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Introduction Body composition is one of the main variables of interest in clinical practice in cancer patients. Specific markers from bioelectrical impedance analysis, such as phase angle (PhA), have been assuming increasing relevance in this population. The aim of the present systematic review was to study and systematise the effect of exercise on PhA in cancer survivors, as compared to control conditions, namely usual care, with no exercise. The effect of exercise on PhA in the population of cancer survivors is not yet established. EVIDENCE ACQUISITIONː This systematic review was conducted on October 13, 2021, through PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, Directory of Open Access Journals, Science Direct and JSTOR, following PRISMA guidelines and PICOS model that include: cancer survivors with ≥18 years; intervention of any exercise program for the target group; comparison between intervention group and control group that followed control conditions, namely usual care, with no exercise; outcome related to PhA; and studies of randomized control trials. Evidence synthesis We founded a total of 1244 publications, using selected keywords. Eight studies were included in this systematic review, after inclusion/exclusion criteria considered. Compared with the control conditions, exercise training programs seem associated with a positive effect on PhA, both in solid tumours and haematologic cancer types, but only when using resistance exercise alone. According to the best evidence synthesis criteria, we could not conclude the superiority of any exercise program analysed in the value of the PhA. Conclusions There were several exercise details that may have potential to be beneficial for PhA in cancer patients, including an early start of the exercise intervention (during treatment and immediately after discharge from hospital), the use of resistance exercise or/and aerobic exercise, and mainly a long follow-up period (≥ 4 months) to verify the structural effects of exercise on the PhA. However, there were no effects on the PhA value immediately after the intervention, regardless of the type of protocol and the intervention time.

espanolObjetivo: Estimar el gasto total de energia y la intensidad de una rutina de BodyattackTM de bajo impacto. Metodos: Los participantes fueron 10 adultos de peso normal (33 ± 3 anos). La potencia maxima de oxigeno y la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) se determinaron por el rendimiento en una prueba de ejercicio maxima utilizando el metodo calorimetrico indirecto. Los valores de la frecuencia cardiaca y del gasto total de energia se monitorearon durante una rutina utilizando un sensor combinado de frecuencia cardiaca y movimiento. Resultados: Una clase de BodyattackTM de bajo impacto de 60 minutos exige un gasto total de energia de 469.4 ± 170.8 kcal a una intensidad promedio del 64% de la frecuencia cardiaca maxima, de los cuales 27.2 minutos se gastan en actividad fisica de intensidad moderada a vigorosa. En comparacion con una clase de alto impacto, el gasto total de energia fue menor en la opcion de bajo impacto (-194.8 Kcal, p=0.006), pero no se encontraron diferencias en la intensidad promedio (-9.4%, p=0.707). Conclusion: Las clases de Bodyattack™ de bajo impacto pueden cumplir con las recomendaciones minimas para desarrollar y mantener la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, si se practican mas de tres dias por semana. Sin embargo, los requisitos de energia de Bodyattack ™ de bajo impacto pueden no provocar una perdida de peso efectiva. EnglishObjective: To estimate total energy expenditure and intensity of a low impact BodyattackTM session using combined heart rate and movement sensing technology. Method: Participants were 10 (8 males) normal-weight adults (33 ± 3 years-old). Maximal oxygen capacity and heart rate were determined by the performance on a treadmill maximal exercise test using indirect calorimetric method. Heart rate and energy expenditure values were monitored during a Bodyattack™ routine using a combined heart rate and movement sensor. The manufacturer's combined activity and heart rate algorithm was used to estimate Total and Physical activity energy expenditure. Results: A 60 min low impact BodyattackTM session demands a Total energy expenditure of 469.4 ± 170.8 kcal at an average intensity of 64% of maximal heart rate, from which approximately 27.2 min are spent at moderate to vigorous physical activity intensities. Compared to a high impact BodyattackTM session as reported by the trademark company, Total energy expenditure was lower in the low impact option (-194.8 Kcal, p=0.006), but no significant differences were found in average intensity (-9.4%, p=0.707). Conclusion: Bodyattack™ routines performed at a low impact option may be sufficient to meet minimal recommendations for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness, if practiced beyond three days.week-1. Although appropriate for untrained individuals and those with orthopedic limitations, energy requirements of low impact Bodyattack™ may not be enough to elicit an effective weight loss. portuguesObjetivo: Estimar o dispendio energetico total (DE) e a intensidade de uma aula de BodyattackTM de baixo impacto. Metodo: Dez adultos com peso normal (33 ± 3 anos) participaram neste estudo. O consumo maximo de oxigenio e a frequencia cardiaca (FC) foram determinadas por calorimetria indireta em resposta a um teste de esforco maximo. A FC e o dispendio energetico total foram monitorizados continuadamente durante a aula usando um sensor combinado de FC e movimento. Resultados: Uma aula de 60 minutos de BodyattackTM de baixo impacto solicita um dispendio energetico total de 469.4 ± 170.8 kcal a uma intensidade media de 64% da FC maxima, dos quais 27.2 minutos sao gastos em atividades fisicas de intensidade moderada a vigorosa. Em comparacao com uma rotina de alto impacto, o dispendio energetico total foi menor na opcao de baixo impacto (194.8 Kcal, p = 0.006), mas nao foram encontradas diferencas na intensidade media (-9.4%, p = 0.707). Conclusao: As aulas de Bodyattack™ de baixo impacto podem alcancar as recomendacoes minimas para o aumento e manutencao da aptidao aerobia, desde que praticadas tres ou mais dias por semana. No entanto, o dispendio energetico total de uma aula de Bodyattack™ de baixo impacto pode nao concorrer para uma perda de peso efetiva.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the influence of muscular strength on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in children, controlling for the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and central adiposity and to examine if differences among muscular strength tertiles translate to physiological differences. We assessed cIMT of the common carotid artery in 366 children between 11-12 years of age (191 girls). Measures included cIMT assessed with high-resolution ultrasonography, a maximal handgrip strength test, body fat mass and lean mass from DXA and CRF determined using a maximal cycle ergometer test. Association between muscular strength and cIMT adjusted for CRF and central adiposity, as measured by trunk fat, was tested with multiple linear regression analysis. Differences in risk factors among muscular strength groups were tested with ANOVA. The Muscular Strength Index (MSI) was inversely associated with cIMT independently of CRF and central adiposity (p

The growing competitiveness of modern sport means that children, from very early ages, are increasingly submitted to intensive training programmes. These programmes are problematic for young athletes not only because their developing bodies are particularly susceptible to different kinds of injuries, but because athletes are also particularly vulnerable to experiences of different kinds of abuses. Using data collected through semi-structured interviews this study examines the various kinds of abuse that former Portuguese female gymnasts underwent during their sporting careers. Interviewees were asked to reflect on their past experiences and discuss aspects of the gymnastics subculture. Weight control, training/competing with injuries and corporal punishment emerged as key themes. The study therefore shows that the physical and psychological abuse of young athletes occurs even beyond the confines of elite professional sport, and thus that a broader spectrum of athletes learn to consider these forms of exploitation and abuse as normal.

Central accumulation and distribution of body fat (BF) is an important cardiometabolic risk factor. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), commonly elevated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, has been endorsed as a risk related marker of central BF content and distribution, but no standardized waist circumference measurement protocol (WCmp) has been proposed. We aimed to investigate whether using different WCmp affects the strength of association between WHR and BF content and distribution in NAFLD patients. BF was assessed with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 28 NAFLD patients (19 males, 51 ± 13 years, and 9 females, 47 ± 13 years). Waist circumference (WC) was measured using four different WCmp (WC1: minimal waist; WC2: iliac crest; WC3: mid-distance between iliac crest and lowest rib; WC4: at the umbilicus) and WHR was calculated accordingly (WHR1, WHR2, WHR3 and WHR4, respectively). High WHR was found in up to 84.6% of subjects, depending on the WHR considered. With the exception of WHR1, all WHR correlated well with abdominal BF (r = .47 for WHR1; r = .59 for WHR2 and WHR3; r = .58 for WHR4) and BF distribution (r = .45 for WHR1; r = .56 for WHR2 and WHR3; r = .51 for WHR4), controlling for age, sex and body mass index (BMI). WHR2 and WHR3 diagnosed exactly the same prevalence of high WHR (76.9%). The present study confirms the strong relation between WHR and central BF, regardless of WCmp used, in NAFLD patients. WHR2 and WHR3 seemed preferable for use in clinical practice, interchangeably, for the diagnosis of high WHR in NAFLD patients.

Background:It is unclear how sedentary behavior (SED), physical activity (PA), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) influence vascular structure in children of varying body size. This study examined whether associations between SED, PA, and CRF with intima-media thickness (IMT) added to that of abdominal fatness and IMT. Differences in physiological measures among waist circumference (WC) percentiles were tested.Methods:We assessed IMT of the carotid artery in 265 children aged 11 to 13 years (135 girls). Measures included IMT assessed with high-resolution ultrasonography, WC, body fat mass (BFM) from DXA, and CRF determined using a maximal cycle test. SED and PA were assessed by accelerometry. Association between IMT and CRF adjusted for PA variables, and body composition phenotypes were tested with multiple linear regression analysis.Results:CRF was related to IMT independently of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and SED (P < .05). When WC was added to the model CRF was no longer associated with IMT (P > .05). Children in the higher WC group had increased mean values of BMI, BFM, WC, and IMT and lower MVPA and CRF (P < .05).Conclusion:Full modeling of SED, MVPA, CRF, and WC revealed that regional adiposity appears to have the biggest role in arterial structure of children.

Background Drowning is the third leading cause of death worldwide (WHO, 2010). According to Brenner et al (2009) participating in swimming lessons (SL) can reduce by 88% the risk of drowning in children 1–4 years old, despite some controversy regarding the most appropriate swimming programs (Ward, 2009). On the other hand no studies tested the skills acquired in SL in drowning prevention. So we proposed a test to evaluate the survivability of a child that accidentally falls into the water. Methods Twenty two children (4.68±0.82yrs) who practice SL (2.01±0.91yrs/practice) were subjected to two tests: aquatic readiness (AR) (Stallman et al , 2008); and survival test (ST), which consisted of an inflatable boat ride (unknown pool; presence of the usual swim teacher; wearing t-shirt) which 9accidentally9 turns. Recorded images were later observed by 6 field experts whose observations obtained an overall index of concordance (IC) of 89%. Results In ST 15 children had positive responses (n=10, 100% IC; n=1, 66% IC; n=1, 83% IC; n=3, 50% IC) and 7 (n=6, 100% IC; n=1, 66% IC) would be in danger. Conclusions Through this test, we found that not all children whose result was positive in AR had a positive performance in the ST. This brings us to observe according to Langendorfer (2011) that the positive or negative response of the subject depends on the interaction of various constraints such as individual characteristics, the environment conditions, and the state in which the swimmer is. The application of ST suggests that the inclusion of safety and prevention activities in swimming lessons, aiming to develop attitudes and motor skills as a defense to drowning, must be taken into account. More studies are necessary to provide valid information to assist pediatricians in advising parents regarding what type of SL are more appropriate to reduce drowning.

Polyneuropathy Patients versus Healthy Subjects Nuno Pimenta1,2, Helena Santa-Clara1, Maria Teresa Tomas1,3, Estela Monteiro4,5,6, Jan Cabri1, Antonio Freire4, Eduardo Barroso4, Luis Bettencourt Sardinha1, Bo Fernhall7, FACSM. 1 Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon; 2 Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarem; 3 Health Technologies School, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon; 4 Curry Cabral Hospital; 5 Santa Maria Hospital; 6 Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon; 7 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.