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This study investigated the household food insecurity (HFI) among Portuguese children following the last world financial crisis. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 4737 Portuguese children (3-11 yrs). Socio-demographics, food insecurity, and household geographic location were assessed via questionnaire. Nutritional status was measured. Following the economic crisis, 14.2% of school children and 12.0% of preschool children experienced HFI. Preschool children having parents with low and medium parental education (paternal: OR = 4.4; 95% CI 2.7-7.1 and OR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.5-3.6; maternal: OR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.4-3.5 and OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.3), living in the south (OR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.0-2.0) and being overweight/obese (OR = 1.1; 95% CI 0.7-1.3) were more likely to experience HFI than food secure household peers. Higher OR of belonging to a food insecure household were observed in school-aged children with low and medium parental education (paternal: OR = 2.9; 95% CI 1.9-4.6 and OR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.1-2.5; maternal: OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.6-3.9 and OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.6-3.3), living in Coimbra (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.1-2.6) and being overweight/obese (OR = 1.3; 95% CI 0.8-1.5) compared to food secure household peers. Data are instructive and support the need to increase awareness of HFI, reduce its incidence in overweight/obese children from low socio-economic status families and specific geographic areas, and increase food availability based on local ecology.

Objectives: We evaluated, for the first time in Portugal, the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to parental education in a population of preschool-aged Portuguese children in 2009/2010 and 2016/2017., Methods: Anthropometric data were collected in public and private preschools (n = 1996 in 2009/2010; n = 2077 in 2016/2017). Body mass index was calculated and weight status categories were based on the International Obesity Task Force cutoff points. Parental education level was self-reported., Results: Prevalence of overweight (17.1%-14.1%; p < 0.001) and obesity (6.6%-3.9%, p < 0.001) was lower in 2016/2017 than in 2009/2010, with higher rates being found in the north of the country. Parental education was significantly associated with childhood overweight and obesity and inequalities between low- and high-education increased between the two periods., Conclusions: While a decrease in childhood overweight and obesity were positive findings, the prevalence is still high and shows pronounced socioeconomic differences. Policies for obesity prevention need to be inclusive and tackle inequalities, with interventions tailored to suit local contexts., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

This study compares the prevalence of overweight and obesity between WHO/IOTF criteria. A total of 17,277 Portuguese children aged 3-10 years old were analysed. The prevalences of overweight-obesity were higher at WHO classification (19.8%-20.7%) than at IOTF classification (8.2%-16.1%), (p<0.001). Agreement between the criteria were substantial for overweight (Kappa= 0.67, p<0.001) and moderate for obesity (Kappa= 0.47, p<0.001). The prevalences ratio for inequality between criteria were greater for boys than for girls and lesser for children aged 6-7 than children aged 8-10 years old. The disparities between the two criteria and the higher overweight obesity prevalences highlight the needs to develop more studies.

The relationship between dietary intake and overweight-risk was assessed in 4349 children aged 3-5 years. Eating and sedentary behaviours were assessed by questionnaire. Logistic regressions were used. Children who consumed daily soft-drinks were 1.52 times more likely to be obese, and 72% more likely to be classified as overweight children., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper., (© Atlantis Press International B.V.)

Objectives: The consequences of irregular sleep duration at younger ages remains uncertain, especially when we consider shorter and longer than recommended sleep durations. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the association between healthy sleep duration and risk of obesity in Portuguese children., Methods: The sample for this cross-sectional study comprised 8273 children (4183 females) aged 6-9 years. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Sleep habits and sedentary behaviors (i.e., TV viewing) were assessed by questionnaire. Logistic regressions were used., Results: After adjustments for confounders, males who have irregular sleep duration were 1.28 times more likely to be classified as overweight or obese than their counterparts who had normal sleep duration on weekdays. No associations between sleep duration and overweight/obesity risk were found for girls, neither on weekdays nor on the weekend. For both boys and girls, the final model showed a significant inverse association between overweight/obesity risk and the educational level of fathers (males: 95% CI 0.51 to 0.79, P < .001; females: 95% CI 0.57 to 0.87, P < .01)., Conclusion: Findings revealed that shorter and longer than recommended sleep duration was positively associated with risk of obesity in boys on weekdays. Furthermore, pediatric obesity risk could be highly influenced by the education level of fathers of both males and females. Future research should extend a similar design, using objective measures of sleep duration to confirm some of the afore-mentioned results., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)