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Nowadays, the popularity of e-cigarettes is growing rapidly. Manufacturers of e-cigarettes advertise them as a less harmful option than traditional cigarettes, suggesting that their use can help reduce nicotine dependence and reduce the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, studies indicate that inhaling the chemicals in liquids can carry serious health consequences, particularly concerning the oral cavity Many of these preparations contain substances about whose effects we do not yet know enough, which raises concerns among public health professionals. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of e-cigarettes, including their popularity, the origins of their development, the substances they contain and the impact they have on oral health, which is most at risk from the harmful effects of e-cigarettes.

Introdution: Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by the cyclical onset and resolution of symptoms. It is a progressive disease that leads to intestinal damage and even disability. This disease can occur in any segment of the digestive system, from the mouth to the anus. The typical symptom is segmental inflammation in the small or large intestine, which is separated by healthy sections. The inflammation usually starts in the mucosa but, over time, spreads to the entire thickness of the intestinal wall, which can lead to intestinal damage, scarring, and the subsequent formation of fistulas and strictures. Inflammatory lesions most often occur in the last segment of the ileum, followed in order by the small and large intestines and the large intestine itself. Aim of the study: The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of Crohn's disease, focusing on oral symptoms. Materials and methods: An analysis of scientific articles available in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases was conducted. The study used publications from recent years that were most pertinent to the topic under discussion. The search process consisted of using the following keywords: “crohn's disease”, “oral manifestations”, “oral healh”, “Crohn's disease symptoms”. Results: In addition to the classic intestinal symptomatology, Crohn's disease can also manifest in the oral cavity. Symptoms that appear in the oral cavity may be early harbingers of Crohn's disease, occur concurrently with its onset, or manifest themselves several years after the onset of the condition. They most commonly involve the lips, buccal mucosa and gums. According to Malins and colleagues, these lesions can be divided into specific and non-specific ones. Conclusions: Crohn’s disease diagnoses are increasing, and early awareness of symptoms is crucial for timely diagnosis and prevention of complications.

INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health, with increasing clinical interest in its impact on oral health. This review explores the significance of Vitamin D in dentistry, focusing on its effects on dental caries, periodontal disease, malocclusion, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Additionally, it identifies risk groups for Vitamin D deficiency and outlines current supplementation guidelines. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: Vitamin D3, synthesized in the skin or obtained through diet, regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism essential for bone, enamel, and dentin mineralization. Maintaining serum 25(OH)D concentrations of at least 30 ng/ml is recommended for optimal health benefits. Vitamin D's immunomodulatory properties impact oral health by reducing inflammation and enhancing antimicrobial defenses. It plays a role in preventing dental caries, managing periodontal disease, influencing craniofacial development, and potentially affecting TMD. Risk groups for Vitamin D deficiency include the elderly, individuals with darker skin, those living in northern latitudes, and people with certain medical conditions or on specific medications. SUMMARY: Adequate Vitamin D levels, achieved through diet, supplementation, and sun exposure, can significantly contribute to oral health and overall well-being. Increasing awareness of Vitamin D's importance, especially among at-risk groups, is crucial for maintaining optimal oral health.