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Objectives: This is the first study to compare the safety and efficacy of opium tincture (OT) with methadone for treatment of opioid use disorder., Methods: In this multicenter, double-blind, noninferiority controlled trial, a stratified sample of 204 participants with opioid use disorder were recruited from community outreach, drop-in centers, and triangular clinics. Participants were excluded in case of active participation in another treatment program for opioid use disorder, hypersensitivity to trial medications, pregnancy, and certain serious medical conditions. They were randomized to receive either OT or methadone with an allocation ratio of 1:1 using a patient-centered flexible dosing strategy. Eligible participants were followed for a period of 12 weeks. Primary outcome is the difference in percentage of patients retained in the treatment. Secondary outcomes are craving, withdrawal symptoms, physical health, mental health, quality of life, and severity of substance use problems, cognitive function, safety profile, cost-effectiveness, and participants' satisfaction. Both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses will be conducted. The Ethics Board of the University of British Columbia and Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved the study. (clinicaltrials.gov; NCT02502175)., Results: To be reported after final analysis., Conclusions: If shown to be effective, OT will diversify the options for medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Aim: To test if opium tincture (OT) was non‐inferior to methadone in retaining participants in opioid agonist treatment (OAT). Design: A Phase III, multi‐centre, parallel‐group, non‐inferiority, double‐blind randomized controlled trial with an allocation ratio of 1:1. Participants were provided treatment and followed for a period of 85 days. Setting: Four OAT clinics in Iran. Participants: Two hundred and four participants with opioid use disorder [mean age (standard deviation) = 37.4 (9.3); female 11.3%] recruited between July 2017 and January 2018. Interventions: Participants were assigned to either OT (102) or methadone (102) using a patient‐centred flexible dosing strategy. Measurements Treatment retention over 85 days was the primary outcome. Self‐reported opioid use outside treatment and occurrence of adverse events (AEs) were the secondary outcomes. Findings Remaining in treatment at the end of the follow‐up were 68.6% in the methadone arm and 59.8% in the OT arm. The relative retention rate of methadone to OT was 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) in both intent‐to‐treat and per‐protocol analyses; non‐inferiority was not supported statistically, as the upper bound of the confidence interval exceeded our pre‐specified non‐inferiority margin (1.25). Opioid use outside treatment was reported by 30.3% of OT (n = 152) and 49.4% of methadone (n = 168) patients, a difference in proportions of −19%: 90% confidence interval (−28%, −10%). The total count of AEs in the OT arm (22 among nine individuals) was significantly higher (P = 0.04) than that in the methadone arm (three among two individuals). Nausea was the most common side effect. Conclusion: While this study could not conclude the non‐inferiority of opium tincture (OT) to methadone for retaining patients in opioid agonist treatment, OT retained 60% of participants to end of follow‐up (85 days) and was superior to methadone in reducing self‐reported opioid use outside treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals vary in their cognitive function, which is influenced by genetics and environmental factors such as opioids. Over 16 million people worldwide are affected by opioid use disorder (OUD), and opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is the most effective treatment for OUD. Evaluating cognitive function in patients with OUD receiving OAT is crucial as cognitive impairments affect everyday functioning and treatment outcomes. Studies on the cognitive effects of two forms of OAT, methadone and opium tincture (OT), have been limited and inconsistent. We thereby examined the cognitive function of patients with OUD treated with OT or methadone. In a randomized controlled trial, participants with OUD were randomized to OT or methadone. Cognition was measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Participants completed the MoCA at baseline, week 4, 8, and 12. The cognitive function of participants improved significantly. There was improvement from OAT initiation to week 4, but this improvement plateaued from week 4 to 12. There were no significant differences in cognitive function between participants receiving OT and methadone. Our findings support the role of both OT and methadone in improving the cognitive function of patients with OUD. This may help enhance the overall rehabilitation and social reintegration of patients. • Cognition improved from opioid agonist treatment initiation to week 4 and plateaued from weeks 4 to 12. • No differences in cognition were seen between patients on opium tincture and methadone. • Both opium tincture and methadone may improve the cognition of patients with opioid use disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]