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Otiorhynchus (Dorymerus) sulcatus (Fabricius, 1775) Material examined: 71 larvae (Fig. 206). Lampertheimer Wald near Heppenheim (Germany, South Hesse), 3 ex. introduced with young oak plants (Quercus ilex L. and Q. frainetto Ten.) from Italy (tree nursery) to the test area ���Wald der Zukunft��� of Senckenberg / Frankfurt a.M., 20.03. 2010, leg. W. Dorow; Hildesheim (Germany, Niedersachsen), nursery, 0 6.04.2011, 17 ex.: 7 ex. from Primula vulgaris flowerpots; 10 ex. from Geum chiloense Balb. ex Ser. cultivar ���Feuerball���; dto., 0 4.05.2011, 12 ex.: 3 ex. from Eupatorium cannabinum L. flowerpots, dto., 2 ex. from Geum montanum L. cultivar ���Diana���, dto., 7 ex. from Lysimachia clethroides Duby; dto., 4 ex. from Primula vulgaris Huds. flowerpots, 11.05.2010; Germany, Wiesbaden (South Hesse), nursery, 27.04.2011, 21 ex.: 8 ex. from Astilbe simplicifolia Makino cultivar ���Sprite��� flowerpots, 10 ex. from Astilbe japonica (C. Morren & Decne) A. Gray cultivar ���Deutschland���, 3 ex. from Astilbe japonica cultivar ���Red Sentinel���; Wiesbaden, nursery, 0 3.08.2011, 4 ex. from flowerpots with Bergenia cordifolia Sternb. cultivar ���Glockenturm���; JKI, Braunschweig, greenhouse, 10 ex. in flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei (contamination), 13.11. 2013. Additional material: West France, Angers, 5 ex., 24.02. 2012, collected by Michael Barth outdoors in a tree nursery in 15 litre plant pots with Cupressocyparis x leylandii (A.B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Dallim.. 2 larvae were reared to adults (28.��� 29.03.2012) and one to pupa (pupation before 22.03.2012). Remarks about breeding and development. The development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus is one of the best known of all soil-dwelling weevils which is due to the great impact of this species in horticulture and viticulture in many regions of the world. The damage of this species in the temperate and cooler regions to cultivated plants is mainly restricted to greenhouses, flowerpots, parks, orchards, roadside greeneries and other typical anthropogenic environments. About 110 years ago there were only few indications of a pest status of this species (Moorhouse et al. 1992). Its origin is (northern) Italy from where also males of this predominantly parthenogenetic species are documented (concluded from data of Dieckmann 1980 and Moorhouse et al. 1992). Outdoors, pupation begins in April or May. Young weevils emerge from June to September on the soil (peak activity in July and August) and deposit eggs in this period. Larvae develop during summer and autumn, overwinter, continue feeding activity early in the season and pupate in spring. Development time of the larvae strongly depends on temperature and is over 200 days outdoors and less than 90 days in greenhouses (La Lone & Clarke 1981). Most adults die in late summer and autumn; only a few overwinter and start to lay eggs earlier in the season. O. sulcatus did not show a diapause or developmental delay under long-day conditions in the climate chamber. Description (Figs. 23���33). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from yellow to dark yellow; cuticle almost smooth. Body elongated (Fig. 23). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, filiform. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 6 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 medium and 2 long); 2 as, different in length; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar (except pds, ordered: 1 medium, 1 long, 1 medium and 1 long). Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 6 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 24). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 25, 27, 28). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 26���28). Each of four lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 29). Setae relatively short. Head capsule with 4 relatively short des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 relatively short fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 relatively short les; 1 relatively short ves; and 1 minute pes. Postepicranial area with 2 pairs of sensilla, forming a group. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 2���3 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 1.7 times as wide as long and with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally on each side (Fig. 30). Labrum about 2 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum double sinuate (Fig. 30). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length, 3 ams, different in length, one very small ams similar to mes, but the position is more to ams; and 2 very short mes (see comments about ams and mes in Material and Methods); labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 31). Mandible (Fig. 32) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 33) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 8 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, almost equal in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres of almost equal length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 7 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 33), with 3 ligs and 1 prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 long, almost 2 times as long as pms 1 and pms 2 (Fig. 33). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 16-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Moorhouse, E., Charnley, A. & Gillespie, A. (1992) A review of the biology and control of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Annals of Applied Biology, 121, 431 - 454. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7348.1992. tb 03455. x","Dieckmann, L. (1980) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae (Brachycerinae, Otiorhynchinae, Brachyderinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 30, 145 - 310.","La Lone, R. S. & Clarke, R. G. (1981) Larval development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and effects of larval density on larval mortality and injury to Rhododendron. Environmental Entomology, 10, 190 - 191. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 10.2.190"]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) tenebricosus (Herbst, 1784) complex: Otiorhynchus fuscipes (Olivier, 1807) Material examined: 4 larvae (Fig. 214). Ith Mountains, southwest of Hannover, in the district of Hameln, Niedersachsen, 350���400 m, 13.10.2011, 2 ex.; dto., 0 1.09.2012, 1 ex.; dto., 26.03.2012, 1 ex. Remarks about sampling and development. All larvae were received from field-sampling in a beech forest on limestone, at about 350���400 m above sea level in the submontane climate zone. The larvae were found between the roots of young Fraxinus excelsior L. plants, growing intermixed with Allium ursinum L., which can be recognized by their characteristic subterranean overwintering organs, the longitudinal bulbs. As we know there are no data on the life-cycle of this taxon including larval development. Description (Figs. 100���110). Coloration. Head dark brown; all thoracic and abdominal segments from dark yellow to brownish; cuticle almost smooth. Body moderately elongated (Fig. 100). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, relatively long, filiform, brownish. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 5 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long); 1 long and 1 very short as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 101). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 very short sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 very short sps]; 2 eps almost equal in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 102, 104, 105). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 long and 1 very short ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 103���105). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts each. Head subglobose (slightly narrowed) (Fig. 106). Head capsule with 4 long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with a group of 5 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.1 times as wide as long with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 107). Labrum about 1.6 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum almost rounded (Fig. 107). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 108). Mandible (Fig. 109) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 1 short and 1 long mds; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 110) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres of almost equal length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 110), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite wide, well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 2 times as long as pms 1 and 3 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 110). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) meridionalis Gyllenhal, 1834 Material examined: 2 larvae (Fig. 212). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding with Forsythia x intermedia Zabel and Ligustrum vulgare flowerpots, 0 8.02.2012, 1 ex., dto., 0 1.06.2012, 1 ex.; details see below. Remarks about breeding and development. A few larvae and pupae of Otiorhynchus meridionalis were obtained from 1 breeding attempt in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig. On 24.06. 2011 10 males and 10 females were released on 2 big flowerpots with Forsythia x intermedia. In October 1 plant had become dry and was replaced by Ligustrum ovalifolium. In December many larvae died due to too strong watering. The remaining larvae were taken to the CURCI in Hannover for regular pupae control (description see Gosik & Sprick 2012 a). So for the description of the mature larva we had only 2 specimens at our disposal: one from 0 8.02. 2012 and a second that refused to pupate from 0 1.06. 2012. The adults used for breeding had been collected by Klaus Schrameyer in a front garden in the city of Heilbronn, and besides a record in Freiburg (Maus 1998)���this is the only current locality of O. meridionalis in Germany (Schrameyer & Bernau 2011). The life-cycle of Otiorhynchus meridionalis is briefly outlined here; for more information see Bues et al. (1984). O. meridionalis is widespread for example in natural habitats of South France. Its life-cycle was studied by Bues et al. (1984) due to observations of damage in strawberry plantations (Audemard et al. 1981). In the field, egg deposition tends toward maximum activity from end of July until September. Larvae develop until spring of the following year and pupate from March to beginning of May. This corresponds well with our breeding data. O. meridionalis did not show any diapause in the climate chamber, and larvae pupated due to the higher temperatures already in January and February. Around 3 weeks after pupation numbers of adults increase on the soil surface. In South France adults aestivate in July due to drought and high summer temperatures, apparently triggered by day length. It also of interest that a small proportion of adults overwinters and participates in egg-laying from May to mid-June. It is possible but unproven that the small proportion of recently emerged adults in the second half of the year is to trace back to the early egg-laying of overwintering adults. We observed overwintering of a more or less small proportion of adult specimens also in O. crataegi in the field, but noticed egg deposition in the lab not until mid-June (main egg-laying period is as in O. meridionalis in the second half of the year, in O. crataegi starting at the end of July). Description (Figs. 78���88). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments yellowish. Body elongated (Fig. 78). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, filiform, fine, transparent. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 5 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 medium long and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 4 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 79). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 80, 82, 83). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 81���83). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 3 minute ts each. Head subglobose (slightly narrowed) (Fig. 84). Head capsule with 4 long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with a group of 4 pairs of sensilla, frons with 3 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.2 times as wide as long with 2 short cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 85). Labrum about 1.8 times as wide as long with 3 long, straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 somewhat shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum rounded (Fig. 85). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length, 2 very short ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 86). Mandible (Fig. 87) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a little triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 88) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal one somewhat larger than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 88), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite wide, well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length: pms 2 very long, 3 times as long as pms 1 and pms 3 (Fig. 88). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2012 a) Morphology and identification of the pupae of seven species of the genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchini). Zootaxa, 3483, 39 - 57.","Maus, C. (1998) Bemerkenswerte Otiorhynchus- Funde aus Sudwestdeutschland (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Mitteilungen aus dem entomologischen Verein Stuttgart, 33 (1), 60 - 64.","Schrameyer, K. & Bernau, W. (2011) Interessante Kaferfunde aus Heilbronn. Mitteilungen aus dem entomologischen Verein Stuttgart, 46 (2), 98 - 100.","Bues, R., Toubon, J. - F., Villevieille, M., Jacquot, M. (1984) Otiorrhynchus meridionalis Gyll., ravageur du fraisier dans le Sud- Est de la France: migration des adultes, cycle evolutif et essais preliminaires de lutte. La Defense des Vegetaux, 228, 224 - 237.","Audemard, H., Drevet, C., Villevieille, M. & Jacquot, M. (1981) Un nouveau ravageur du fraisier, l'otiorrhynque meridional. Phytoma, 329, 15 - 17."]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) armadillo (Rossi, 1792) Material examined: 28 larvae (Figs. 210, 231). Larvae were obtained from permanent breeding in the climate chamber of the JKI, Braunschweig, continued until today and started in 2010 with first instar larvae from Thorsten Ufer, Ellerhoop. On 12.07. 2010, 0 9.08. 2010 and 12.09. 2010 first instar larvae from adults collected in M��hlacker (on 17.06.2010) were placed mainly in flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei cultivar ���Emerald ���n Gold��� (Fig. 221), and also with a cultivar of Bergenia cordifolia and with Primula veris L. Since June 2011 only different cultivars of Euonymus fortunei were used. In flowerpots with first instar larvae from 12.09. 2010 the first teneral adult specimen was seen on 0 3.01. 2011. The following larvae were used for the description: JKI, Braunschweig, breeding with Primula veris, 16.11.2010, 1 ex.; JKI, permanent breeding with Euonymus fortunei, 21.09.2011, 10 ex.; dto., 28.10.2011, 1 ex.; dto., 0 5.01.2012, 6 ex.; dto., 10.01.2013, 5 ex.; Ellerhoop, breeding by Thorsten Ufer with Euonymus fortunei flowerpots, received on 0 3.01.2011, 5 ex., from plants used for efficacy tests of entomopathogenous nematodes. Remarks about breeding and development. The life-cycle of this species was studied for the first time by Del Bene & Parrini (1986), but together with Otiorhynchus sulcatus, as preimaginal instars could not be distinguished. This paper contains a long list of ornamental plants from 25 families on which O. armadillo was found, exclusively woody plants including some conifers. According to Del Bene & Parrini (1986) eggs from both species were deposited from June to September, larvae were present from August during the whole winter until April, then pupation occurred from April to end of May, followed by the presence of adults from May to September. Our results for O. armadillo are not completely in accordance with these life-cycle data. There were also overwintering adults already in April, e.g. on Thuja and other bushes. Pupae were found from end of April until end of July and newly hatched adults from mid-May or June until September, which may indicate pupation at least until August. Usually recently emerged adults of O. armadillo were found up 2 to 3 weeks later than the last teneral adults of O. sulcatus (Sprick 2012, in Sprick & St��ben 2012). Apparently, the life-cycle of O. armadillo is very similar to that of O. sulcatus, but should be studied at further sites to complete and validate the data. Description (Figs. 56���66). Coloration. Head light yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments milk-white, cuticle smooth. Body elongated (Fig. 56). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, relatively long, filiform, light yellowish. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 4 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 4 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 57). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long sps [abd. seg. VIII without sps]; 2 long eps; 1 long and 1 minute ps [abd. seg. VIII with only 1 long ps]; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 58, 60, 61). Abdominal segment IX with 4 ds, different in length; 1 very long ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 59���61). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X without seta. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 62). Head capsule with 4 des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 les and 1 ves; all setae relatively long with the exception of fs 4, which is distinctly shorter than the others. Stemmata (2 pairs) very small, feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 2���3 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.8 times as wide as long with 1 very short cls, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 63). Labrum about 2 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 2 distinctly longer than other setae, only lms 2 exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum almost rounded (Fig. 63). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 3 ams, different in length, one very small ams similar to mes, but the position is more to ams; and 2 very short mes (see comments about ams and mes in Material and Methods); labral rods (lr) elongated, strong convergent (Fig. 64). Mandible (Fig. 65) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 66) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 5 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere larger than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 5 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 66), with 2 very short ligs and 1 very long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 3 times as long as pms 1 and pms 3 (Fig. 66). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 23-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Del Bene, G. & Parrini, C. (1986) Nota sulla biologia di specie di Otiorrhynchus (Coleoptera Curculionidae) dannose a piante ornamentali in vivai della Toscana. Redia, 69, 341 - 359.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany."]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) tenebricosus (Herbst, 1784) complex: Otiorhynchus clavipes (Bonsdorff, 1785) Material examined: 6 larvae (Fig. 213). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding in flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei, 19.12.2013, 2 ex.; 24.01.2014, 1 ex.; dto., breeding with Syringa vulgaris, 13.11.2013, 2 ex.; 24.01.2014, 1 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. All larvae were obtained from 1 breeding attempt in 2013. Origin of the adults is the ���Ziegenberg��� in Paderborn-Wewer (Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany), 24.06. 2013. It is a beech forest on limestone with many ash trees and other woody plant species in low altitude (120���150 m). In the JKI 4 weevil specimens (3 females, 1 male) were released in 4 flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei and 1 with Syringa vulgaris on 27.06. 2013. The first larvae were seen on 0 4.10. 2014 and mature larvae on 13.11. 2013. The Ziegenberg, located in the hill country, is only 45 km west of the border to Niedersachsen, from where this taxon is absent. The Teutoburg Forest is regarded to be the northeastern distribution limit of Otiorhynchus clavipes, and this taxon is replaced in the entire northern part of Germany, i.e. the plains with predominantly sandy soils, by O. lugdunensis. In the neighbouring eastern hill countries including the whole eastern part of Germany, only O. fuscipes is present (Dieckmann 1980). The development of Otiorhynchus clavipes is only reported by Ibbotson & Edwards (1954) from strawberry fields at Cheddar in Southwest England, where this species occurred as pest in a small area. Hoffmann (1958: 1733) regarded these weevils as O. lugdunensis, but this is doubtful, as Cheddar is not situated in the sandy plains, but close to limestone forests of low altitudes, where O. clavipes was also found in Northrhine-Westphalia. According to Ibbotson & Edwards (1954), the life-cycle of Otiorhynchus clavipes is completed within 12 or 18 months depending on the oviposition period. The adult weevils appear in two waves. One part pupates in autumn, overwinters in the pupal chamber and emerges in large numbers from April to May, the other part pupates from mid-May to July, and adults emerge from mid-June to end of August. For pupation larvae move deeper in the soil and pupate between 15 and 20 cm below soil level. From the data of Ibbotson & Edwards (1954) and our observations on the development of the larva of the closely related Otiorhynchus lugdunensis the statement that the development time of O. clavipes should last 12 or 18 months is not fully plausible. Hence, the following modification of the life-cycle is proposed here: early emerging weevils lay eggs in spring and early summer, larvae develop during spring and summer, pupate and hatch in autumn, overwinter in the pupal cell and emerge again early in the season. And, as usual in many other Otiorhynchus species, specimens that lay eggs in the second half of the summer cannot pupate before winter comes, overwinter as larva and complete their development during spring and early summer, pupate between mid- May and July and hatch from the soil, when the pupa has developed into the adult stage in summer. Then the newly hatched weevils oviposit, and larvae overwinter again. In this species there is the same phenomenon as e.g. in Otiorhynchus indefinitus or O. raucus, namely that weevils hatch in late summer or early autumn from the pupa, remain soft-bodied in their pupal chamber during the whole winter, and emerge on the soil surface in spring with their still not sclerotized body. But opposite to all other species, the subpopulation with pupation in late spring to early summer produces adults that hatch short-term after pupation from their pupal chamber and sclerotize immediately: apparently sclerotization is strongly temperaturedependent. The proportion of soft-bodied weevils is 100 % early in April and low or 0 in the second half of the early emergence period indicating that emergence has stopped and sclerotization is completed. During the second emergence period in summer the proportion of soft-bodied adults is always low indicating a more continuous hatching and a more rapid sclerotization during summer. Description (Figs. 89���99). Coloration. Head yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments yellow; cuticle almost smooth. Body moderately elongated (Fig. 89). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, filiform, brown. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 4 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long); 1 long and 1 very short as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 90). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 medium long and 1 very short sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 very short sps]; 2 eps, almost equal in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 91, 93, 94). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 long and 1 very short ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 92���94). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts each. Head subglobose (slightly narrowed) (Fig. 95). Head capsule with 4 long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with group of 5 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla placed medially. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 2���3 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.4 times as wide as long with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 96). Labrum about 1.8 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum double sinuate (Fig. 96). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes, labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 97). Mandible (Fig. 98) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 88) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres almost equal in length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 99), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite wide, well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 2 times as long as pms 1 and pms 3 (Fig. 99). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 33-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Dieckmann, L. (1980) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae (Brachycerinae, Otiorhynchinae, Brachyderinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 30, 145 - 310.","Ibbotson, A. & Edwards, C. A. T. (1954) The biology and control of Otiorrhynchus clavipes Bonsd. (Rhyn. Coleopt.), a pest of strawberries. Annals of applied Biology, 41 (3), 520 - 535. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7348.1954. tb 01150. x","Hoffmann, A. (1958) Coleopteres Curculionides (Troisieme Partie). Faune de France, 62, 1209 - 1841."]}

Otiorhynchus (Nehrodistus) armatus Boheman, 1846 Material examined: 61 larvae (Figs. 209, 230). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, Chaenomeles x superba cultivar ���Hollandia���, flowerpot, 0 4.10.2013, 7 ex.; dto., Euonymus fortunei, 25.09.2014, 6 ex.; dto., Euonymus fortunei, 0 7.10.2014, 6 ex.; dto., Hedera helix L., 0 7.10.2014, 26 ex.; and 25.09.2014, 13 ex.; dto., Prunus laurocerasus cultivar ���Van Nes���, 19.12.2013, 3 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. The larvae of this species were obtained from two breeding attempts in the JKI in 2013 and 2014. Otiorhynchus armatus is apparently easy to breed also in small flowerpots, and it accepted all tested plants (Chaenomeles x superba, Euonymus fortunei, Hedera helix, Prunus laurocerasus). During the past 15 years this taxon as well as the closely related or even identical O. corruptor (Host, 1789) was introduced several times to Germany and became noxious in indoor greeneries. Up to now, no permanent population (of both taxa) is known from Germany. All adults had been collected by Klaus Schrameyer in Merano / Northern Italy on 18.05. 2013, in the town from a hotel wall with ivy (Hedera helix). The weevils were not sclerotized, young adults at this point in time. 4 males and 3 females were used for the first breeding attempt (released on the plants on 24.05.2013) and 8 specimens of undetermined sex for the second (started on 24.06.2014). Adults and larvae from 2014 represent the second reared generation. Breeding gave no indication for any diapause. Mature larvae were already obtained in September and October, and pupae in November and December. The life-cycle of this species is apparently unknown, but seems to be in some kind resembling to that of Otiorhynchus sulcatus: emergence of newly hatched adults from (approximately) mid-May, larval development within a few months, pupation during the whole season if temperature remains high in autumn and winter, development also in small flowerpots. The most striking difference is���in Central Europe���the much stronger limitation to indoor situations, apparently due to the demand of higher temperatures. Viggiani (1977) reports about damage on Fragaria and an occurrence on Vitis vinifera L., Ficus carica L., Hedera helix, Spiraea apulifolia L. and Citrus medica L. in Campania (Italy). Description (Figs. 45���55). Coloration. Head yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments white; except brownish pronotum; cuticle almost smooth, microcuticular processes, brown, poorly visible. Body moderately elongated (Fig. 45). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, filiform; brown. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 4 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs; 4 pds (ordered: 1 short, 1 medium long and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar, with the exception of pds on metathorax (ordered: 1 short, 1 long, 1 medium long and 1 long). Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 46). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII with only 4 pds (1 long, 1 short, 1 long and 1 short) and 1 minute sps]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 47, 49, 50). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 2 ps, different in length; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 48���50). Each lateral lobe of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts. Head subglobose, narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 51). Head capsule with 4 relatively short and 1 minute des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally, minute des 4 located close to stemmata, all des equal in length; 2 relatively short fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 relatively short les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with a group of 2 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 3.6 times as wide as long with 2 very short cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 52). Labrum about 1.7 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of labrum; anterior margin of labrum rounded (Fig. 52). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent; epipharynx covered by nodular cuticular processes (Fig. 53). Mandible (Fig. 54) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal egde with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 55) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 dms, different in length and 3 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere distinctly wider than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 55), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 3���4 times as long as pms 1, and 5 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 55). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 20-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Viggiani, G. (1977) Nuovi reperti su alcuni Coleotteri radicicoli (Haplidia etrusca Kr., Otiorrhynchus armatus Boh., O. trophonius Reitt.). Boll. Lab. ent. agr. Portici, 34, 11 - 15."]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) aurifer Boheman, 1843 Material examined: 11 larvae (Figs. 211, 226). JKI, Braunschweig, breeding with Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. and Viburnum tinus L. flowerpots (Fig. 224), 0 5.01.2012, 7 ex.; some pots were transferred then to Hannover, CURCI, for regular pupae search. 1 larva was taken out from a flowerpot with L. ovalifolium on 16.01. 2012 and another ex. on 27.01. 2012. A second attempt with 80 first instar larvae was started on 24.08. 2012 with Ligustrum ovalifolium and L. vulgare (2 flowerpots each) in the JKI and revealed 2 ex. on 10.01. 2013. Additional material: another 8 mature larvae (and 1 pupa) from the second breeding attempt had already been obtained on 14.12. 2012. Remarks about breeding and development. Larvae were exclusively obtained from two breeding attempts in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig. In September and October a large number of eggs and some dozens of first instar larvae were released on 4 flowerpots with Ligustrum ovalifolium (2 pots) and Viburnum tinus (2 pots). The parents of these eggs were collected on 0 6.09. 2011 in Heilbronn, former south station, close to ���Alter Kaiser���, from Viburnum tinus and Ligustrum vulgare at roadside plantations and front garden hedgerows. This occurrence was discovered a few months before by Klaus Schrameyer and the first record in Baden-W��rttemberg (Schrameyer & Bernau 2011). The first mature larvae were obtained in the beginning of January 2012 (05.01.). In Germany, this species of Mediterranean origin is known to occur only in two regions (cities of Hamburg and Heilbronn). Apparently there is no paper that deals with the life-cycle of this species. These data could be a first contribution on the bionomics of Otiorhynchus aurifer. In 2011, breeding was started on 21.09., but only with 8 L l larvae, the majority of larvae, over 100, were released on the plants on 28.10. 2011. This is more exact than reported before in Gosik & Sprick (2012 a). 6 pupae were obtained on 27.01. 2012 and again 6 from 0 9.02. during February 2012. In 2012, breeding was started on 24.08. and revealed the first mature larvae and 1 pupa mid-December. Therefore, the time required to receive pupae from L l larvae was 3���4 months under controlled conditions in the lab, and���opposite to several other [Central European] species���no diapause or developmental delay was observed. In Baden-W��rttemberg, this species was introduced with Laurus nobilis L. very likely in 2003 to Heilbronn- Horkheim, and in 2008 it was found on wayside plantations and front garden hedgerows with Ligustrum vulgare and Viburnum tinus in the southern part of the city (Schrameyer & Bernau 2011). The origin of the Laurus plants was Italy. Yunakov & Nazarenko (2003) reported about the first record in Ukraine in the town of Sevastopol (Crimea) in 1951, and in Jalta this species was found on Laurus, Rosa and in the botanical garden Nikita nearby on Olea. Heijerman & Drost (2000) reported about the first finding in The Netherlands in 1999 on different bushes, and Crovetti (1971) about an occurrence as noxious species in Sardinia on Citrus. Description (Figs. 67���77). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from yellow to dark yellow. Body elongated (Fig. 67). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, relatively short, filiform. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 5 medium long to short prns and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs, 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long), 1 long as, 1 long eps and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 4 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 68). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs, 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long), 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta], 2 eps, different in length, 1 long and 1 very short ps, 1 long lsts and 2 eus (Figs. 69, 71, 72). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length, 2 ps, different in length and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 70���72). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 1���2 minute ts each. Head subglobose, narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 73). Head capsule with 4 medium long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 medium long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 medium long les; and 1 medium long ves. Stemmata (1 pair) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 3.3 times as wide as long with 1 short cls, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 74). Labrum about 2 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 2 distinctly longer than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum almost rounded (Fig. 74). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 3 ams, different in length, one ams similar in shape to mes, but the position is more to ams; and 2 very short mes (see comments about ams and mes in Material and Methods); labral rods (lr) elongated, strong convergent (Fig. 75). Mandible (Fig. 76) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 77) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; without mbs. Mala with 4 dms, different in length and 3 straight vms, almost equal in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres of almost equal length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 5 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 77), with 1 very short ligs and 1 very long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length. Praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 5 times as long as pms 1 and pms 3 (Fig. 77). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 26-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Schrameyer, K. & Bernau, W. (2011) Interessante Kaferfunde aus Heilbronn. Mitteilungen aus dem entomologischen Verein Stuttgart, 46 (2), 98 - 100.","Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2012 a) Morphology and identification of the pupae of seven species of the genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchini). Zootaxa, 3483, 39 - 57.","Yunakov, N. N. & Nazarenko, V. Yu. (2003) New and little-known Curculionoidea species (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) from Ukrainian fauna. Vestnik zoologii, 37 (1), 95 - 99. [in Ukrainian, with English abstract]","Heijerman, T. & Drost, M. P. B. (2000) Otiorhynchus aurifer, een Zuid-Europese snuitkever ingeburgerd in Nederland (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Entomologische Berichten, 60 (5), 84 - 88.","Crovetti, A. (1971) Segnalazione di danni causati dallo Otiorrhynchus aurifer Boheman (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchinae) agli agrumi in Sardegna. Quaderno n. 5. Associazione Provinciale Laureati in Scienze Agrarie di Sassari, Sassari, 1 - 5. (source not seen)."]}

Otiorhynchus (Arammichnus) indefinitus Reitter, 1912 = O. dieckmanni Magnano, 1979 We took over this name from L��bl & Smetana (2012) despite the absence of a formal taxonomical act of synonymization, as we believe that the authors are right. Material examined: 11 larvae (Fig. 203). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, 21.09.2011, 1 ex.; dto., 28.10.2011, 5 ex.; dto., 0 1.11.2012, 4 ex.; and 1 ex. on 23.04. 2013 from two flowerpots that were taken to the Curculio Institute in Hannover in winter 2012 / 2013 for regular pupal search. Remarks about breeding and development. All larvae were received from breeding efforts in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig from flowerpots with Ligustrum vulgare L. and Syringa vulgaris L. Breeding attempts were started on 24.06. 2011 and on 24.05. 2012. In 2011 16 adults and in 2012 8 adults and 70 eggs from Hannover-Herrenhausen, Berggarten, and Hannover-Linden, park area, were placed in 2 small flowerpots with Ligustrum vulgare and 3 flowerpots with Syringa vulgaris in the JKI. In 2012 5 flowerpots with only Syringa vulgaris were used. In the Berggarten, an old botanical garden, the weevils were mainly collected from Dendranthema x grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. cultivars. The first mature larvae were obtained in 2011 at the end of September and in 2012 at 1 st November. Then development was delayed in many specimens. Mature larvae were also present in November, December, January, February, but on 0 1.11. 2012 already one recently emerged adult was obtained. The only pupa was detected in June, on 16.06. 2012, and described for the first time by Gosik & Sprick (2013). The reasons for this developmental delay are unknown, as other originally Mediterranean species, like Otiorhynchus armadillo, O. aurifer or O. meridionalis, did not show such a delay which is regarded to be an adaptation to lower central European winter temperatures. The life-cycle of Otiorhynchus indefinitus is not well known, but apparently rather similar to O. raucus (see next species). Teneral adults, usually not sclerotized specimens, appear early in the season on the soil surface. Activity decreases gradually during summer and ends in September. Up to now neither larvae nor pupae were found in the field, but 2 recently emerged adults were recorded in September, indicating that pupation took place in the same year as egg deposition. But it is unknown if larvae also overwinter (originated from eggs deposited later in the season) as in most other Otiorhynchus species with well known life-cycle. In Wiesbaden-Schierstein (South Hesse, Germany), G. Kubach found three not sclerotized, overwintering teneral adults in soil, but less deep than O. raucus (Sprick & St��ben 2012). Very likely, these specimens stayed in their pupal chambers. The low age of these specimens can also be detected by the presence of mandible appendages that will be lost just before the first food uptake. The appearance of single specimens at the soil surface in September might be due to a disturbance of the overwintering site, e.g. by agricultural or horticultural activities. Breeding in flowerpots proved to be practicable in this species, and its susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes was tested in a project about soil-dwelling weevils (Ufer et al. 2011; cited in Sprick & St��ben 2012). HW HH BL BH Species min. median. max. min. median. max. min. median. max. min. median. max. O. indefinitus 1.20 1.20 1.40 1.10 1.20 1.30 6.80 7.60 9.00 2.30 3.00 2.40 O. raucus 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.50 0.50 0.80 2.50 2.70 3.10 0.90 1.00 1.40 O. ligustici* 2.40 2.50 3.00 2.40 2.50 2.60 12.00 12.70 13.00 4.00 4.80 5.60 O. porcatus* 0.75 1.15 1.45 0.65 1.00 1.50 4.50 6.00 7.30 1.90 2.20 2.90 O. sulcatus 1.60 1.70 1.90 1.50 1.60 1.80 7.40 9.60 11.70 2.70 3.30 3.80 O. singularis 1.60 1.60 1.70 1.50 1.60 1.80 6.50 7.70 10.10 2.50 3.00 3.50 O. armatus 1.70 1.70 2.00 1.50 1.70 1.80 6.90 8.40 10.40 2.20 3.10 3.50 O. armadillo 1.70 1.70 2.00 1.70 1.80 2.00 8.20 9.10 9.80 3.00 3.20 3.50 O. aurifer 1.70 1.70 1.90 1.70 1.70 1.80 8.20 8.50 10.50 2.50 3.30 3.50 O. meridionalis 1.80 1.90 1.70 1.80 8.00 10.50 3.10 3.10 O. clavipes 2.00 2.10 2.30 1.80 2.00 2.10 7.00 9.20 11.20 3.70 4.0 5.20 O. fuscipes 2.00 2.10 2.40 1.80 2.00 2.10 7.20 9.60 11.60 3.10 4.0 4.90 O. lugdunensis 1.70 1.80 2.20 1.80 1.80 2.20 7.80 9.80 11.20 2.60 3.20 3.80 O. salicicola* 1.55 1.75 1.80 1.20 1.30 1.50 7.50 9.50 10.00 3.00 3.20 3.40 O. ovatus 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.00 1.10 1.20 4.30 6.20 6.70 1.10 2.20 2.30 O. crataegi 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.10 6.00 6.30 7.00 1.90 2.00 3.40 O. rugosostriatus 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.40 1.50 1.60 7.70 8.70 9.00 2.30 2.80 3.00 Description (Figs. 1���11). Coloration. Head dark brown; all thoracic and abdominal segments dark yellow brown; cuticle almost smooth. Body rather compact (Fig. 1). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, filiform, greyish. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 3 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 long prs; 5 pds (ordered: 1 short, 1 long, 1 short and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 2). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 3, 5, 6). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long ps; and 2 short sts, equal in length (Figs. 4���6). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 1 minute ts. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 7). Head capsule with 4 medium long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 medium long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 short ves. Postepicranial area with a sensillum on each side, next pair of sensilla located medially on frons. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus (Fig. 8) 2.7 times as wide as long, without setae. Labrum (Fig. 8) about 1.8 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, lms 1 and lrm 2 exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum almost rounded. Epipharynx (Fig. 9) with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams similar in both, shape and length, and 2 very short, poorly visible mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, almost parallel. Mandible (Fig. 10) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 11) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere larger than distal; basal one with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 5 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 11), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; basal palpomere slightly longer than distal; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length: pms 2 long, 3 times as long as pms 1, and 4 times as long as pms 3; surface of postlabium densely covered by distinct cuticular processes (Fig. 11). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 7-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2013) Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). Zootaxa, 3731 (4), 445 - 472; incl. Erratum: Zootaxa, 3745 (2), 299 - 300.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany."]}

Otiorhynchus (Choilisanus) raucus (Fabricius, 1777) Material examined: 8 larvae (Fig. 204). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding with Prunus laurocerasus L. cultivar ���Rotundifolia���, dto., 13.11.2013, 1 ex.; dto., 24.01.2014, 1 ex.; dto., 0 1.04.2014, 2 ex.; dto., 0 9.05.2014, 2 ex. and dto., 19.12.2014, 1 ex.; dto., breeding with Thuja occidentalis L. cultivar ���Smaragd���, 0 1.04.2014, 1 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. Only rather few larvae of Otiorhynchus raucus were obtained from at least three breeding attempts in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig. In 2011 no larvae were obtained from breeding with Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand. -Mazz. In 2013 breeding was started on 10.06. with 18 weevils that were released on 2 flowerpots with Chaenomeles x superba (Frahm) Rehder cultivar ���Hollandia���, 2 with Thuja occidentalis L. cultivar ���Smaragd��� and 2 with Prunus laurocerasus L. cultivar ���Rotundifolia���. In 2014 9 weevils were placed on 0 4.06. in 3 Prunus laurocerasus and 1 Fragaria vesca L. cultivar ���Regina��� flowerpots. One flowerpot with Thuja occidentalis from the last year that contained no more larvae was added. The first mature larvae were obtained in 2013 in November and in 2014 in December, i.e. after 5 or 6 months, respectively. Also from the attempt in 2013 that revealed the highest number of mature larvae, no pupae could be obtained. In the field no larvae of O. raucus were found, which may be due to feeding sites deep in soil and perhaps to low or at most medium abundance. The life-cycle of Otiorhynchus raucus is not well known. Early in the season, mainly in April and May, teneral weevils appear on the soil surface and start to lay eggs when sclerotized, from May or June, during the whole season until August and September. Adults overwinter in the pupal chamber deep in soil. Eggs laid late in the season should produce larvae that overwinter, too. Scherf (1964) confirmed the presence of overwintering larvae, but without giving any further information. Own attempts to find larvae in winter failed, but G. Kubach dug out even 8 not sclerotized, young adults on 26 th January 2011 at the site with the highest abundance in Wiesbaden-Schierstein during the soildwelling weevils project of the Curculio Institute (Sprick & St��ben 2012). Soil depth was around 50 cm. The pupa of O. raucus is still unknown. Description (Figs. 12���22). Coloration. Head dark brown; all thoracic and some first abdominal segments dark grey; remaining segments varying from grey to yellowish. Cuticle especially on the dorsal part covered by triangular cuticular processes and more pigmented than on the lateral and ventral parts. Body elongated (Fig. 12). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, filiform, greyish. Thorax. Prothorax with 5 long and 5 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 medium long and 1 long, and 2 medium long); 2 as, different in length; 1 eps; and 1 ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 13). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 medium long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 14, 16, 17). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 15���17). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X without seta. Head subglobose, almost rounded (Fig. 18). Head capsule with 4 relatively long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 relatively long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 relatively long les and 1 relatively long ves; all setae almost equal in length. Postepicranial area with a group of 4 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla placed anteromedially. Stemmata absent. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.9 times as wide as long with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 19). Labrum about 2.5 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum double sinuate; surface of labrum densely covered by triangular cuticular processes (Fig. 19). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length, 2 ams and 1 very short mes (see comments about ams and mes in Material and Methods); labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 20). Mandible (Fig. 21) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 22) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere slightly larger than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 7 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 22), with 2 short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; basal palpomere slightly larger than distal; praemental sclerite feebly visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 2 times as long as pms 1, and 3 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 22). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Scherf, H. (1964) Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Okologie). Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., 506, 1 - 336, 497 figures.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany."]}

Otiorhynchus (Metopiorrhynchus) singularis (Linnaeus, 1767) Material examined: 18 larvae (Fig. 208). Hannover (Germany), breeding in 2 Bergenia cordifolia cultivar ���Rotblum��� flowerpots, 18.12.2011, 2 ex.; dto., 23.02.2012, 1 ex.; Ellerhoop, greenhouse, breeding by Thorsten Ufer in Thuja occidentalis flowerpots, 17.01.2012, 3 ex.; JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding in Euonymus fortunei flowerpots, 0 1.11.2012, 1 ex.; dto., 13.12.2012, 2 ex.; dto., 10.01.2013, 1 ex.; dto., breeding in Taxus baccata L. flowerpots, 14.03.2013, 1 ex.; dto., Thuja occidentalis cultivar ���Smaragd���, 18.04.2013, 1 ex.; Hannover-Herrenhausen, Berggarten, bed of Waldsteinia geoides Willd., 25.06.2015, 5 ex.; 0 4.06.2015, 1 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. Only a relatively small number of larvae were obtained from 2 breeding attempts in 2011 and 2012. The exact number of all observed larvae cannot be given here, as several larvae were kept to obtain pupae (but in vain) and several larvae later proved to be in fact Otiorhynchus sulcatus (due to a contamination of some of the plants used for breeding). In 2011 45 eggs, deposited on 18.08. 2011, were released in 2 Bergenia cordifolia ���Rotblum��� flowerpots and kept in the Curculio-Institut in Hannover at room temperature; already in December (second half) 2 mature larvae were obtained. In 2012 breeding was started on 14.05. with 5 flowerpots (1 Euonymus fortunei, 2 Taxus baccata, 2 Thuja occident alis ���Smaragd���) with 5 adults and around 150 eggs. The first mature larva was received on 0 1.11. 2012, the last on 18.04. 2013. In March 2013 the flowerpots were placed in a room outside to induce pupation, but air temperature fell and permanent frost killed the larvae. The pupa of this widespread species is still undescribed. The life history of Otiorhychus singularis is best studied by Willis (1964) and his data are only partly in accordance with data from other authors, who considered only definite parts of the life-cycle or reported about the situation in other regions (e.g. Andison 1942). There are several peculiarities in the life-cycle of this species. Adults start to emerge in April; also in May usually mainly teneral light brownish adults appear on the ground or in the woody vegetation. These specimens did not hatch just before from the pupa (as e.g. in O. sulcatus). They have been overwintering in their pupal chambers (as in O. indefinitus and in O. raucus), and their exoskeleton remained weak since the point in time when they hatched from the pupa. In Northern Ireland pupation takes place from end of June to August (Willis 1964). Larvae and pupae were found at different depths in soil, but usually deeper than O. sulcatus, mainly 9���15 inches (= 23���38 cm) below soil level. In contrast to all other Otiorhynchus species so far investigated, O. singularis has two definite oviposition periods: from (approximately) mid-May to June and with lower significance from mid-September to mid-October (Sprick 2012, in Sprick & St��ben 2012). This partly corresponds with observations of Dieckmann (1980), who dissected numerous weevils and found eggs only once (19 th June). Another striking difference to the life history of other Otiorhynchus species is the long life span over 3 years. In the lab 2 specimens also survived during the whole period of the soil-dwelling weevils project of the Curculio Institute (28.04.2008 ��� 23.02.2012). Under harder outdoor conditions more than a second overwintering is not to be expected. Willis (1964) confirms that adults usually overwinter and contribute to egg-laying in a second summer. It seems that limited egg deposition periods and the long stay in the pupal chamber over 8 to 10 months is an adaptive synchronization to the simultaneous presence of more than one generation, although this species is parthenogenetic and there is no need to mate. In spring this species showed a conspicuous amount of climbing activity during the day (Sprick 2012, in Sprick & St��ben 2012) and could be recorded per beating tray from shrubs and trees up to over 2.50 m. Description (Figs. 34���44). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from dirty yellow to brownish; cuticle with cuticular processes. Body elongated (Fig. 34). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, relatively short, filiform, greyish. Thorax. Prothorax with 3 long and 6 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 medium long, 1 long and 1 medium long); 1 long and 1 minute as; 1 eps; and 1 ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 35). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 very short, 1 long, 1 very short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII with 1 minute sps and only 4 pds (1 long, 1 medium long, 1 long and 1 medium long)]; 1 long and 1 minute eps; 2 ps, different in length; 1 short lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 36, 38, 39). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 37���39). Each lateral lobe of abdominal segment X with 3 minute ts. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 40). Head capsule with 4 relatively long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 relatively long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna (fs 4 slightly shorter than fs 5); 2 relatively long les and 1 relatively long ves. Postepicranial area with a pair of sensilla, frons with a pair of sensilla. Stemmata not well visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.1 times as wide as long with 1 cls, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 41). Labrum about 1.9 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum rounded (Fig. 41). Epipharynx with 3 fingerlike als, different in length, 3 ams, different in length, and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 42). Mandible (Fig. 43) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 44) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, almost equal in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere larger than distal and with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 44), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 1 and pms 3 equal in length, almost 2 times shorter than pms 2 (Fig. 44). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Willis, R. J. (1964) The bionomics and larval morphology of the otiorrhynchid pests of soft fruit crops. Thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, 250 pp. and appendix of 60 pp.","Andison, H. (1942) The occurrence of the clay-coloured weevil, (Brachyrhinus singularis (L )) in British Columbia (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 38, 8 - 10.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.","Dieckmann, L. (1980) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae (Brachycerinae, Otiorhynchinae, Brachyderinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 30, 145 - 310."]}

Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species In this key, we included all species described in this paper and all species hitherto described, if chaetotaxy was considered sufficiently: Otiorhynchus ligustici, O. porcatus, O. salicicola (see Gosik & Sprick 2012 a), O. nodosus (see Willis 1964) and O. cribricollis (see Grandi 1913), Lockwood & Keifer (1930) and Rosenstiel (1987). Further comments are reported in the following chapter. 1. Prs and pds 1, 2, 4 on abdominal segment I short, filiform, and pds 3,5 long or very long (Figs. 156���171).................... 2 - Prs and pds 1, 2, 4 on abdominal segment I thorn-like, dark brown, and pds 3,5, filiform, medium long (Fig. 155)............................................................................ O. (Cryphiphorus) ligustici (Linnaeus) (Fig. 205) 2. Postdorsum on metathorax with 5 pds (Figs. 172���174)........................................................ 3 - Postdorsum on metathorax with 4 pds (Figs. 175���186)....................................................... 6 3. Pds 3 on metathorax 2 times shorter than pds 2 (Fig. 172). Pds 1 on abdominal segment I almost as long as pds 2 and pds 4 (Fig. 156). Ds 2 on abdominal segment IX distinctly longer than ds 1 and ds 3 (Fig. 188). Postlabium covered by cuticular processes..................................................................................................... 4 - Pds 3 on metathorax visibly longer than pds 2 (Figs. 173, 174). Pds 1 on abdominal segment I 2���3 times as long as pds 2 and pds 4 (Figs. 157, 158). Ds 2 on abdominal segment. IX shorter than ds 1 and ds 3 (Figs. 189, 190). Postlabium smooth, covered by cuticular processes....................................................................................... 5 4. Pronotum with 7 prns, each thoracic segment with 5 pda, setae fine, rather short (Fig. 2)................................................................................... Otiorhynchus (Arammichnus) indefinitus Reitter (Fig. 203) - Pronotum with 9 prns, each thoracic segment with 7 pda, setae well visible, relatively massive............................................................................................. O. (Arammichnus) cribricollis Gyllenhal 5. Pds 1 and pds 2 on metathorax equal in length (Fig. 173). Meso- and metathorax with 2 as. Body greyish to brown, cuticle espe- cially on dorsal part covered with triangular cuticular processes and more pigmented than on lateral and ventral parts. Head dark brown, almost rounded. Surfaces of labrum densely covered by thorn-like cuticular processes...................................................................................... O. (Choilisanus) raucus (Fabricius) (Fig. 204) - Pds 1 on metathorax 3 times longer than pds 2 (Fig. 174). Meso- and metathorax with 1 as. Body white to yellowish, cuticular processes very fine. Head light yellow, distinctly narrowed bilaterally. Surface of labrum smooth........................................................................................ O. (Pendragon) ovatus (Linnaeus) (Fig. 217) 6. Meso- and metathorax with 4 pds, identical in length (Figs. 175���183; 175 a��� 183 a)................................... 7 - Meso- and metathorax with 4 pds, different in length (Figs. 184���187; 184 a��� 187 a).................................. 15 7. Meso- and metathoracic pds 1 and pds 2 equal in length (or almost equal length), both distinctly shorter than pds 3 (Figs. 176���183)........................................................................................... 8 - Meso- and metathoracic pds 1 as long as pds 3, both distinctly longer than pds 2 (Fig. 175)............................................................................................... O. (Pocodalemes) crataegi Germar (Fig. 218) 8. Abdominal segment VIII with 5 pds (3 short and 2 long)...................................................... 9 - Abdominal segment VIII with 4 pds (2 short and 2 long) (Fig. 199).. O. (Metopiorrhynchus) singularis (Linnaeus) (Fig. 208) 9. Abdominal segments I���VII with only 1 long sps (Figs. 191, 192)............................................... 10 - Abdominal segments I���VII with 1 long and 1 minute sps (Figs. 193���197)....................................... 11 10. Head light yellow. Body slender, milk-white. Clypeus with 1 cls (Fig. 63).... O. (Otiorhynchus) armadillo (Rossi) (Fig. 210) - Head dark yellow. Body rather massive, yellowish. Clypeus with 2 cls....... O. (Otiorhynchus) salicicola Stierlin (Fig. 216) 11. Lms 2 slightly longer (maximum 1.33 times) than lms 1 and lms 3 (Figs. 85, 96, 107, 118).............................. 12 - Lms 2 distinctly longer (2 times) than lms 1 and lms 3 (Fig. 74)................. O. (Otiorhynchus) aurifer Boheman (Fig. 211) 12. Setae of abdomen fine, transparent............................... O. (Otiorhynchus) meridionalis Gyllenhal (Fig. 212) - Setae of abdomen rather massive, brown or dark yellow.................... O. (Otiorhynchus) tenebricosus complex. 13 13. Eps 2 on abdominal segment I���VIII distinctly longer than eps 1 (at least 2 times, usually 3 times or more) (Fig. 197). Pms 3 dis- tinctly shorter than pms 1 and pms 2 (Fig. 121)..................................... O. lugdunensis (Herbst) (Fig. 215) - Eps 2 on abdominal segment I���VIII slightly longer than eps 1 (no more than 2 times, usually 1.33 times or less) (Figs. 195, 196). Pms 3 slightly shorter or of the same length as pms 1 (Figs. 99, 110)............................................. 14 14. Pms 3 as long as pms 1 (Fig. 99). Pronotum with 4 long and 4 medium long prns (Fig. 90)... O. clavipes (Bonsdorff) (Fig. 213) - Pms 3 slightly shorter than pms 1 (Fig. 101). Pronotum with 4 long and 5 medium long prns (Fig. 110)............................................................................................... O. fuscipes (Olivier) (Fig. 214) 15. Abdominal segment VIII with 4 (2 long and 2 short) pds (Figs. 197, 199)........................................ 16 - Abdominal segment VIII with 5 (2 long and 3 short) pds (Fig. 28).............................................. 17 16. Labral rods short, reniform (Fig. 53). Epipharynx with nodular cuticular processes. Clypeus with 2 very short, poorly visible cls (Fig. 53)...................................................... O. (Nehrodistus) armatus Boheman (Fig. 209) - Labral rods elongated (Fig. 152). Epipharynx covered by thorn-like cuticular processes. Clypeus with 2 medium long cls (Fig. 152)......................................................... O. (Zustalestus) rugosostriatus (Goeze) (Fig. 219) 17. Setae on body elongated, fine, transparent. Body elongated. Abdominal segment IX mostly with 4 ds (Fig. 201)......... 18 - Setae on body relatively massive, yellow or brownish. Body moderately elongated. Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds (Fig. 202)............................................................ O. (Dorymerus) sulcatus (Fabricius) (Fig. 206) 18. Clypeus with 1 medium long seta and 1 sensillum............................. O. (Postaremus) nodosus (O.F. M��ller) - Clypeus with 2 setae and 1 sensillum................................... O. (Lolatismus) porcatus (Herbst) (Fig. 207), Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2012 a) Morphology and identification of the pupae of seven species of the genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchini). Zootaxa, 3483, 39 - 57.","Willis, R. J. (1964) The bionomics and larval morphology of the otiorrhynchid pests of soft fruit crops. Thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, 250 pp. and appendix of 60 pp.","Grandi, G. (1913) Gli stati postembrionali di un Coleottero (Otiorrhynchus cribricollis Gyll.) a riproduzione partenogenetica ciclica irregolare. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura, 7, 72 - 90.","Lockwood, S. & Keifer, H. H. (1930) Preliminary observations on a weevil, Brachyrhinus cribricollis (Gyll.), with comparisons to related forms found in California. Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, State of California, 19, 16 - 39.","Rosenstiel, R. G. (1987) Larval taxonomy of some Polydrosinae and Entiminae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America, 67, 1 - 64."]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) tenebricosus (Herbst, 1784) complex: Otiorhynchus lugdunensis Boheman, 1843 Material examined: 17 larvae (Fig. 215). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding with Euonymus fortunei, Ligustrum vulgare and Syringa vulgaris, 28.10.2011, 8 ex.; 16.11.2011, 1 ex.; 24.11.2011, 2 ex.; 0 5.01.2012, 1 ex.; 23.03.2012, 1 ex.; 16.08.2012, 1 ex.; 22.08.2012, 1 ex.; 26.06.2012, 3 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. Larvae were received by one breeding attempt. 8 adults, 4 males and 4 females, were collected in Hannover-Linden in a park south of Leine river and placed in breeding cages with 4 Euonymus fortunei, 2 Ligustrum vulgare and 2 Syringa vulgaris flowerpots on 24.06. 2011. At first checking on 21.09. 2011 there were 31 small to medium-sized larvae, usually 1���4 per flowerpot, but in 1 Euonymus pot, there were 18. On 28.10. 2011 around 49 larvae were counted, and some of them were already mature. In one of the Syringa flowerpots nearly all roots were eaten, and this plant was exchanged with Ligustrum vulgare. 12 larvae of different sizes were preserved in ethanol. On 16.11. 2011 34 larvae were counted, and again a few were preserved. In several flowerpots the roots were eaten, 1 Euonymus plant had dried up and a few larvae were found dead or nearly dead. Hence the breeding plants of several flowerpots had to be renewed. On 0 5.01. 2012 there were 5 flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei and 2 with Ligustrum vulgare, but only 11 larvae, 1 of them found dead in a very wet flowerpot (apparently drowned), a second still alive, but apparently suffering from too strong watering, the remaining in good condition and 10 of 11 mature. One flowerpot with 3 mature larvae was taken to Hannover for regular pupae control. From these larvae only 1 developed into the pupal stage, on 13.05. 2012. A check in the climate chamber on 13.06. 2012 revealed again 10 mature larvae (a few may have been overlooked before), of which 3 were taken to Hannover for pupae control, but did not pupate there. Also in Braunschweig only 1 more mature larva pupated on 27.09. 2012, the remaining stayed for along time in the larval stage or died. The pupa was described in Gosik & Sprick (2013). In spite of the rapid development of the larva into the last larval instar, the receipt of the pupa was difficult and delayed for many months. The reasons are unknown. A possible reason is the absence of short-day conditions in the climate chamber. Description (Figs. 111���121). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from yellowish to brownish; cuticle almost smooth. Body elongated (Fig. 111). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, filiform, brownish. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 5 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long); 1 long and 1 very short as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 112). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 very short sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 very short sps]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 very short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 113, 115, 116). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Fig. 114���116). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 1 minute ts each. Head subglobose (slightly narrowed) (Fig. 117). Head capsule with 4 long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 very short ves; des 2 and fs 4 little shorter than other des and fs 5. Postepicranial area with a group of 5 pairs and frons with 2 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (1 pair) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.5 times as wide as long with 2 short cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 118). Labrum about 2 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 some shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum close to rounded (Fig. 118). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strongly convergent (Fig. 119). Mandible (Fig. 120) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; molar edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 121) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres of almost equal length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; basal palpomere with 2 sensilla, distal with 1 sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 121), with 2 short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite wide, well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 2 times as long as pms 1 and 5 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 121). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2. For more comments about taxonomy of the three preceding taxa see: Introduction and Discussion., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 37-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2013) Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). Zootaxa, 3731 (4), 445 - 472; incl. Erratum: Zootaxa, 3745 (2), 299 - 300."]}