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A variable-phase-shifter (VPS) architecture with hybrid precoding for mixture use of phase shifters and switches, is proposed for millimeter wave massive multiple-input multiple-output communications. For the VPS architecture, a hybrid precoding design (HPD) scheme, called VPS-HPD, is proposed to optimize the phases according to the channel state information by alternately optimizing the analog precoder and digital precoder. To reduce the computational complexity of the VPS-HPD scheme, a low-complexity HPD scheme for the VPS architecture (VPS-LC-HPD) including alternating optimization in three stages is then proposed, where each stage has a closed-form solution and can be efficiently implemented. To reduce the hardware complexity introduced by the large number of switches, we consider a group-connected VPS architecture and propose a HPD scheme, where the HPD problem is divided into multiple independent subproblems with each subproblem flexibly solved by the VPS-HPD or VPS-LC-HPD scheme. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the propose schemes and show that the proposed schemes can achieve satisfactory spectral efficiency performance with reduced computational complexity or hardware complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency (EE) is an important aspect of satellite communications. Different with the existing algorithms that typically use the first-order Taylor lower bound approximation to convert non-convex EE maximization (EEM) problems into convex ones, in this letter a two-step quadratic transformation method is presented. In the first step, the fractional form of the achievable rate over the total power consumption is converted into a non-fractional form based on quadratic transformation. In the second step, the fractional form of the signal power over the interference-and-noise power is further converted into a non-fractional form, still based on quadratic transformation. After the two-step quadratic transformation, the original EEM problem is converted into an equivalent convex one. Then an alternating optimization algorithm is presented to solve it by iteratively performing two stages until a stop condition is satisfied. Simulation results show that the presented algorithm can fast converge and its performance is better than that of the sequential convex approximation algorithm and the multibeam interference mitigation algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from the existing works, in this paper we investigate the pilot allocation in multi-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, aiming to maximize the spectral efficiency (SE) subject to the constraint that the number of user equipments (UEs) satisfying the quality of service (QoS) is maximized. Since the considered bilevel optimization problem that is tough to handle, we resort to the greedy algorithms with low computational complexity. We propose a QoS constrained (QC) pilot allocation scheme, which sequentially allocates the pilot sequence having large interference power to the UE with small signal power so that the number of UEs satisfying QoS can be maximized and then the SE can also be maximized. Simulation results show that the propose QC scheme outperforms the conventional scheme and smart pilot allocation (SPA) scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the downlink transmission for cache-enabled fog radio access networks aiming at maximizing the delivery rate under the constraints of fronthaul capacity, maximum transmit power, and size of files. To reduce the delivery latency and the burden on fronthaul links and make full use of the local cache and baseband signal processing capabilities of enhanced remote radio heads (eRRHs), a two-level transmission scheme including cache-level and network-level transmission is proposed. In cache-level transmission, only requested files cached at the local cache are transmitted to the corresponding users. The duration of cache-level transmission is the delay caused by the transfer between the baseband unit (BBU) and eRRHs as well as the signal processing at the BBU. The remaining requested files are jointly transmitted to the corresponding users at network-level transmission. For cache-level transmission, a centralized optimization algorithm is first presented and then a decentralized optimization algorithm is provided to avoid the exchange of signaling among eRRHs. Meanwhile, another centralized optimization algorithm is presented to tackle the optimization problem for network-level transmission. All presented algorithms are proved to converge to the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker solutions of the problems. Numerical results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed transmission scheme as well as evaluating the system performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency (EE) has become an important metric for future wireless communication systems. However, how to achieve balance between SE and EE for a multicell multiuser coordinated beamforming system remains an open problem. In this paper, we propose a new paradigm for EE–SE balancing, namely, using a new metric called resource efficiency (RE) as the objective function to achieve a reasonable tradeoff between SE and EE. The considered optimization problem is more complex than traditional problems and, in general, is NP-hard for finding the globally optimal solution. To obtain insight into the problem, we first equivalently transform the original problem into a parameterized subtractive form optimization problem with some auxiliary variables by using the fraction programming theory. Then, a successive convex approximation method and the classical second-order cone programming method are jointly used to solve the equivalent problem. Finally, an effective algorithm with proven convergence is proposed to obtain the solution to the considered RE optimization. In addition, the algorithm is further extended to consider imperfect channel state information (CSI) using the worst-case design. Extensive numerical simulations are given to validate the effectiveness of our algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing works design the pilot pattern for sparse channel estimation, assuming that the power of all pilots is equal. However, equal power allocation is not optimal in cognitive radio (CR) systems. In this correspondence, we jointly design the pilot power and pilot pattern for sparse channel estimation in orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing-based CR systems, based on the rule of mutual incoherence property that minimizes the coherence of the measurement matrix used for the sparse recovery. Under the sum power constraint and peak power constraint, the pilot design is formulated as a joint optimization problem, which is then decoupled into tractable sequential formations. Given a pilot pattern, we formulate the design of pilot power as a second-order cone programming. Then, we propose a joint design algorithm, which includes discrete optimization for pilot pattern and continuous optimization for pilot power. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better channel estimation performance in terms of mean square error and bit error rate and can further improve the spectrum efficiency by 2.4%, compared with existing algorithms assuming equal pilot power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the pilot design based on the mutual incoherence property (MIP) for sparse channel estimation in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. With respect to the length of channel impulse response (CIR), we first derive a sufficient condition for the optimal pilot pattern generated from the cyclic different set (CDS). Since the CDS does not exist for most practical OFDM systems, we propose three pilot design schemes to obtain a near-optimal pilot pattern. The first two schemes, including stochastic sequential search (SSS) and stochastic parallel search (SPS), are based on the stochastic search. The third scheme called iterative group shrinkage (IGS) employs a tree-based searching structure and removes rows in a group instead of removing a single row at each step. We later extend our work to multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) systems and propose two schemes, i.e., sequential design scheme and joint design scheme. We also combine them to design the multiple orthogonal pilot patterns, i.e., using the sequential scheme for the first several transmit antennas and using the joint scheme to design the pilot pattern for the remaining transmit antennas. Simulation results show that the proposed SSS, SPS, and IGS converge much faster than the cross-entropy optimization and the exhaustive search and are thus more efficient. Moreover, SSS and SPS outperform IGS in terms of channel estimation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this correspondence, sparse channel estimation is first introduced in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based cognitive radio systems. Based on the results of spectrum sensing, the pilot design is studied by minimizing the coherence of the dictionary matrix used for sparse recovery. Then, it is formulated as an optimal column selection problem where a table is generated and the indexes of the selected columns of the table form a pilot pattern. A novel scheme using constrained cross-entropy optimization is proposed to obtain an optimized pilot pattern, where it is modeled as an independent Bernoulli random process. The updating rule for the probability of each active subcarrier selected as a pilot subcarrier is derived. A projection method is proposed so that the number of pilots during the optimization is fixed. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and show that it can achieve 11.5% improvement in spectrum efficiency with the same channel estimation performance compared with the least squares (LS) channel estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]