiques, politiques. Cet article étudie les questions posées lors de l'élaboration de l'action de recherche et de la planification de l'ouverture des données, lors de la collecte des données nécessitant leur description en vue de leur conservation, et lors de leur mise à disposition depuis les entrepôts de stockage. Ce texte revient également sur les initiatives d'incitation institutionnelles et les mesures d'accompagnement qui soutiennent la politique d'ouverture des données de la recherche, et fait le point sur l'attitude volontariste des décideurs au plus haut niveau de l'État.

To improve the quality and efficiency of research, groups within the scientific community seek to exploit the value of data sharing. Funders, institutions, and specialist organizations are developing and implementing strategies to encourage or mandate data sharing within and across disciplines, with varying degrees of success. Academic journals in ecology and evolution have adopted several types of public data archiving policies requiring authors to make data underlying scholarly manuscripts freely available. Yet anecdotes from the community and studies evaluating data availability suggest that these policies have not obtained the desired effects, both in terms of quantity and quality of available datasets. We conducted a qualitative, interview-based study with journal editorial staff and other stakeholders in the academic publishing process to examine how journals enforce data archiving policies. We specifically sought to establish who editors and other stakeholders perceive as responsible for ensuring data completeness and quality in the peer review process. Our analysis revealed little consensus with regard to how data archiving policies should be enforced and who should hold authors accountable for dataset submissions. Themes in interviewee responses included hopefulness that reviewers would take the initiative to review datasets and trust in authors to ensure the completeness and quality of their datasets. We highlight problematic aspects of these thematic responses and offer potential starting points for improvement of the public data archiving process., 35 pages, 1 figure, 1 table

This introduction outlines the contents of the special collection “Open Data and Africa”, which documents the goals and aspirations associated with Open Data means in Africa today: what opportunities they offer, what challenges they pose and what the implications follow from the increasing political and institutional support for this concept.

The DAS policy and statementhas been explicitly co-developed by the Belmont Forum and science publishing community to complement the Data and Digital Outputs Management Plan (DDOMP) requirements being incorporated into all future Belmont Forum Collaborative Research Actions (CRAs) or funding calls. The DDOMP is designed to provide Belmont Forum grantees a framework for practicing good management of transnational and transdisciplinary data throughout their research projects, from the pre-proposal stage to its conclusion. By linking the language and expectations of the DDOMP with the DP3 initiative, funders and publishers will articulate a coherent set of data and research outputs management expectations for researchers, with the ultimate result of improved sharing and re-use of research data The DAS documentis concentrating chiefly on delivering a set of template Data Accessibility Statements (DASs) for guiding Belmont Forum grantees when publishing their research results. The DAS is included as part of a journal article and articulates which data underlie a paper, where the data are available and under what conditions they can be accessed. The DAS encourages researchers to plan for the longevity, reusability, and stability of the data attached to their research publications and results. Access to data promotes reproducibility, prevents fraud and thereby builds trust in the research outcomes based on those data amongst decision- and policy-makers, in addition to the wider scientific community and the general public. Even when the underlying dataset cannot be open (for example, for confidentiality, conservation or security reasons), good machine readable metadata and information about the data’s licensing restrictions are important. Furthermore, by supporting data citation, the DAS also provides opportunities to credit the data collectors and curators. &nbsp

The movements by national governments, funding agencies, universities, and research communities toward “open data” face many difficult challenges. In high-level visions of open data, researchers’ data and metadata practices are expected to be robust and structured. The integration of the internet into scientific institutions amplifies these expectations. When examined critically, however, the data and metadata practices of scholarly researchers often appear incomplete or deficient. The concepts of “accountability” and “transparency” provide insight in understanding these perceived gaps. Researchers’ primary accountabilities are related to meeting the expectations of research competency, not to external standards of data deposition or metadata creation. Likewise, making data open in a transparent way can involve a significant investment of time and resources with no obvious benefits. This paper uses differing notions of accountability and transparency to conceptualize “open data” as the result of ongoing achievements, not one-time acts.

This panel features researchers from six countries which sufficiently vary in culture, historic and current governance traditions and models, size, economic situation, social capital and geographic location. All their national governments implement OGD policy with certain degrees of success and failure.The panelists will present short reports (up to 10 minutes) explaining the current situation in the country which he/she represents by using ecosystem approach1.

Data management plans (DMPs) are becoming commonplace across the globe as a result of funders requiring them with grant proposals, but they are not being employed in ways that truly support the research enterprise. The current manifestation of a DMP—a static document often created before a project begins—only contributes to the perception that they are an annoying administrative exercise. What they really are—or at least should be—is an integral part of research practice, since today most research across all disciplines involves data, code, and other digital components. We are galvanizing the community to reimagine DMPs in this context. One goal is to enhance the DMPTool and DMPonline services, but the larger vision is to improve the experience for everyone involved (researchers, funders, institutions, repositories, libraries, IT...) and support the production of FAIR data. We invite you to read the machine-actionable DMP use cases, contribute your ideas, and take action with us by exploring the resourcelinks below. The project is part of the RDA/US Data Share fellowship sponsored through a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation #G-2014-13746.

The CODATA Prospectus provides a brief summary of strategy and achievement in 2015-2016: it lays out CODATA's mission and strategy and provides information about the key activities and outputs that contribute to the realising of this strategy. The revised version for Nov 2016, contains some minor additions and updates. The document was prepared for the CODATA General Assembly held in Denver, Colorado on 11 September 2016.

The CODATA prospectus provides a brief summary of strategy and achievement in 2015-2016. It was prepared for the CODATA General Assembly held in Denver, Colorado on11 September 2016.

The field of global health is evolving and moving forward from not just securing open access publication toaid in the dissemination of research but further still,making the data underpinning the results of that publication open. Funders1 in the field, and recently theInternational Committee of Medical Journal Editors(ICMJE) [1], are increasingly requiring that researchersmake data produced during their grants publiclyaccessible.Although the push for more data sharing and transparency started with the genomics community, it is quicklyspreading to the global health communities. Indeed, twomajor organisations in the field have already set up a stronginfrastructure for data reuse and sharing. Many of us arealready familiar with the power of open data through theWHO Global Health Observatory Data Repository [2] andthe World Bank Open Data Catalogue [3], both of whichare invaluable resources. In February 2016 the WellcomeTrust also joined ?over 30 global health bodies in calling forall research data gathered during the Zika virus outbreak,and future public health emergencies, to be made availableas rapidly and openly as possible? [4]. This follows a consensus statement arising from a WHO consultation in September 2015 moving towards making this the global norm [5].Reproductive Health wants to help spearhead thisparadigm shift to ensure all data underlying the researchpublished within the journal is publicly available to ensure transparency of research and contribute to enhancing research in the field. Fil: Salaria, Natasha. No especifíca; Fil: Kenall, Amye. No especifíca; Fil: Belizan, Jose. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Context: The rapid emergence of new technologies support collection and use of a wide variety of data from clinical, genomic, social and behavioral, environmental, and financial sources, and have a great impact on the governance of personal health information. Papers in the special issue: The papers in this special issue on governance touch on the topic from a variety of focuses, including leadership perspectives, local and federal case studies, and the future importance of patient engagement. Themes: This special issue focuses on three major themes—that data governance is growing in importance and presenting new challenges that must be addressed, that health care organizations must prioritize governance design, implementation, and functions as a priority, and that governance seems to be naturally converging on an archetype as described by this set of papers. Future State of Governance: In order to deal with issues such as data de- and re-identification, data governance must be studied as its own field.

CODATA’s second strategic plan covers the period 2015-2018. Working within this context, a new Executive Director, appointed in August 2013, has had a significant impact by building on existing activities and developing new and influential activities. A new President and new Executive Committee, elected in 2014, have used this record of recent achievement, and the comments of the 2014 ICSU review of CODATA, to sharpen the strategic focus of CODATA’s work, with a clear view of the way that the small secretariat but large CODATA community can use their resources in the most productive way. Three major strategic programmes are identified that will form clear priorities for CODATA to the end of the planning period in 2018. They are: a) data principles and practice, b) frontiers of data science and c) capacity building. These priorities are central to exploiting the scientific potential of the data revolution. Their credibility as achievable objectives is demonstrated by CODATA’s impressive record of recent achievement. This document argues the relevance of these priorities, sets objectives, identifies planned outputs and indicates the intention to review outcomes at the end of the planning period. The new strategy was circulated in May 2015 to members and then published with minor revisions in its present form.

Research on large shared medical datasets and data-driven research are gaining fast momentum and provide major opportunities for improving health systems as well as individual care. Such open data can shed light on the causes of disease and effects of treatment, including adverse reactions side-effects of treatments, while also facilitating analyses tailored to an individual’s characteristics, known as personalized or “stratified medicine.” Developments, such as crowdsourcing, participatory surveillance, and individuals pledging to become “data donors” and the “quantified self” movement (where citizens share data through mobile device-connected technologies), have great potential to contribute to our knowledge of disease, improving diagnostics, and delivery of ­healthcare and treatment. There is not only a great potential but also major concerns over privacy, confidentiality, and control of data about individuals once it is shared. Issues, such as user trust, data privacy, transparency over the control of data ownership, and the implications of data analytics for personal privacy with potentially intrusive inferences, are becoming increasingly scrutinized at national and international levels. This can be seen in the recent backlash over the proposed implementation of care.data, which enables individuals’ NHS data to be linked, retained, and shared for other uses, such as research and, more controversially, with businesses for commercial exploitation. By way of contrast, through increasing popularity of social media, GPS-enabled mobile apps and tracking/wearable devices, the IT industry and MedTech giants are pursuing new projects without clear public and policy discussion about ownership and responsibility for user-generated data. In the absence of transparent regulation, this paper addresses the opportunities of Big Data in healthcare together with issues of responsibility and accountability. It also aims to pave the way for public policy to support a balanced agenda that safeguards personal information while enabling the use of data to improve public health.

Landsat occupies a unique position in the constellation of civilian earth observation satellites, with a long and rich scientific and applications heritage. With nearly 40 years of continuous observation – since launch of the first satellite in 1972 – the Landsat program has benefited from insightful technical specification, robust engineering, and the necessary infrastructure for data archive and dissemination. Chiefly, the spatial and spectral resolutions have proven of broad utility and have remained largely stable over the life of the program. The foresighted acquisition and maintenance of a global image archive has proven to be of unmatched value, providing a window into the past and fueling the monitoring and modeling of global land cover and ecological change. In this paper we discuss the evolution of the Landsat program as a global monitoring mission, highlighting in particular the recent change to an open (free) data policy. The new data policy is revolutionizing the use of Landsat data, spurring the creation of robust standard products and new science and applications approaches. Open data access also promotes increased international collaboration to meet the Earth observing needs of the 21st century.

The report on the Value of Open Data Sharing was first prepared for the GEO-XII Plenary by the GEOParticipating Organization CODATA (the ICSU Committee on Data for Science and Technology). Throughshowcasing diverse benefits of open Earth observations data, the report is designed to facilitate theprocess of transitioning from restricted data policies to more open policies for government data. At the GEO-XII Plenary the report received positive feedback from GEO Member countries andParticipating Organizations, who also expressed willingness to contribute supplementary case studies.Therefore, it was decided to maintain this report as a living document, with this version for the record asversion 1. The GEO community will provide periodic updates, examples and case studies.

Research on large shared medical datasets and data-driven research are gaining fast momentum and provide major opportunities for improving health systems as well as individual care. Such open data can shed light on the causes of disease and effects of treatment, including adverse reactions side-effects of treatments, while also facilitating analyses tailored to an individual’s characteristics, known as personalized or “stratified medicine.” Developments, such as crowdsourcing, participatory surveillance, and individuals pledging to become “data donors” and the “quantified self” movement (where citizens share data through mobile device-connected technologies), have great potential to contribute to our knowledge of disease, improving diagnostics, and delivery of ­healthcare and treatment. There is not only a great potential but also major concerns over privacy, confidentiality, and control of data about individuals once it is shared. Issues, such as user trust, data privacy, transparency over the control of data ownership, and the implications of data analytics for personal privacy with potentially intrusive inferences, are becoming increasingly scrutinized at national and international levels. This can be seen in the recent backlash over the proposed implementation of care.data, which enables individuals’ NHS data to be linked, retained, and shared for other uses, such as research and, more controversially, with businesses for commercial exploitation. By way of contrast, through increasing popularity of social media, GPS-enabled mobile apps and tracking/wearable devices, the IT industry and MedTech giants are pursuing new projects without clear public and policy discussion about ownership and responsibility for user-generated data. In the absence of transparent regulation, this paper addresses the opportunities of Big Data in healthcare together with issues of responsibility and accountability. It also aims to pave the way for public policy to support a balanced agenda that safeguards personal information while enabling the use of data to improve public health.

The paper presents findings from a recently competed study of the practices of accessing and using government data by selected (non-governmental and non-commercial) research and advocacy organisations in India. The study takes place in the context of the Government of India adopting an open government data policy and launching an open data portal in 2012. Although, most of the organisations interacted with in this study are yet to begin substantial usage of the open data portal, they have a longer history of working with national-scale government data. The study explores the data practices of these organisations so as to evaluate the possibilities and challenges for them to act as 'open data intermediaries' -- that is organisations that mediate access and use of open data by other organisations. The findings of the study provide a cross-sectoral view of the current situation of accessing and using government data in India, and briefly reflect on the future strategies towards a robust open data ecosystem in India.

This document sets the policy for accessing data and information gathered by ADRIPLAN and will ensure that data are handled in a consistent and transparent manner. The policy aims to strike a balance between the rights of investigators and the need for widespread access through the free and unrestricted sharing and exchange of ADRIPLAN data, meta-data and data products. In agreeing to share, data providers need to have assurance that their data are properly handled, disseminated and acknowledged following similar principles and rules across countries and stakeholders. This policy covers data, metadata and products on maritime uses, environmental conditions and planning documents which are acquired, processed and disseminated in the framework of ADRIPLAN. ADRIPLAN doesn't collect any new data so the information it uses depends on the contribution from partners, according to their role in the project and the provisions of the Grant Agreement and the Partnership Agreement, and on data acquired from external sources. Part of the source data are provided directly by ADRIPLAN partners and a large part of data are made available by other organizations. Independent data policies associated to datasets and databases merged in the framework of ADRIPLAN will be included and correct citations will be assured. From source data, added value data products are created as part of ADRIPLAN’s duties. The main goals of this data policy are: to allow ADRIPLAN's partners to discover, access, process and use as many data as possible to develop valuable MSP plans proposals, through the ADRIPLAN Data Portal to provide partners with pertinent, sound, updated, and accurate information to capitalize knowledge, efforts and investments from existing projects and national and international experiences to ensure acknowledgement to owners and producers of the data and information they will provide to ADRIPLAN to ensure that the conditions that are applied to the provided data will be documented and respected in the ADRIPLAN Data Portal to promote the widest possible dissemination and reuse of ADRIPLAN's products and outputs, not only to partners in the project but also to stakeholders, public administrations and citizens to adopt and promote the best and the most open international rules and licenses for sharing and reuse of data &nbsp

Questo documento descrive le regole individuate dal gruppo di lavoro del SP7, e condivise dalla Steering Committee, per la data policy (d.p.) del progetto RITMARE. Costituisce quindi la base dai cui partire per raggiungere, attraverso la sua applicazione vincolante, un Accordo tra i partecipanti al Programma sulle modalità di condivisione dei dati e dei prodotti generati dalle attività o derivati da attività precedenti ma utili per il raggiungimento delle finalità di RITMARE. La proposta è stata elaborata facendo riferimento a tre contesti: 1. La comunità scientifica internazionale, che sia in progetti di ricerca coordinati che in linee guida di agenzie di finanziamento, adotta da sempre regole che favoriscano il più possibile una rapida condivisione delle informazioni, anche quando concede al generatore un periodo di tempo per un uso esclusivo dei dati e dei prodotti; 2. L'Unione Europea, che in numerose direttive indica come irreversibile la prospettiva di un accesso libero a dati e prodotti generati con fondi pubblici; 3. L'Agenda per l'Italia Digitale, che sta via via formulando regole di accesso ai dati in possesso o generati da strutture della Pubblica Amministrazione, sempre più aperte e sta individuando i tipi di licenze da associare ad essi. I punti salienti di questi indirizzi vengono riassunti nel testo, fornendo anche i necessari riferimenti bibliografici. Poiché le modalità di utilizzo variano in relazione al tipo di dato, è stato anche sviluppato uno strumento per censire il tipo di dati e prodotti che le unità operative prevedono di generare allo scopo sia di collegare a priori le regole generali al tipo di dato o prodotto, sia di individuare possibili lacune nelle regole proposte nell'includere ogni possibile tipo di informazione generata in RITMARE.