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Platycodin D (PD), a bioactive triterpenoid saponin isolated from Platycodi Radix (PR), possesses a vast range of biological activities. Although the pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics of PD have been well demonstrated, information regarding the intestinal metabolisms of PD is very limited. In this study, human and rat fecal microflora were prepared and anaerobically incubated with PD at 37C for 48h, respectively. A highly sensitive and specific ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was developed for the analysis of PD and related metabolites in the reaction samples. A Liquid-liquid extraction method was used for sample pretreatment and the chromatographic separation was performed on a 1.7 m particle size Syncronis C column using gradient elution system. Finally, a total of seven metabolites were detected and tentatively identified, such as the demethylation metabolite (M1), deoxidation metabolites (M3, M7) and hydrolysis at the C-28 oligosaccharide metabolites (M5, M6), which were first discovered in this experiment. The results indicate that hydrolysis, demethylation, dehydroxylation, and acetylation were the major metabolic pathways of PD in vitro. Additionally, four bacterial strains from human feces including Enterococcus sp.41, Bacillus sp.46, Escherichia sp.49 A and Escherichia sp.64 were detected and further identified with 16S rRNA gene sequencing due to their relatively strong metabolic capacity toward PD. The present study provides important information about the metabolism of PD, which will help elucidate the impact of intestinal bacteria on this active component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title compound, [Cu(C12H8N2)(C7H4SO5)(H2O)]·C3H7NO, the CuII atom has a square-pyramidal coordination geometry formed by three O atom and two N atoms. The 1,2-di-4-pyridylethyl­ene ligands function as μ2-bridging ligands to form a zigzag chain. The 2-sulfonatobenzoate ligands protrude on alternate sides of the chain. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the chains into a two-dimensional network structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title compound, [Cu2(C8H4O5)2(C12H8N2)2(H2O)2]·3H2O, the Cu complex forms a centrosymmetric dimer with a Cu⋯Cu separation of 8.198 (3) Å. In the 5-hydroxy­isophthalate ligands, two carboxyl­ate groups coordinate two copper(II) cations in μ2-bridging bidentate coordination modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the polymeric title compound, [Cu(im)Cl(phen)]n, where im is the imidazolate anion (C3H3N2) and phen is 1,10-phenanthroline (C12H8N2), each CuII ion is five-coordinated by four basal N atoms (two from two different im anions and two from one phen ligand) and one axial Cl atom, in a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. Moreover, each im anion bridges two identical {CuCl(phen)}+ cations through its two N atoms, resulting in a one-dimensional zigzag chain along the crystallographic a axis. In addition, pairs of adjacent chains are staggered by π-π interactions, generating a two-dimensional layer, and neighbouring layers are further linked by two different kinds of C-H…Cl interactions, producing a three-dimensional network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C16H7Cl2F3N4O, is a tricyclic imide with an overall U-shape. There are π–π inter­actions between the pyrazole and furyl rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C18H8Cl2F3N5O2, is a tricyclic imide with an overall U-shape, each of the the three rings being planar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C18H9Cl2F3N4O, is a tricyclic amide with an overall U-shaped molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]