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Background: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a polypeptide growth factor with a variety of functions in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. IGF-1 plays anti-apoptotic and other functions by activating multiple signaling pathways including Akt kinase, a serine/threonine kinase essential for cell survival. The nuclear transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) may also be involved although relationships between these two proteins in IGF-1 receptor signaling and protection is not clear, especially in neuronal cells. Results: IGF-1, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, induces the activation/phosphorylation of Akt and CREB in PC12 cells by activating different signaling pathways. IGF-1 induced a sustained phosphorylation of Akt while only a transient one was seen for CREB. The phosphorylation of Akt is mediated by the PI3 kinase pathway while that of CREB is dependent on the activation of both MAPK kinase and p38 MAPK. Moreover, the stimulation of PKC attenuated the phosphorylation of Akt induced by IGF-1 while enhancing that of CREB. Survival assays with various kinase inhibitors suggested that the activation/phosphorylation of both Akt and CREB contributes to IGF-1 mediated cell survival in PC12 cells. Conclusion: These data suggest that IGF-1 induced the activation of Akt and CREB using distinct pathways in PC12 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Overlooked SDP enables nitrate to bypass denitrification to produce 61.1 % ammonium. • A previously concealed nitrogen fate with novel implication for ammonium recovery. • Addition of organic matter inhibits DNRA and weakens the robust network. • Genome-level interspecific relationship of SDP-coupled DNRA was discussed. Sulfur-based denitrification is a promising technology in treatments of nitrate-contaminated wastewaters. However, due to weak bioavailability and electron-donating capability of elemental sulfur, its sulfur-to-nitrate ratio has long been low, limiting the support for dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) process. Using a long-term sulfur-packed reactor, we demonstrate here for the first time that DNRA in sulfur-based system is not negligible, but rather contributes a remarkable 40.5 %–61.1 % of the total nitrate biotransformation for ammonium production. Through combination of kinetic experiments, electron flow analysis, 16S rRNA amplicon, and microbial network succession, we unveil a cryptic in-situ sulfur disproportionation (SDP) process which significantly facilitates DNRA via enhancing mass transfer and multiplying 86.7–210.9 % of bioavailable electrons. Metagenome assembly and single-copy gene phylogenetic analysis elucidate the abundant genomes, including uc_VadinHA17, PHOS-HE36, JALNZU01, Thiobacillus , and Rubrivivax , harboring complete genes for ammonification. Notably, a unique group of self-SDP-coupled DNRA microorganism was identified. This study unravels a previously concealed fate of DNRA, which highlights the tremendous potential for ammonium recovery and greenhouse gas mitigation. Discovery of a new coupling between nitrogen and sulfur cycles underscores great revision needs of sulfur-driven denitrification technology. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title molecule, C18H25N3O2S, the central thienopyrimidine ring system is essentially planar. The cyclohexene ring, in which the four CH2 groups are disordered in an approximately 1:1 ratio, adopts a half-chair conformation, while the morpholine ring is in a standard chair conformation. The butyl group is disordered in an approximately 2:1 ratio. In the crystal structure, weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions stabilize the crystal structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecule of the title compound, C22H14Cl2O, is built up from three fused rings, two six-membered and one fivemembered, which are coplanar to within 0.015 (3) Å. The dihedral angles between the fluorene ring plane and the benzene and oxirane rings are 58.83 (13) and 55.99 (34)°, respectively. C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into sheets running parallel to the (010) plane. The crystal studied was an inversion twin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C17H21Cl2NO2, a cyclo­propane derivative related to the insecticide cyclo­prothrin, was prepared from piperidine and 2,2-dichloro-1-(4-ethoxy­phen­yl)cyclo­propane­carbonyl chloride. The six-membered piperidine ring has a chair conformation. The orientation of the carbonyl group relative to the cyclo­propane ring may be described by the torsion angle X—C—C=O of −98.3°, where X is the centroid of the cyclo­propane ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, both 1,4-dihydropyridinones (Hantzsch products) and 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones (Biginelli products) are synthesized in one-pot of aldehydes, β-dicarbonyl compounds and urea, catalyzing by non-toxic room temperature ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium saccharinate (BMImSac). The ionic liquid (BMImSac) is environmentally benign associated with ionic liquid with F−. In order to improve the yield and selectivity, the effects of the mole proportion of reactants and solvents are investigated. Interestingly, by increasing the amount of ethyl acetoacetate or utilizing water as solvent, an unexpected by-product, Hantzsch product which is distinct from Biginelli product, is generated. All Biginelli and Hantzsch products are simultaneously purified and characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, of which one Biginelli product (4h) and one Hantzsch product (5b) are structurally determinated by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The crystal data for 4h: triclinic system, P-1 space group, a =7.515(3)Å, b =9.011(4)Å, c =11.218(5)Å, α =106.288(6)°, β =104.644(6)°, γ =100.234(6)°, Z =2, V =679.7(5)Å3, D c =1.36g/cm3, R 1 =0.0603. The crystal data for 5b: monoclinic system, P2(1)/c space group, a =9.765(3)Å, b =7.391(2)Å, c =24.795(7)Å, β =93.669(5)°, Z =4, V =1785.7(9)Å3, D c =1.292g/cm3, R 1 =0.0440. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The molecular structures of 2-[4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(prop- 2-ynyloxy)phenyl]-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroisoindole-1,3-dione, C17H13ClFNO3, (I). and the isomeric compound 2-[4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]-cis-1,3,3a,4,7,-7a-hexahydroisoindole-1,3-dione, (II), are, as anticipated, significantly different in their conformations and in the distances between the farthest two atoms. The six-membered ring of the 1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydroisoindole-1,3-dione moiety in (I) adopts a half-chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the five-membered dione ring of (I) and the benzene ring is 50.96 (7)°. The six-membered ring of the cis-1,3,3a,4,7 ,7a-hexahydroisoindole-1,3-dione moiety in (II) adopts a boat conformation. The dihedral angle in (II) between the five-membered dione ring and the benzene ring is 61.03 (13)°. In the crystal structures, the molecules are linked by C—H··· hydrogen bonds and weak π-π interactions. Compound (I) is a much more potent herbicide than (II). The Cl···H distances between the farthest two atoms in (I) and (II) are 11.37 and 9.97 Å, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structures of methyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)Phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate, C15H9ClF3N3O5, (I), methyl 2-chloro-5-[3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyrimidin-1-y1]benzoate, C14H10ClF3N2O4, (II), and 2-[4-chloro-2-fluoro-5(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)piperidine-2.6-dione, C15H10ClF4NO3, (III), are similar in their dihedral angles and in the distances between the farthest two atoms. There are two independent molecules in the structure of (I). The dihedral angles between the two aromatic rings in each molecule in (I), between the benzene and tetrahydropyrimidine rings in (II), and between the benzene ring and the five-atom planar portion of the piperidine-2,6-dione ring in (III) are 80.78 (11)189.75 (11), 89.13 (9) and 87.52 (13)°, respectively. The distances between the farthest two atoms, viz. O···F in the two molecules of (I), and Cl···F in (II) and (III), are 11.763 (7)111.953 (6), 10.734 (10) and 10.889 (9) Å, respectively. In all three crystal structures, the molecules are linked to generate sheets of molecules via C—H···O interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title compound, C19H27N3OS, the central thienopyrimidine ring system is essentially planar. The cyclohexene ring adopts a half-chair conformation, while the piperidine ring is in a standard chair conformation. There is an intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond, which stabilizes the molecular structure. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H...π interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tetra­hydro­pyrimidine ring of the title mol­ecule, C12H14N2OS, adopts a half-chair conformation. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked to form centrosymmetric­ally related hydrogen-bonded dimers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information related to the organic compound 3-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-2-thioxoperhydro-pyrimidin-4-one. The tetrahydropyrimidine ring of the compound adopts a half-chair conformation. The derivatives of uracil and thiouracil are known for their varied bioactivity. Lenacil, bromacil, butafenacil, flupropacil, isocil and terbacil are widely used as herbicides. Some of them possess antidiabetic activity. This led researchers to pay more attention to the synthesis and structure determination of these compounds.

The title mol­ecule, C11H9FN2O, was synthesized from 3,6-difluoro­pyridazine, benz­yl alcohol and sodium hydro­xide in CH3CN under reflux. The asymmetric unit contains two independent mol­ecules with nearly identical geometry. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C11H9ClN2O2, crystallizes with weak inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­actions. The dihedral angle between the pyrimidine and benzene rings is 86.82 (7)°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]