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AIM: To investigate the association of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) with intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) in primary angle closure (PAC) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). METHODS: Totally 355 eyes (238 PAC and 117 PACG) of 181 patients were included in this retrospective analysis of baseline data from a randomized clinical trial. All patients had undergone a comprehensive ophthalmic examination. The extent of PAS in clock hours as determined on gonioscopy was documented. The independent effect of the extent of PAS on IOP and the prevalence of GON were determined using multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. RESULTS: The frequency of GON increased with the extent of PAS and a higher IOP. PAS were more extensive (8 vs 1 clock hour, P

To investigate the influence of daily activities on myopic refractive change and myopic onset in Chinese urban students. The Beijing Myopia Progression Study was a 3-year cohort study. Cycloplegic refraction and a daily activity questionnaire were assessed at baseline and at follow-up examinations. Refractive change was defined as the difference in cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) between the final follow-up and baseline. 386 students were initially enrolled in the baseline study. At the final follow-up, 222 students (57.5 %) with completed refractive error and daily activity data were analyzed. These students spent 0.32 ± 2.33 h/day more on near work (p = 0.04), and 0.21 ± 1.31 h/day less on outdoor leisure (p = 0.02), than they did at baseline. In the multivariate analysis, the younger among the secondary students (β = 0.06, p

PURPOSETo describe the incidence of Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) in Lucheng District, Wenzhou, China, over a 10-year period.METHODS We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of all inpatient and outpatient patients diagnosed with PSS during the years 2005-2014 in the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The keywords of ‘glaucomatocyclitic crisis’, ‘Posner-Schlossman syndrome’ and ‘PSS’ were used for the retrieval. Only patients with registered residing address in Lucheng District where the hospital located were finally selected. The cumulative incidence and annual incidence of PSS were calculated based on the sum of household registered population and temporary resident population in Lucheng District.RESULTSA total of 576 patients with PSS (339 males and 237 females) met the retrieval criteria. The mean age of these subjects at the first clinic visit was 40±15 years. Intraocular pressure (IOP) of the initial record was 31.91±15.37 mm Hg. The 10-year cumulative incidence of PSS in Lucheng district was 39.53 per 100,000 population, while the mean annual incidence of PSS in this area was 3.91 per 100,000 population. Majority of these patients were 20-59 years old (83.9%). Males showed a significantly higher cumulative incidence of PSS than females (P=0.010). Higher rate of newly onset cases was found in spring (31%) than in other seasons (P=0.006).CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a relatively high incidence of PSS in Wenzhou, a southeastern city in China. Young, male adults are prone to be affected in spring. However, the etiology and other risk factors are still waited to be clarified.

Purpose To investigate the difference between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic autorefraction and its association with the progression of refractive error in Beijing urban children. Methods A total of 386 children aged 6–17 years were enrolled in the baseline investigation of the Beijing Myopia Progression Study in 2010. They were invited for follow-up vision examinations in the years 2011, 2012, and 2013, including cycloplegic (cyclopentolate 1%, three times) autorefraction. We investigated the difference between the cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) and the non-cycloplegic SE (DSE) provided by autorefraction and its association with refractive error progression. The progression of refractive error was defined as the difference between the cycloplegic SE at follow-up and at baseline. Results Two hundred and nineteen children (57%) with completed refractive data (mean ± standard deviation: −1.36 ± 2.44 D at baseline) were ultimately enrolled. The DSE reduced from 0.51 ± 0.72 D at baseline to 0.19 ± 0.43 D in the third year of follow-up (p = 0.01). The baseline DSE was positively associated with the children's baseline cycloplegic refraction (β = 0.193 dioptre dioptre−1, p < 0.001). After further divided by refractive status, the DSE was consistently higher in the hyperopic group than in either the emmetropic or myopic groups at each follow-up (all p < 0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis, the myopic children with larger baseline DSE (β = −0.404 dioptre dioptre−1, p = 0.01) exhibited more myopic refractive change. However, baseline DSE was not found to be a significant risk factor (relative risk, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 0.79–1.41) for those with newly developed myopia. Conclusion In this sample, the children's DSE was found to be increased as the hyperopic refraction increased. Furthermore, greater the DSE was associated with the progression of refractive error among the myopic children, but not with the onset of myopia.

Purpose.: To report the refractive error difference (RED) between parents and their children, and its risk factors, in a rural area of China. Methods.: Children (6–17 years) and their parents (36.2 ± 4.1 years) from the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS) were enrolled. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%, Topcon KR8800) of the children and noncycloplegic autorefraction of their parents were assessed. A detailed vision-based questionnaire was also completed. Refractive error difference was defined as the difference between the parental spherical equivalent (SE) and their children's SE. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED when a child would be 18 years old according to a prediction model. Results.: Three hundred fifty-six pairs of parents and 585 children were enrolled. The RED (median, quartiles) increased from −1.33 (−1.99, −0.98) diopters (D) in children aged 6 to 7 years to 0.81 (−0.16, 2.28) D in children aged 16 to 17 years. The children's SE was predicted to approach the parental SE at 14 years of age. Moreover, the children's estimated myopic shift would be 1.03 D. Multiple linear regression revealed that older children (β = 0.23 D/y, P < 0.0001) and girls (β = 0.24, P = 0.01) tended to have a higher RED. Conclusions.: In this rural Chinese population, the children's refraction was estimated to be similar to the parental refraction at 14 years of age. Moreover, the generational myopic shift was estimated to be approximately 1 D at 18 years of age. These data suggest that the generational difference reflects the increasing prevalence of myopia in the younger generation, which is likely due to changes in environmental exposure.

PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between near work, outdoor activity, and refractive error in schoolchildren in Beijing. METHODS: The Beijing Myopia Progression Study is a hospital-based myopia study, in which 386 students from primary (aged 6 to 12 years) and secondary (aged 13 to 17 years) schools in the inner city of Beijing were enrolled. Cycloplegic refraction and a detailed questionnaire probing near, intermediate, and distance visual activities were completed. RESULTS: Three hundred seventy (95.9%) of 386 students with complete cycloplegic autorefraction and myopia questionnaire data were enrolled in this study. Children with more near work time did not exhibit a significantly more myopic refraction in both the primary and secondary school levels after adjusting for the children's gender, outdoor activity time, and average parental refractive error. A significant association between outdoor activity time (in hours per day) and the children's spherical equivalent (in diopters) was found in the primary school students (β = 0.27, p = 0.03) but not in the secondary school students (β = 0.04, p = 0.70) after adjusting for similar confounders. The time spent on outdoor sports and outdoor leisure in the primary school students was also significantly associated with the children's spherical equivalent (β = 0.46, p = 0.04 and β = 0.31, p = 0.02, respectively). Primary school students with more time outdoors exhibited relatively less myopic refraction than their peers (ptrend = 0.0003), but this relation was not demonstrated in the secondary school children (ptrend = 0.53) after adjusting for similar confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of outdoor activity were associated with less myopic refraction in primary school students in the inner city of Beijing. Near work activity was not found to be associated with refraction at either school level. Language: en