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Semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries often produce waste alcohol mixtures. This study discusses a reactive distillation process of a mixed alcohol feed containing n-amyl alcohol and n-hexanol to react with acetic acid to produce useful esters. In an earlier paper (Lee et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009 48, 7186–7204), optimal design of the same Type-III mixed-alcohol reactive distillation process containing n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol was developed. In that paper, the indirect sequence containing a reactive distillation column with heavier amyl acetate bottom product and a second column to produce butyl acetate gives the lowest total annual cost. In this study, with different mixed alcohol feed (although of the same reaction type), it is found that an alternative direct sequence design is much more economically favorable with 34% reduction in total annual cost as compared to the indirect sequence. The reason for the seemingly contradictory results can be explained by differences in relative volatili...

Kinetics of heterogeneous catalysed esterification of propionic acid with n-amyl alcohol was studied with a microporous cation-exchange resin catalyst, Dowex 50Wx4, in a stirred batch reactor to synthesise amyl propionate. Effects of various parameters such as speed of agitation, catalyst loading, and reaction temperature on reaction rate were investigated. The equilibrium conversion of propionic acid increased with in catalyst loading and reaction temperature. Stirrer speed had virtually no effect on the reaction rate under the experimental conditions. The apparent activation energy was found to be 43.167 kJmol−1 for the formation of amyl propionate and the equilibrium constant, which is independent of temperature ranging from 318 to 348 K, was found to be 4.05. It was also observed that the initial reaction rate decreased with water concentrations and increased with that of acid and increased with that of alcohol linearly. The reaction was found to occur between an adsorbed acid molecule and a molecule of alcohol in the bulk and it was concluded that the reaction mechanism can be represented by Eley-Rideal model.

The kinetics of esterification of salicylic acid with amyl alcohol has been studied batchwise in the presence of Lewatit MonoPlus S-100 as heterogeneous catalyst. The kinetic behavior of the reaction has been tested by three different models: the quasi-homogeneous model, the Eley–Rideal model and the Langmuir–Hinselwood model. L-H model fits the experimental data best among the others.Keywords: Esterification, Salicylic Acid, n-Amyl Alcohol, Kinetic modeling, Lewatit MonoPlus S-100, Amil alkol ile salisilik asidin esterifikasyon kinetiği heterojen bir katalizör olan Lewatit MonoPlus S-100 varlığında kesikli bir sistemde incelenmiştir. Reaksiyon kinetik davranışı, üç farklı modelde tarafından test edilmiştir: yarı-homojen bir model, Eley-Rideal modeli ve Langmuir-Hinselwood modeli. Bütün modeller arasında en iyi deneysel verileri L-H modelinin sağladığı bulunmuştur

Manufacturing processes in the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries often produce alcohol mixture byproducts. Therefore, the esterification of alcohol mixtures may be an important step in re...

Esterifications of n-amyl alcohol with propionic acid catalyzed by macroporous (Amberlyst-15) and microporous (Dowex 50 W and Amberlite IR-120) polymeric ion-ex6hange resins were carried out between 333-348 K. When these catalysts were used as commercially available, Amberlyst-15 was observed to be the most effective catalyst with respect to rate constants, but after drying it became the less effective one. The reaction rate increased with increase in catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Stirrer speed and different mesh sizes had virtually no effect on the rate under the experimental conditions. The effect of divinylbenzene content was examined for the micro porous resin Dowex 50 W, and the results showed that the propionic acid conversion decreased as the divinylbenzene content was increased. The rate data were correlated with a second-order homogeneous reaction model. The apparent activation energies, reaction enthalpies and entropy values were calculated for each catalyst. Reaction monitoring is simple and fast by volumetric method and the reproducibility of this method was the order of +/- %2.54.

The static and dynamic solvation behavior in a n-amyl alcohol (PtOH)–chloroform (CHCl3) binary solvent mixture was identified by steady state absorption, fluorescence quenching and picosecond streak camera studies, and also confirmed by a solvent exchange model. The evolution of synergistic solvation in the steady state absorption measurements was basically a result of solvent–solvent interactions via an extended intermolecular hydrogen bonding network. However, in the excited state, the desertion of such synergistic characteristics undoubtedly points towards the fragile nature of solvent networks present in the binary solvent mixture. It was believed and subsequently confirmed by the dynamics of the solvent response that the disruption of the weakly interactive solvent interactions is the core motivation for the absence of the synergism in the excited state. Surprisingly, we discovered the slowest dynamics in the binary mixture, with an average solvation time of 367.9 ps (in XPtOH = 0.43), which is much slower than the values for the pure solvents (〈τs〉n-amyl alcohol = 145.7 ps and 〈τs〉chloroform = 1.3 ps). The unexampled slowing of the solvation dynamics of C480 in the solvent mixture is believed to be owing to the inflexible combined solvent structure of n-amyl alcohol–chloroform in the first solvation shell around the solvatochromic molecule. As a consequence, such solvent immobility from the solvation shell subdues the molecular degree of freedom, resulting in a retardance of the fluorescence quenching process in the solvent mixture. Hence, the appearance of distinct solvation in the n-amyl alcohol–chloroform binary solvent mixture supplies a clear manifestation of solvent association interplay through weak hydrogen bonding which is believed to build up a unique solvation network compared to pure counterparts.

Vapor-liquid equilibria were measured for the three binary systems made of methyl ethyl ketone with acetone, methyl acetate, or n-amyl alcohol at 100 kPa of pressure by the dew-point-bubble-point temperature apparatus previously proposed by the authors was modified in the present study. Combining the experimental dew-point and bubble-point temperature curves, vapor-liquid equilibria were obtained without using any analytical instrument

n-Amyl alcohol was examined as a source for the synthesis of the 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) unit of the biopolyester, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(3HB-co-3HV)), by Alcaligenes sp., Pseudomonas sp. and several methylotrophic bacteria. A. eutrophus and Ps. lemoignei synthesized P(3HB-co-3HV) from glucose and n-amyl alcohol under nitrogen-deficient conditions. Many of methylotrophic bacteria grown on methanol synthesized the copolyester from methanol and n-amyl alcohol under nitrogen-deficient conditions. The content and composition of the polyester varied from strain to strain. Paracoccus denitrificans differed from all others in having a higher content of 3-hydroxyvalerate units in the copolyester synthesized.

Strains of two types of methylotrophic bacteria, Paracoccus denitrificans and Methylobacterium extorquens, synthesized the copolyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) when methanol and n -amyl alcohol were added together to nitrogen-limited medium. The composition of the copolyester differed considerably between the two strains: the copolyester from P. denitrificans was comparatively rich in 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV). The 3HV content of the copolyester synthesized by this strain increased with increasing concentrations of n -amyl alcohol. Its maximum content was 91.5 mol% under the conditions used. In M. extorquens, the maximum 3HV content was limited to 38.2 mol%. Since n -amyl alcohol served as a substrate for a standard methanol dehydrogenase, the enzyme was proposed to oxidize both methanol and n -amyl alcohol in the first step of copolyester synthesis from these substrates by methanol-grown cells.

Nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence polarization techniques were used to determine n -amyl alcohol partitioning between, and effects on, lipid microdomains of isolated rat cerebral synaptic plasma membranes, n -Amyl alcohol binding to the hydrophobic membrane core had an unchanging binding constant over an aqueous alcohol concentration range of 2.5–22.5 mM, indicating a linear relationship between membrane core and aqueous alcohol concentrations. Binding to the membrane surface, in contrast, was cooperative with a steadily increasing binding constant over this alcohol concentration range. Membrane lipid order was determined using various fluorescent probes with preferences for the membrane core, for the mid-acyl regions of the exofacial or cytofacial bilayer leaflets and for ordered or bulk microdomains. All these probes showed steady decreases in membrane order with increasing alcohol concentration, at least for the nanosecond time scale sampled by this technique. These results further demonstrate the complexity of interaction between natural membranes and membrane disordering agents.

The adsorption of n-amyl alcohol on the (111) and (100) faces of silver has been investigated. Some adsorption parameters have been estimated. It is shown that the (100) face adsorbs organic molecules more strongly.

Vapor-llquld equHMwn data for the blnary 8ystems ethylene glycol (1,?4hanedbl) wlth n-amyl alcohol (1-pentanol) and ethylene glycol wlth Isoamyl alcohol (3-methyi-l-bulanol) have been measured at 100 mmHg (13.33 kPa) by ushg a reclrculatbn stll a8 propowd by Rbck and Sleg. From these data, Uquld-phare activity coetfldents were flttod by wing the MarguJes, van Laar, Wilson, and UNIQUAC equations. Vapor-prereure meawr(MIBnts of the pure substances were carrled out, and the data were correlated wlth the Antolne equatlon. The Wnaty data were used for the determlnatlon of UNIFAC parameters.

This paper presents an experimental study on combustion and emissions characteristics of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in which in-cylinder directly injected n-heptane combined with port injection (PI) of ethanol, n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol are used in a single-cylinder engine. The results show that when the overall lower heating values (LHVs) per-cycle is constant, with the increase of premixed ratio (RP), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions decrease. When in high overall LHVs per-cycle, NOx and soot emissions of ethanol, n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol RCCI are also high. Meanwhile, compared to n-heptane/n-butanol and n-heptane/n-amyl alcohol, the combustion phases of ethanol RCCI are strongly delayed at high premixed ratio. For certain premixed ratios and overall LHVs per-cycle, low NOx and soot emissions can be realized when fueled with ethanol.

Amination of phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone with ammonium formate (Leuckart-Wallach reaction) in a one-pot reaction gave 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethylamine (3a) in high yield (81%). Other fluorinated 1-arylethylamine derivatives were obtained from their corresponding aryl ketones in moderate to good yields (55–81%). Enzymatic resolution of racemic 3a was done with Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase (Amano lipase AK) via enantioselective alcoholysis of its chloroacetamide (4a) with n-amyl alcohol in diisopropyl ether giving good enantioselectivity (E-value = 44). Other amines also were resolved by lipase AK under similar conditions (E-values = 25 to >100).

Fruit spirits contain a large array of volatile compounds among which the important role from toxicological aspect besides ethanol has methanol, aliphatic esters and fusel alcohols. This study evaluates the content of ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol), n-propyl alcohol (propan-l-ol), isobutyl alcohol (2-methylpropan-1-ol), n-butyl alcohol (1-butanol), isoamyl alcohol (3-methyl-1-butanol) and n-amyl alcohol (pentan-1-ol) in different grapes and plum brandies industrially produced at Republic of Macedonia. Gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID) was applied for the characterization of all investigated volatile compounds. The obtained results revealed that the highest methanol content was present in the samples of plum brandy, which is mainly due to the higher content of pectin in the raw material. The most important higher alcohols of grape and plum brandies were found to be: n-propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol and isoamyl alcohol. In all the analyzed samples of grape and plum brandies, the most abundant was isoamyl alcohol which content ranged from 50.3 to 290.7 mg/100 mL a.a. Comparing the results with the data from the literature, it can be concluded that the concentrations of all investigated volatile compounds in the samples of grape and plum brandies are commonly acceptable. Keywords: Fruit Spirits, Gas Chromatography (GC), Methanol, Ethyl Acetate, Fusel Alcohols

Candida cylindracea lipase was modified by carboxylic-acid-terminated polymers having different molecular weights, i.e., poly[(N-acetylimino)ethylene] (2a), poly[(N-propionylimino)ethylene] (2b) and poly-[(N-sobutyrylimino)ethylene] (2c). The effect of N-acyl substituent of 2a-c on the enzymatic activity of modified lipase (4) for hydrolysis of olive oil and p-nitrophenyl propionate in an aqueous solution and for esterification between n-amyl alcohol and caprylic acid in chloroform, benzene, toluene, and isooctane was examined by using 2a-c of a similar MW (5000–6000). It was found that the active site reactivity of lipase was not as influenced by the chemical modification of lipase in an aqueous medium, and that the rates of esterification were remarkably enhanced, especially in benzene and toluene, by modification with 2b or 2c compared with the native lipase. The effects of the molecular weight of 2a-c and the average number of 2a-c per molecule of lipase on the enzymatic activity were also in...

Adsorption isotherms are analyzed for slightly soluble organic components from water for a wide range of reduced concentrations. It is shown that the behavior of these systems can be modeled by an equation of the forma = Ac/[(1 +Bc)(1 −c/c0)d] over the range ofc/c0from about 0.05 to 0.9. Hereais the adsorption amount,cis the concentration of organic compound in the water,c0is a solubility limit for the organic compound, andA,B, anddare adjustable parameters. Comparison is made with experimental data for the adsorption ofn-caproic acid,n-valeric acid,n-amyl alcohol,n-butyl alcohol, aniline, cyclohexanol, and phenol from aqueous solutions on carbon adsorbents.

The oxidation of gaseous propane under gamma radiolysis was studied at 100 torr pressure and 25°C, at oxygen pressures from 1 to 15 torr. Major oxygen-containing products and their G -values with 10% added oxygen are as follows: acetone, 0.98; i -propyl alcohol, 0.86; propionaldehyde, 0.43; n -propyl alcohol, 0.11; acrolein, 0.14; and allyl alcohol, 0.038. Minor products include i -butyl alcohol, t -amyl alcohol, n -butyl alcohol, n -amyl alcohol, and i -amyl alcohol. Small yields of i -hexyl alcohol and n -hexyl alcohol were also observed. There was no apparent difference in the G -values at pressures of 50, 100 and 150 torr. When the oxygen concentration was decreased below 5%, the yields of acetone, i -propyl alcohol, and n -propyl alcohol increased, the propionaldehyde yield decreased, and the yields of other products remained constant. The formation of major oxygen-containing products was explained on the basis that the alkyl radicals combine with molecular oxygen to give peroxyl radicals; the peroxyl radicals react with one another to give alkoxyl radicals, which in turn react with one another to form carbonyl compounds and alcohols. The reaction scheme for the formation of major products was examined using computer modeling based on a mechanism involving 28 reactions. Yields could be brought into agreement with the data within experimental error in nearly all cases.

Four spin-labeled probes (5-doxylstearic acid (5-NS), its methyl ester (5-NMS), 16-doxylmethylstearate (16-NMS) and 4-(N,N-dimethyl-N-pentadecy)ammonium-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (CAT-15)) were used to monitor membrane fluidity change in bovine platelets induced by three alkyl alcohols, benzyl alcohol and two phenolic compounds. The relationship between the increase in membrane fluidity induced by these compounds and their inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation was observed. Experiments with the four probes showed that n-hexyl alcohol induced decreases in the order parameter of 5-NS and apparent rotational correlation times of the other probes at the same minimal alcohol concentration. The decreases were observed in the concentration range that inhibited aggregation. n-Amyl alcohol and n-butyl alcohol decreased the values of the parameters of the above mentioned only at higher concentrations that were dependent on their hydrophobicities. Like alkyl alcohols, benzyl alcohol and phenolic compounds decreased the values of the parameters in the concentration ranges in which these compounds inhibited platelet aggregation. The concentration of these compounds causing 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation, the IC50 values, and data on 5-NS-labeled platelets indicated that they inhibited aggregation and decreased the value of the order parameter at lower concentrations relative to their Poct values in comparison to the effective concentrations of alcohols. Phenolic compounds also decreased the values of the apparent rotational correlation times of 5-NMS and 16-NMS. These results indicate that the inhibition of platelet aggregation by alcohols and phenolic compounds is due to membrane perturbation in wide range in depths within the lipid bilayer.

Several series of activated carbons prepared by catalytic and noncatalytic gasification and subsequent deposition of pyrocarbon by pyrolysis of methylene chloride or n-amyl alcohol were studied by FTIR, chromatography, and adsorption methods using nitrogen and probe organics (explosives). The relationships between the textural characteristics of carbon samples and the recovery rates (eta) of explosives on solid-phase extraction (SPE) using different solvents for their elution after adsorption were analyzed using experimental and quantum chemical calculation results. The eta values for nitrate esters, cyclic nitroamines, and nitroaromatics only partially correlate with different adsorbent parameters (characterizing microporosity, mesoporosity, pore size distributions, etc.), polarity of eluting solvents, or characteristics of probe molecules, since there are many factors strongly affecting the recovery rates. Some of the synthesized carbons provide higher eta values than those for such commercial adsorbents as Hypercarb and Envicarb.

1,5-Pentanediol byproduct: α-methyltetrahydrofuran byproduct: n-amyl alcohol product: 1,5-pentanediol Keywords: reduction, miscellaneous

The mechanism of synthesis of phthalic and maleic anhydrides from n-pentane on vanadyl pyrophosphate is analyzed. The research involved studying the reactivity of some of the possible intermediates or of useful probe molecules (C5 linear and cyclic olefins, 2-methyl furan, n-amyl alcohol, 1-bromopentane, 4 methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride and hexahydrophthalic anhydride), co-feeding experiments (pentane or 1-pentene and butadiene, 2 methyl furan or n-butane), and analysis of the catalytic behavior of C1-C10 alkanes. The results indicate the specificity of (VO)2P2O7 for the formation of phthalic anhydride from n-pentane which forms by a parallel reaction with respect to maleic anhydride. The reaction of phthalic anhydride synthesis does not involve gas phase Diels-Alder like reactions, but rather (i) a surface reaction between an adsorbed diene and on adsorbed O-containing intermediate or (ii) a surface template reaction between two adsorbed, possibly cyclic, activated hydrocarbons. The possible mechanisms of formation of phthalic and maleic anhydrides are discussed taking into account the strong inhibition and adsorption effects observed by feeding C5 dienic molecules.

Novel poly-Schiff bases (PSB's) that contain trans-1,2-bis(9-carbazolyl)cyclobutane(DCZB) units were synthesized by the direct polycondensation of trans-1,2-bis(3-formyl-9-carbazolyl)cyclobutane with aromatic diamines in n-amyl alcohol at 160°C. Complexation of these PSB's and of poly(vinyl DCZB) (PVDCZB) with iodine produced cation-radical salts which resulted form the transfer of an electron from DCZB moieties to iodine. All the undoped polymers were insulators having electrical conductivity of the order of 10−10–10−12 S cm−1 depending on the structure of polymers. By doping with iodine, the electrical conductivity increased by several orders of magnitude and reached a value of 10−3 S cm−1 in the case of PVDCZB and 10−5–10−6 S cm−1 in the case of PSB's. The electrical conductivity of doped PSB's increased with decreasing diamine length. PVDCZB having the same iodine content per carbazole unit as poly(9-vinyl-carbazole) (PVK) has a greater electrical conductivity than PVK.

The isotherm equations for multilayer single-solute adsorption from dilute solutions on energetically heterogeneous solids are derived by solving the integral equation for different energy distributions and local adsorption isotherm of BET-type. This procedure is analogous to that used in multilayer gas adsorption on heterogeneous solid surfaces. The equations, obtained for quasi-gaussian energy distribution, are examined using the adsorption data of n -valeric acid, n -amyl alcohol, aniline and cyclohexanol from dilute aqueous solutions on different types of carbon adsorbents of specific surface areas from 18.4m 2 /g to 124m 2 /g. The best equation for describing the above data is the modified Langmuir-Freundlich one, denoted in the paper by k -LF equation.

A series of oxidized derivatives of 10-deuterobenzol[a]pyrene (10-D-BaP) were synthesized. Oxidation of 10-D-BaP with sodium dichromate dihydrate yielded the 1,6-, 3,6-, and 6,12-quinones of 10-D-Bap. Upon electrophilic aromatic substitution of 10-D-BaP with sodium nitrate, N-bromosuccinimide, and N-chlorosuccinimide we were afforded 6-nitro-10-D-BaP, 6-bromo-10-D-BaP, and 6-chloro-10-D-BaP, respectively, in high yields. The Vilsmier-Haack reaction of 10-D-BaP provided 6-formyl-10-D-BaP which upon reduction with sodium borohydride, yielded 6-hydroxymethyl-10-D-BaP. Reduction with hydrazine in n-amyl alcohol gave 6-methyl-10-D-BaP. Reduction of 6-nitro-10-D-BaP with hydrazine and Pd/C yielded 6-amino-10-D-BaP. The synthesized compounds, which are known metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene and are useful substrates for metabolism, are important compounds for mechanistic study of the chemical carcinogenesis by benzo[a]pyrene.

The breaking of seven ternary acetate-alcohol-water azeotropes by extractive distillation was accomplished. They are n-propyl acetate-n-propanol-water, isopropyl acetate-isopropanol-water, n-butyl acetate-n-butanol-water, 2-butyl acetate-2-butanol-water, isobutyl acetate-isobutanol-water, n-amyl acetate-n-amyl alcohol-water and n-hexyl acetate-n-hexanol-water. The acetates, usually the highest boiling constituents, are obtained as overhead product as a two-phase mixture with water. The most effective agents are glycols and dimethylsulfoxide. Solubility parameters were found to be a qualitative indication for selecting extractive distillation agents. When the formation of a chemical complex is dominant, solubility parameter does not explain solution behavior satisfactorily.

A new extraction–spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of phosphorus as orthophosphate. The method is based on the chemistry of 12-tungstophosphoric acid, H3PW12O40 (TPA). In the procedure, orthophosphate is converted quantitatively to TPA in aqueous solution at a tungstate–phosphate molar ratio ≥24, in the pH range 1.2 to 1.9 and in the temperature range 60 to 100 °C. The TPA is subsequently extracted into n-amyl alcohol and its absorbance measured at 267 nm. Beer's law is followed up to at least 25 µg/ml P. The method is less prone to solution conditions and species interference (especially As(V) and Si(IV)) than the widely used molybdenum-blue methods and is competitive in terms of sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. The TPA method was applied successfully to the determination of phosphate in a variety of phosphorus-containing specimens including natural waters, ores, and alloys.Based on potentiometric and spectrophotometric studies, a scheme which accounts for the observed heptaproticity of TPA is proposed.

A simple, rapid and sensitive GC method for the analysis of chloral hydrate in soft elastic gelatin capsules was developed using n-amyl alcohol as the internal standard. The samples were chromatographed using a glass column packed with chromosorb 102 and flame ionization detection. The operating temperatures were 175°, 190°, and 200°C for the column, detector, and injector, respectively. This method was shown to isolate chloral hydrate from its major degradation product chloroform. The method was also compared with compendial and colorimetric procedures. The accuracy, precision, linearity, and applicability to soft elastic gelatin capsules are also presented.

Equilibrium constants for hydrogen bonding of n-amyl alcohol to a series of p-alkylbenzonitriles have been measured using an IR technique. These constants follow the Baker-Nathan order. The possible significance of this order relative to the hyperconjugation theory and other theories bearing on the Baker-Nathan order is discussed.

1. A study was made of the reaction for the carbonylation of n-amyl alcohol and isoamyl alcohol using carbon monoxide under pressure in the presence of BF3 hydrates of variable composition. 2. The most active and selective catalyst is BF3·2H2O, in the presence of which, under the optimum conditions (100° and 100 atm of CO), are respectively formed the n-amyl and isoamyl esters ofα,α-dimethylbutyric acid in a yield of 73.6 and 90.3%. 3. A homogeneous reaction mixture is obtained in the presence of BF3·H2O, which separates into layers of the catalyst and reaction products only when water is added. In the presence of the other BF3 hydrates such separation into layers occurs without the addition of water.

Gas liquid chromatography was used to fractionate and measure volatiles formed during the Frings process and during a continuous process of malt vinegar manufacture. Acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, acetic acid, n-propyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, and also sec-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and n-amyl acetate were detected during the alcoholic fermentation but propionic acid, isobutyric acid and acetoin were produced during acetification. The increase in the number and concentration of the volatiles of these processes has been compared with those found for the Quick method.

Soybean oil was oxidized at 110°C until strong rancid flavor developed, and was distilled at 80°C under 0.050.1mmHg.The volatile flavor components were condensed in a trap cooled with liquid nitrogen and were extracted from trap contents with a few drops of ethyl ether. The flavor concentrate was separated with 10% Na2CO3, Girard's T reagent into three fractions, namely, acid, carbonyl and other compounds (named non-carbonyl), respectively. Each fraction was fractionated by gas chromatography. Isolated compounds were classified by quality test using mercuric acetate, silver oxide and 3-nitro-phthalic anhydride, using at least two stationary phases. Several of them were further verified by infrared spectroscopy.In carbonyl and acid fraction the following compounds were characterized; C2, C5C9 n-alkanal, C4C9 2-alkenal, C7, C10 2, 4-dienal, C2C6 n-saturated fatty acid, and C3C5 unsaturated fatty acid. The noncarbonyl fraction was mainly composed of saturated and unsaturated alcohols, and pent-1-en-3-ol, n-amyl alcohol and oct-1-en-3-ol were identified.

By means of the quartz fiber spring technique, sorption-desorption hysteresis has been studied on glassy and fibrous silica gels with water, carbon tetrachloride, methyl, ethyl, n -propyl, n -butyl, and n -amyl alcohols as sorbates at 35°C. Permanent and reproducible hysteresis loops are obtained in every one of these cases. At the end of the first cycle of sorption and desorption, glassy silica gel retains irreversibly certain amounts of the sorbates excepting carbon tetrachloride. The bound alcohols and water are attributed to the polar character of the molecules and the presence of micropores in the gel. The isotherms of the five alcohols on the two gels show clearly defined “knees.” By the application of the BET theory, the specific surface areas are found out, assuming alcohol molecules to be spherical and also linear with its two modes of sorption, perpendicular and parallel to the surface. The results indicate the existence of oriented sorption, perpendicular to the surface, on fibrous silica gel. Cohan's theory of hysteresis has been applied by calculating the molecular diameter D from the point of inception of the hysteresis loop. The values obtained are higher than those of D for the spherical case. The cavity theory can explain in a qualitative way the hysteresis loops obtained in all the cases. Pore-size distribution and the predominant neck and body radii of the cavities in the two gels have been determined. The results indicate the existence mainly of micro- and transitional pores in glassy silica gel and of macropores in fibrous silica gel. The pores in the former gel are all ink bottle shaped, and in the latter they are cylindrical. The shapes of the isotherms of the alcohols on fibrous silica gel indicate an increase in contact angle from methyl to n -amyl alcohol on the gel surface.

In order to investigate the various behaviors of solvent assisted wool dyeing by adding several sparingly soluble solvents in water to Suminol Red PG (C. I. Acid Red 85), (a) the time of half dyeing, (b) diffusion coefficient, (c) affinity, (d) the effects of pH and temperature on the rate of dyeing, (e) the solvent absorption from aqueous solution by wool, and (f) partition ratio between water and solvent has been examined.Of the organic solvents used, phenol, n-amyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol are effective and the last solvent was found to be the most suitable in its practicality.The effects of aliphatic alcohol as solvent are seen to depend on the average carbon chain length and hydrophobic property of compounds. The solvents, giving their effect, are not sufficient at 20_??_50°C, but the most effective at 65_??_80°C. The effects are remarkable according to increase Hconcentration. The dye's affinity is only a little decreased as a result of adding the previous solvent. The adsorption isotherms of phenol and benzyl alcohol agree with Henry's equation. The molar free energy of desorption ΔG°(=RT lnP) of phenol and benzyl alcohol from water to wool are 925 and 530 cal/mol respectively. The time of half dyeing of both solvents, on the other hand, are 30 and 44min. respectively, so that their effects are closely connected with the time of half dyeing and the absorption of the solvent by the wool. The dye's solvility of each solvent is greater than that of water, and the greater is the partition ratio, the higher the rate of dyeing, The effect of solvent, therefore, is influenced to the absorption of the solvent by wool, and partition ratio between water and solvent.

The authors studied nucleophilic elimination in n-amyl alcohol of epimeric phenanthroquinolizidine alcohols, in the presence of potassium n-amylate, at 130°. Conclusions were drawn from the relative velocity of transformation of epimers upon the cis-mechanism of the elimination and from PMR measurements upon the conformation of olefin formed.

The two-dimensional separation of DNP-amino acids by solvent systems which appear to overcome most of the shortcomings of previously described solvent systems is described. The organic solvent consists of n -amyl alcohol saturated with 0.05 M phthalate buffer at pH 6.0; the aqueous solvent consists of 1.5 M sodium sulfate containing 0.05 M phthalate buffer (pH = 6.0).

1. 1. An unknown radioactive material arises during the course of radioactive carbon dioxide fixation in the hen oviduct. 2. 2. This unknown material is very steam-volatile, becomes distributed in the alcohol region of a n-amyl alcohol-water counter-current distribution, and contains its radioactivity in a very labile form so that 14CO2 is liberated on heating. 3. 3. The material appears to be interconvertible with carboxyl-labeled acetic acid. 4. 4. Present evidence indicates that the material may be one or more acyl derivatives of a β-keto acid, possibly acetoacetic acid.

In Part II, the earlier work of Simons, Francis, and Hogg showed that fluorocarbons could be produced electrochemically. By the use of a bank of larger cells useful quantities of material were obtained, the nature of the fluorocarbon products was determined in greater detail, and the relative usefulness of various types of hydrogen fluoride-soluble organic compounds was estimated.Proceeding from a carboxylic acid through an alcohol to an amine, the compounds become progressively more basic; at the same time, the spread of fluorocarbon products obtained becomes narrower and more closely concentrated in the region of the number of carbon atoms of the starting material. Used as starting materials in the process are n-amyl alcohol, valeric acid, and n-octyl amine.