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The mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis (OA) have recently been hypothesized to involve a dysfunctional immune system. In this study, we collected synovium, synovial fluid (SF), and peripheral blood from 21 patients. Mononuclear cells were characterized using FCM. H&E staining and mIHC histological assessment of synovium were performed. Cytokine levels in the SF were measured using ELISA. We observed similar frequencies of immune cells in the synovium and SF, which were enriched in DCs. Notably, CD1c + CD163 + DC3s were expanded in the synovium and SF. Furthermore, we found that DC3s were primarily located within the ectopic lymphoid-like structure (ELLS) in close proximity to CD8 + T cells. Finally, the level of TNF- α and IL12p70 in the SF correlated with the severity of OA. These data suggest that OA is an immune system-related disease and that DC3s may play an active role in OA progression by promoting ELLS formation and inflammatory responses., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Guowei Qiu et al.)

The mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis (OA) have recently been hypothesized to involve a dysfunctional immune system. In this study, we collected synovium, synovial fluid (SF), and peripheral blood from 21 patients. Mononuclear cells were characterized using FCM. H&E staining and mIHC histological assessment of synovium were performed. Cytokine levels in the SF were measured using ELISA. We observed similar frequencies of immune cells in the synovium and SF, which were enriched in DCs. Notably, CD1c+CD163+ DC3s were expanded in the synovium and SF. Furthermore, we found that DC3s were primarily located within the ectopic lymphoid-like structure (ELLS) in close proximity to CD8+ T cells. Finally, the level of TNF-α and IL12p70 in the SF correlated with the severity of OA. These data suggest that OA is an immune system-related disease and that DC3s may play an active role in OA progression by promoting ELLS formation and inflammatory responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a gold standard for patients with terminal term gonarthrosis for reducing pain, correcting deformities, and regaining stability. However, post-TKA muscle strength recovery is often difficult. Although electroacupuncture (EA) enhances lower extremity muscle strength of the lower extremity, there is limited evidence regarding its effect on lower extremity muscle strength in post-TKA patients. Consequently, this trial intends to evaluate the efficacy of post-TKA EA on the recovery of lower extremity muscle strength, specifically, during the early post-TKA period.Methods/design: This is a double-blinded, randomized, and controlled trial. It will be conducted between August 2020 and December 2020. Ninety-four participants with KOA who have undergone unilateral TKA will be randomized into a treatment (EA) group and a control (sham EA) group. The former and latter groups will receive EA and sham EA, respectively, at ST37, ST36, SP10, and SP9 acupoints. The participants will undergo ten treatment sessions over 2 weeks (5 sessions per week). The primary outcomes will include changes in muscle strength and the Hospital for Special Surgery score at the second week from baseline (pre-op 1 day or POD 3). The secondary outcomes will include a 4-m walk test, numerical rating scale score, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale score, and additional analgesia use. Additional outcomes will include the incidence of analgesia-related side effects and the participant satisfaction rate. Participant blinding will also be assessed where they will be asked to guess whether they received EA after the latest intervention. Adverse EA events will be documented and assessed throughout the trial.Discussion: EA is helpful for post-TKA recovery and enhancement of lower limb muscle strength.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1900027806 . Registered on 29 November 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]