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Purpose: This study aimed to determine predictive factors for low final visual acuity in patients with inactive Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease using Swept-source OCT and OCT-angiography (OCT-A). Methods: We conducted a prospective longitudinal study, including 21 patients (42 eyes), who were followed up for the first 24 months after disease onset. Patients were included at the acute phase and subsequently treated. Sequential qualitative and quantitative changes in OCT and OCT-A were assessed. Analytical statistical methods were employed to determine predictive factors for final visual acuity. Results: Structural alterations including focal parafoveal outer nuclear layer atrophy, ellipsoid zone disruption, interdigitation zone disruption, and irregular and thickened retinal pigment epithelium line were observed in 57.1% of eyes at month 3, with no significant improvement over time. The presence of flow voids at months 6, 12, and 24 was significantly associated with low final visual acuity. Serous retnal detachment at presentation emerged as an independent risk factor for structural changes detected by SS-OCT during the first 2 years of the disease. Optic disc edema was predictive factor for both structural SS-OCT and OCT-A changes. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of monitoring flow voids to predict final visual acuity and highlights the impact of serous retinal detachment at presentation on structural changes in patients with inactive VKH disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) findings in eyes with active and scarred toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. OCTA scans in active (25 eyes) and scarred (17 eyes) retinochoroiditis were retrospectively reviewed. In active lesions, OCTA findings included a non-detectable flow signal area in retinal vascular plexuses and choriocapillaris in all 25 eyes (100%), an abnormal intraretinal vascular process in 2 eyes (8%), and an associated area of retinal flow deficit secondary to branch retinal artery occlusion in one eye (4%). In scarred lesions, OCTA findings included a flow deficit area in retinal vascular plexuses and choriocapillaris in all 17 eyes (100%), a visibility of larger deeper choroidal vessels at the level of choriocapillaris in 9 eyes (53%), and a well-defined intraretinal vascular network in one eye (5.9%). Peripapillary scars were associated on OCTA with wedge-shaped loss of radial peripapillary capillaries with corresponding localized retinal nerve fiber layer defect and visual field loss. OCTA allows to non-invasively detect retinal and choroidal vascular changes in active and scarred toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To provide an overview of the role of multimodality approach to the diagnosis and assessment of uveitic macular edema (UME). Methods: Review of literature. Results: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become the gold standard in the detection, quantification, monitoring of treatment, and determination of prognosis in UME. Fluorescein angiography provides essential information on blood-retinal barrier disruption as a result of intraocular inflammation and allows detection of associated retinal ischemia and neovascularization. Dye-less OCT angiography can reveal the presence of various qualitative and quantitative retinal microvascular changes mostly involving the deep capillary plexus. Reading acuity and retinal sensitivity assessed by microperimetry represent sensitive measures for visual dysfunction in UME and may supplement distance visual acuity in the follow-up of patients with UME. Conclusion: Conventional and new imaging modalities and ancillary tests complement each other in the diagnosis, assessment, and monitoring of patients with UME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) findings in uveitic cystoid macular edema (CME).Methods: Prospective study of 36 eyes.Results: Cystoid black spaces were shown in the deep capillary plexus (DCP) in 36 eyes (100%) and in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) in 6 eyes (16.7%). Grayish areas of capillary non perfusion/hypoperfusion were seen in 69.4% of eyes in the DCP (vs 25% in the SCP, p < .001). The foveal avascular zone was larger than in the control healthy eyes in the DCP (p < .001). Capillary density was lower than in the control group in the SCP (p = .001) and the DCP (p < .001). Of 11 eyes with resolved CME on OCT, 4 eyes showed complete recovery of both plexuses on OCTA. There was a persistence of areas of capillary rarefaction in 4 eyes, and of hypoperfusion/nonperfusion in 3 eyes.Conclusion: OCTA visualizes perifoveal microvascular changes in uveitic CME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) findings in eyes with ocular sarcoidosis (OS) and to compare these findings with those of fluorescein angiography (FA). Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, case-control study. Patients presenting with OS involving the posterior segment were evaluated using FA, structural-OCT and OCT-A. OCT-angiograms of the superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexuses and choriocapillaris (CC) were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Results: OCT-A seemed more sensitive than FA in detecting perifoveal capillary arcade disruptions, areas of hypoperfusion/non-perfusion and capillary abnormalities (p<0.05). Capillary hypoperfusion was more frequently detected in the DCP than in SCP, conversely capillary abnormalities were more often observed at the level of the SCP. Capillary vessel density values were significantly lower in eyes with OS than in healthy controls both at the level of DCP and CC (p<0.05). Conclusion: The depth-resolved nature of OCT-A allowed new insights on OS-induced microvascular and perfusion impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Retinal vasculitis (RV) is a sight-threatening intraocular inflammatory condition involving retinal blood vessels. Discrimination between infectious and noninfectious etiologies is mandatory to appropriate management and favorable outcome. Areas covered: A comprehensive literature review between January 1986 and January 2019 was conducted in PubMed database. Pathophysiology, clinical and imaging features, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of RV were reviewed. Expert opinion: In any patient with RV, a tailored diagnostic approach is recommended. A masquerade syndrome should always be excluded first, and then an infectious cause must be ruled out before corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy can be considered. Clinician also should be aware of sight-threatening complications that may affect visual prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundus photographs provided show deep yellowish lesions, multifocal exudative retinal detachments, and optic disc hyperemia in both eyes. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans shown demonstrate bilateral exudative retinal detachments involving the macula in the right eye. The exudative retinal detachment is characterized by the presence of subretinal fibrin and septa. The B-scan ultrasonography provided shows low- to medium-reflective choroidal thickening predominating around optic nerve head, in association with exudative retinal detachment in the right eye. All these findings are highly suggestive of acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease rather than multifocal choroiditis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report 2 cases of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) associated with Behççet disease (BD). Design: Small case series. Methods: Review of two patients'' charts, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results: The authors report two young patients, diagnosed with BD, who developed decreased vision secondary to BRAO for the first patient and cilioretinal artery occlusion associated with branch retinal vein occlusion for the second patient. In the two cases, artery occlusion was associated with active intraocular inflammation. Conclusions: BRAO, with subsequent transient or permanent visual impairment, is an additional ocular complication of BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]