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The ongoing patent battle relating to Cefdinir polymorphism and crystalline forms is described from a scientific point of view. This case study illustrates some of the strategies adopted by generic bulk manufacturers to challenge originator's patents on polymorphic forms.

The development of a high-yield and low environmental impact synthesis able to deliver highly pure pergolide mesylate 1 is described. The process [seven chemical steps (four telescoped), three steps of isolation of intermediate, and only one drying] affords pergolide mesylate 1 in 75−81% overall yield from dihydrolysergic acid 4 with >99.8% purity.

A thermogravimetric method was used to study the behaviour of seven pulverized commercial coals during the first instants of their combustion and devolatilization and combustion of the corresponding chars. Their weight variations are related to the evolution of the surface characteristics of the carbonaceous materials. In particular, BET surface areas of the chars appear to be strictly related to the volatile matter of the parent coals and to the devolatilization conditions. A thermogravimetric reactivity parameter is suggested and related to the combustion efficiency obtained from pilot plant combustion data.

A new TGA method for evaluating the carbon residue of heavy fuel oil (TGCR) is proposed. Using a Netzsch STA 409 thermobalance it is possible to submit the sample to a high heating rate (> 750°Cmin−1) in nitrogen obtaining a rapid pyrolysis followed by the combustion of carbon residue in oxygen. The results obtained for eight samples of heavy fuel oil are compared with the asphaltene content and with the Conradson carbon residue (CCR). This method is easy and rapid to carry out; it is characterized by good repeatability and may be widely employed in routine laboratories for fuel oil control.

This investigation shows how sodium chloride adsorbed on particles of limestone can influence certain surface characteristics of the calcium oxide obtained by the calcination process and its capability for flue-gas desulphurization. About 2 wt% of NaCl was found to favour the formation of CaO with a porous texture and also with a better size distribution, which is related both to a higher degree of conversion to CaSO 4 of the sorbent and to a higher rate of conversion. This effect reaches a maximum activity at a temperature of about 850 °C and markedly decreases with increase in the sorbent particle size. KCl behaves in a similar way, but other metallic chlorides examined led to a decrease of the sorption activity of the CaO.

Physical and combustion properties of a pyrolytic bio-oil are determined both as-obtained and after catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. The tests demonstrate that the hydrogenation treatment improves the oil as regards combustibility, viscosity and acidity. Combustion properties of the oil have been characterized by evaporation and temperature programmed combustion profiles.

A series of coals of different rank has been characterized by surface area measurements performed by sorption of both nitrogen and carbon dioxide. While the data obtained with nitrogen do not discriminate among the different coal samples, those based on carbon dioxide sorption do give a significant distinction between the samples. This technique has also been applied to the determination of the surface area of coal samples quenched after stepwise combustion in air atmosphere. It has been possible to establish a useful correlation between the latter data and the burning profile measured by derivative thermogravimetry. The aim of the present study was to gain a better understanding of the coal combustion process on a laboratory scale which could reasonably be extended to combustion plants. The results presented are relevant to some of the multivalent aspects inherent in the coal combustion process and some valuable information has been gained in respect of characterization of solid fuels.

Solid fuel samples were characterized by their proximate and ultimate analyses and then subjected to heat in a thermobalance, both under air and nitrogen. Trends in weight loss were recorded by thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). By examining the data obtained, it was possible to show the existence of good correlations between the VM FC , C H and (C + H) O ratios and both rate of weight loss data and the temperatures deduced from the burning and volatile release profiles. Methods for evaluating the reactivity of coal are reported showing that these substantially agree with the results obtained.

In this paper, data are reported for the behaviour of some charcoals during combustion and devolatilization in a thermal analyser.