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Shoot samples of oil seed radish and black oat were collected during the winter at 60, 75, 90, and 120 days after planting (dap). At each cutting organic composition of the water soluble fraction (WSF) was determined and its effects on the mobilization of cations in acid soil were evaluated using PVC soil columns. A biological test based in root growth of pre-germinated wheat seeds was conducted for 7 days in soil columns after application of the WSF of plant materials. The relative organic composition of the plant materials changed between cutting times and the greatest values were observed at 60 dap for oil seed radish and 75 dap for black oat. In the later sampling dates, the relative values were decreased sharply. The identified organic compounds were aliphatic and phenolic organic acids. The application of the plant extracts in soil columns increased the pH and the concentrations of exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K), and decreased exchangeable Al. Few differences between pl...

Laboratory experiments were carried out to examine the effects of plant residues on Cu, Zn, B and S adsorption by an acidic oxisol. The plant residues were: black oats (Avena strigosa), oil seed radish(Raphanus sativus), velvet beans (Stizolobium cinereum), and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) collected at flowering stage. Plant residues increased Cu and Zn adsorptions and decreased B and S adsorptions. The results indicated that for short term effect plant residues decreased the availabilities of Cu and Zn through metal organic complex reactions and increased availabilities of S and B through competition with organic anions by the adsorption sites on soil. Resíduos vegetais frescos possuem compostos orgânicos hidrossolúveis de baixo peso molecular com alta capacidade de complexação com cátions e de competição na adsorção de ânions em solos ácidos. Foram conduzidos experimentos de laboratório para avaliar os efeitos de resíduos de aveia preta (Avena strigosa), nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus), mucuna anã (Stizolobium cinereum) e guandu (Cajanus cajan), coletados em pleno florescimento, na adsorção de Cu, Zn, B e S por um latossolo ácido. Os resíduos vegetais aumentaram a adsorção de Cu e Zn e diminuíram as de B e S. Os resultados indicaram que as transformações rápidas dos compostos orgânicos dos resíduos vegetais diminuem a disponibilidade de Cu e Zn através de reações de complexação organo-metálica e aumentam as de S e B através de competição com ânions orgânicos pelos sítios de adsorção do solo.

Low Ca and Mg are serious limitations to crop production in sandy soils of the northwest Paraná, Brazil. Thus soil samples of an Oxisol collected in this region were packed into 30cm long columns. Dolomite lime (2.0, 0.84, 0.30, and < 0.30 mm screen) was added on soil surface, then leached with deionized water. Thereafter, the columns were dismantled and the soil cut into 5cm segments for chemical analysis. Dolomite lime increased pHCaCl2,, KCl-exchangeable Ca and Mg and residual CO3 mostly in the top surface layers. Surface dolomite lime had no effect on pH, Ca, Mg, and CO3 in the leachate, independent on the lime particle size. These results indicated that surface dolomite lime application had no effect on subsoil composition and mostly of the calcium and magnesium carbonates are still unreacted on the soil surface.A deficiência de Ca e Mg são fatores que podem limitar a produção agrícola nos solos arenosos do Noroeste do Paraná, Brasil. Amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho escuro coletado nesta região foram incubadas em colunas de PVC de 30 cm de comprimento, aplicando-se calcário dolomítico (peneiras tamanho 2.0, 0.84, 0.30, e

The maintenance of plant residues on the surface of acid soils in no-tillage cropping systems reportedly increases the downward mobility of Ca and Al. This study investigated the effects of application of aqueous extracts of residues of radish (Raphanus sativus), blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius), black oat (Avena strigosa), soybean (Glicine max), and wheat (Triticum aestivum), without incubation (initial extract) or incubated (15-day extract), on the chemistry of an acid Oxisol in 0.20-m columns. The application of initial extracts of plant residues increased the pH and the KCl-extractable contents of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mehlich 1-extractable K+, and decreased the KCl-extractable Al3+ in the following order: blue lupine > radish > black oat > soybean > wheat. The Ca concentrations of the effluents, after application of the initial extracts of radish and blue lupine, were virtually the same as those in the extracts before application, whereas K was decreased by 40 – 90%, and more Al was extracted from the soil than the amount determined as KCl-extractable Al. The initial and 15-day extracts had similar effects on soil Ca and Al, however, the capacity of mobilizing Ca and Al was markedly decreased in the latter. This difference was associated with the type and relative composition of organic compounds in the water soluble organic fraction in both extracts as determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The concentration of water soluble organic compounds in the fresh green manures residues became drastically decreased (50% on average) after the incubation. The initial extracts of blue lupine and radish had a high proportion (20 and 30%, respectively) of the organic compounds as short-chain fatty acids with a high capacity of forming stable complexes with Ca and Al. In contrast, the 15-day extracts were predominated by long-chain fatty acids and aromatic compounds, which did not show the same effect. Fresh green-manure residues had water-soluble organic compounds of low molecular weight with high capacity of forming stable complexes with Ca and Al. The biological oxidation of these organic compounds occurred rapidly, markedly decreasing the capacity to mobilize cations in the aqueous plant-residue extracts.

The low mobility of the soluble components of surface-applied lime, limits their ability to reduce subsoil acidity in variable charge soils. Laboratory experiments were conducted with brazilian Oxisol to evaluate the effect of oat extracts on the mobility of surface applied calcium in form of CaCO3. The following oat cultivars were evaluated: Argentina 5VL3, UPF 90H400-2, IAPAR 61, IA96101-b, SI 83400, EMBRAPA 29, LD 9102, FAPA 1, ER 93247, ER 90148, ER 89144, ER 93152, Alpha 94124, Alpha 94206 and Preta comum. Oat extracts and lime were applied at rates of 10 and 5 Mg ha-1, respectively. Effect of lime without plant extracts on soil acidity was limited in the upper 10 cm of the profile. Lime in the presence of oat extracts increased pH and Ca ex and decreased Al ex about 20cm deep. The SI83400 and UPF90H400-2 were the best oat extracts as Ca-carrier into the acid soil profile. The results suggested that soluble organic compounds from oat extracts are mobile and capable of detoxifying acid subsoil, by increasing liming efficiency.A baixa mobilidade dos componentes solúveis do calcário aplicado na superfície do solo limita a sua eficiência na redução da acidez das camadas subsuperficiais de solos com cargas variáveis. Foram conduzidos experimentos de laboratório com latossolo ácido para avaliar a eficiência de extratos de aveia na mobilidade do calcário aplicado na superfície do solo. Foram avaliadas as seguintes cultivares de aveia: Argentina 5VL3, UPF 90H400-2, IAPAR 61, IA96101-b, SI 83400, EMBRAPA 29, LD 9102, FAPA 1, ER 93247, ER 90148, ER 89144, ER 93152, Alpha 94124, Alpha 94206 and Preta comum. O calcário e a aveia foram aplicados em doses equivalentes a 5 e 10 Mg ha-1, respectivamente. O efeito da calagem sem resíduos vegetais limitou-se nos 10 cm superficiais do solo. A calagem na presença de extratos de aveia aumentou o pH e Ca-trocável e diminuiu Al-trocável até 25 cm de profundidade. As cultivares SI 83400 e UPF 90H400-2 foram as melhores transportadoras de Ca no perfil do solo. Os resultados sugerem que compostos solúveis contidos nos extratos de aveia, melhoram a eficiência do calcário aplicado na superfície dos solos.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) population densities on the chemical and microbiological properties of an Oxisol. The work was carried out on soil samples of 0-20 cm depth originated from an experimental site which had been used for coffee tree spacing studies during 15 years, in Paraná State, Brazil. Eight coffee tree populations were evaluated: 7143, 3571, 2381, 1786, 1429, 1190, 1020, and 893 trees/ha. Increasing plant population increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, extractable P, organic carbon, moisture content and coffee root colonization by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and decreased exchangeable Al and microbial biomass. Such results were attributed to better erosion control, improved plant residue management and nutrient cycling, and decreased leaching losses. Increasing coffee tree population per unit of area has shown to be an important reclamation recuperation strategy for improving fertility of the acid soils in Paraná, Brazil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar os efeitos de diferentes densidades de população de cafeeiros (Coffea arabica L.) nas propriedades químicas, físicas e microbiológicas do solo. Amostras de um Latossolo foram coletadas na profundidade 0-20 cm em um experimento de campo onde estavam sendo avaliadas diferentes populações de cafeeiros. Os tratamentos foram 7.143, 3.571, 2.381, 1.786, 1.429, 1.190, 1.020 e 893 covas/ha. Os resultados demonstraram que o aumento da população de plantas por unidade de área aumentou o pH, o Ca, o Mg e o K trocáveis, o P disponível, o carbono orgânico, o teor de umidade e a colonização radicular por micorrizas, e diminuiu o Al trocável e a biomassa microbiana. Foram considerados como causas da melhoria da fertilidade do solo, sob cafeeiros adensados, o adequado controle da erosão, o correto manejo dos resíduos vegetais e a baixa lixiviação dos íons. O manejo da população de cafeeiros pode constituir uma estratégia importante para a recuperação da fertilidade dos solos ácidos do Paraná.

The common practice for liming no-tillage consists of applying dolomite to soil surface without incorporation into the soil by plowing. The effectiveness of surface application of lime to oxisols under no-tillage, particularly with regard to subsoil acidity, is uncertain. A field experiment was conducted from 1986 to 1991 in the State of Parana, Brazil, to evaluate the extent of downward movement of dolomite and phosphogypsum in an acid soil profile under a no-tillage system, and the effect on soybean yields. The experimental treatments were: control (no amendments), surface dolomite, incorporated dolomite (0–20 cm), surface phosphogypsum, surface 1 2 dolomine (half of the lime requirement) plus surface 1 2 phosphogypsum (half of the phosphogypsum requirement), and surface 1 4 dolomine (one-quarter of the lime requirement applied per year over 4 years). The following results were obtained: a significant reduction in Al and increase in Ca and Mg because of increased pH were measured about 40 cm deep when dolomite is surface applied; the effects of surface dolomite on the acid soil chemistry were essentially the same as those produced by incorporated dolomite; surface phosphogypsum had no effect on pH, increased Ca and decreased Mg; combining phosphogypsum with dolomite improved the soil fertility levels; soybean yields increased with surface and incorporated dolomite, phosphogypsum plus dolomite, and surface 1 4 dolomite annually; and soybean yields decreased with single application of phosphogypsum. It was concluded that for a no-tillage system, surface applied dolomite was effective in improving the fertility of an acid soil below the point of placement, and increased soybean grain yields.

Reports on manganese (Mn) soil tests in Brazil are not correlated either with total uptake of Mn by plants or plant growth response to added Mn salts. We have investigated the factors influencing Mn release in an acid soil and to better understand the Mn dynamic and uptake by maize seedlings. Soil preparation processes (air‐dry, oven‐dry, storage, etc.) significantly influenced Mn availability. Soil Mn extracted by 1M NH4OAc pH 7.0 was highly correlated with plant Mn. The use of a soil sample without drying seems promising for evaluting soil‐available Mn but the procedure still needs widespread evaluation.

Laboratory experiments were conducted to re-evaluate the effects of drying and the time between drying and Mn analysis on soil Mn solubility using maize seedlings as test plant. Samples of five soil types were collected in the field, transferred to laboratory and submitted for the following treatments: dried in the shade at 25ºC and dried at 65ºC followed by Mn determination immediately and after 30 and 60 days. Ninety days later soil samples were rewetted at field capacity and maize seedlings were grown for 7 days. Evaluations included plant Mn content and soil Mn extracted with NH4OAc 1 mol L-1 pH 7. The lowest soil and plant Mn contents were found in soil samples dried in the shade at 25ºC. Drying soil sample at 65ºC and increasing the time between drying and Mn analysis increased Mn solubility and Mn uptake by maize. Oxisols showed higher soil and plant Mn contents than other soil types. The results indicated the extreme difficulty in interpreting soil Mn results due to the great effect of soil processes in the laboratory on Mn solubility. Routine soil analysis is not recommended to evaluate plant available Mn.Avaliou-se em condições de laboratório os efeitos da secagem da amostra de solo e do tempo entre a secagem e a determinação analítica na solubilidade do Mn, utilizando-se milho como planta indicadora. Coletaram-se amostras de cinco solos agrícolas, transferiram-se para o laboratório onde foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: secas a sombra a 25ºC, secas a 65ºC determinando-se o Mn imediatamente, aos 30 e 60 dias. Após 90 dias reumedeceu-se os solos e cultivou-se plantas de milho durante 7 dias. Avaliações incluem Mn-planta e Mn-solo extraído com a solução de NH4AOc 1mol L-1 pH7.0. Amostras de solo secas à sombra apresentaram os menores teores de Mn no solo e nos tecidos das plantas. A secagem do solo a 65ºC e o tempo entre a secagem e a determinação aumentaram a solubilidade de Mn no solo e a absorção de Mn pelas plantas. Os oxisolos e o alfisolo apresentaram os maiores teores de Mn. Os resultados indicaram a extrema dificuldade na interpretação analítica de Mn no solo para fins de fertilidade, devido aos efeitos do preparo da amostra no laboratório na solubilidade do Mn. Analise rotineira de solo deve ser usada com ressalvas para avaliação da disponibilidade de Mn para as plantas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate if cover crops can absorb P from the upper layers and transport it in their roots to subsoil layers. Samples of an Oxisol were placed in PVC columns. Super phosphate fertilizer was applied to the 0-10 cm soil surface layers. The cover crops tested were: Avena strigosa, Avena sativa, Secale cereale, Pisum sativum subsp arvense, Pisum sativum, Vicia villosa, Vicia sativa, Lupinus angustifoliu, Lupinus albus, and Triticum aestivum. After a growth period of 80 days the cover crop shoots were cut off and the soil was divided into 10cm layers and the roots of each layer were washed out. The roots and shoots were analyzed separated for total P contribution to the soil. Considerable amount of P was present in the roots of cover crops. Vicia sativa contained more than 60% of total plant P in the roots. The contribution of Vicia sativa to soil P bellow the fertilized zone was about 7 kg ha-1. It thus appeared that there existed a possibility of P redistribution into the soil under no tillage by using cover crops in rotation with cash crops. Vicia sativa was the most efficient cover crop species as P carrier into the roots from superficial layer to lower layers.Em plantio direto o P acumula-se próximo da subsuperfície do solo. Devido a importância do P para o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular é benéfico a sua transferência da superfície para a subsuperfície do solo. O objetivo foi avaliar se as plantas de cobertura do solo podem absorver P na superfície e transferi-la através das raízes para a subsuperfície do solo. Amostras de um latossolo com baixo teor de P disponível foram transferidas para colunas de PVC. Superfosfato triplo foi aplicado na camada de 0 a 10 cm de profundidade. Avaliaram-se as seguintes plantas de cobertura: Avena strigosa, Avena sativa, Secale cereale, Pisum sativum subsp arvense, Pisum sativum, Vicia villosa, Vicia sativa, Lupinus angustifoliu, Lupinus albus, e Triticum aestivum. Após 80 dias coletou-se a parte aérea das plantas, dividiu-se o solo em camadas de 10 cm e separou-se as raízes de cada camada de solo. Analisou-se as raízes e parte aérea e calculou-se a contribuição para o P do solo. As plantas de cobertura acumularam quantidades consideráveis de P nas raízes e parte aérea. Vicia sativa acumulou cerca de 65% do total de P absorvido nas raízes e transferiu com 7 kg ha-1 de P para o solo abaixo do local de aplicação do fertilizante fosfatado. Existe a possibilidade da redistribuição de P no solo, em plantio direto, utilizando-se plantas de cobertura de inverno em rotação com culturas de verão. Vicia sativa foi a mais eficiente na redistribuição do P da superfície para as camadas subsuperficiais do solo.

O conhecimento do comportamento químico de solos ácidos durante a decomposição de resíduos vegetais tem grande importância no manejo destes solos. Em Londrina, foi avaliado, durante os anos de 1995 e 1996, o efeito da incubação (0, 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias) de resíduos de nabo, soja e trigo (doses de 2 e 4%) finamente moídos com amostras do horizonte Bw de três unidades de solo (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Latossolo Roxo e Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro) sobre o pH, carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) e Al, Ca, Mg e K trocáveis e solúveis. Nos resíduos vegetais, foram determinados o COD e Ca, Mg e K totais e solúveis. Imediatamente após a aplicação dos resíduos vegetais (tempo zero), ocorreram aumentos no pH, no Ca, Mg e K trocáveis e solúveis, no Al solúvel e no COD e redução no Al trocável. A intensidade dessas alterações foi relacionada com o COD e Ca, Mg e K solúveis nos diferentes resíduos, na seguinte ordem: nabo > soja > trigo. Durante a incubação, o COD na solução do solo foi rapidamente diminuído. A redução do COD com o tempo de incubação não alterou o K, mas reduziu drasticamente o Al, Ca e Mg na solução do solo, demonstrando a importância do COD na manutenção de cátions polivalentes em solução por meio do mecanismo de complexação orgânica. A especiação química demonstrou que acima de 90% do Al total em solução estava na forma orgânica. A composição orgânica e inorgânica da fração hidrossolúvel de resíduos vegetais demonstrou ser a principal responsável pelas alterações químicas observadas nas amostras de solos ácidos. Understanding the chemistry behavior in acid soils during the decomposition of plant residues is very important for the management of these soils. The effects of incubation (0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days) of finely ground residues of oil seed radish (Raphanus sativus), soybean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) (at 2 and 4%) with samples of Bw horizon of three Oxisols of the state of Paraná, Brazil, on the soil pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soluble and exchangeable Al, Ca, Mg and K were verified during 1995-1996. DOC and total and soluble Ca, Mg and K were determined in the plant residues. Immediately after application of plant residues (zero time), there were increases in pH, in exchangeable and soluble Ca, Mg, and K, in soluble Al and DOC and a decrease in exchangeable Al. The intensity of these changes was associated with the DOC and with the soluble Ca, Mg and K in the residues, in the following order: oil seed radish > soybean > wheat. During incubation, the DOC of the soil solution rapidly decreased. DOC decrease with the incubation time did not affect K, but drastically reduced Al, Ca and Mg in the soil solution, showing the importance of DOC in the maintenance of cations in solution through the formation mechanism of organic complexes. The chemical speciation estimated that more than 90% of the total Al in solution was in the organic form. The organic and inorganic compositions of the water soluble fraction of plant residues were the main factor responsible for the chemical changes observed in the acid soil samples.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted with six acid soils from southern Brazil to investigate the effect of available Al on growth and mineral nutrition of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seedlings. Coffee seedlings were grown for 7 months in pots containing soil treated with varying amounts of CaCO/sub 3/ up to twice the lime equivalent, and amounts of MgCO/sub 3/ and CaSO/sub 4/ x 2H/sub 2/O equal to the lime equivalent. Leaf samples were collected immediately before harvesting the seedlings and analyzed for Ca and Al. At this time, soil was collected from each pot and analyzed for exchangeable cations and soluble ions. The chemical composition of the soil solution was used as input data for a computer program (GEOCHEM) to chemically speciate Al in the soil solutions. Shoot and root weights were correlated with KCl-exchangeable Al of soil, percent Al saturation of soil, the concentrations of total Al (Al/sub t/) and Al/sup 3 +/ (calculated), and the activity of Al/sup 3 +/ (calculated) in the soil solution. Growth reductions of the seedlings correlated best with the Al/sup 3 +/ activity value. The toxicity threshold for the Al/sup 3 +/ activity was approximately 4.0 x 10/sup -6/. Leaf Al concentrations likewisemore » correlated best with Al/sup 3 +/ activity. Threshold leaf Al concentrations of approximately 62 and 100 ..mu..g/g, respectively, were observed for reduction in root and shoot growth.« less

Field experiments were conducted in two Brazilian orchards to examine the effects of soil applications of calcitic lime (Ca-lime), phosphogypsum, CaCl₂, and magnesite (Mg-lime) on soil chemistry and Ca nutrition of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Gala/MM 106). One orchard was on a low Ca, high Al Inceptisol; the second orchard was on a low Ca, low Al Oxisol. The resulting soil chemical changes were strongly influenced by the initial soil chemistry and the composition of the soil amendments. The effects of Ca-lime, added at a rate calculated to neutralize the topsoil exchange acidity, were restricted primarily to the upper 20 cm of the soil, where it increased pH, increased total dissolved and exchangeable Ca, eliminated dissolved Al, and reduced exchangeable Al. Phosphogypsum, added at Ca rates equivalent to the Ca-lime treatment, slightly reduced soil pH in the Inceptisol and slightly increased soil pH in the Oxisol. Phosphogypsum did not appreciably affect dissolved Al in the topsoil; however, it did reduce exchangeable Al but to a lesser degree than did Ca-lime or Mg-lime. Phosphogypsum increased exchangeable Ca and decreased exchangeable Al in the subsoil to a depth of 40 to 60 cm. Calcium chloride, added at Ca rates equivalent to the Ca-lime treatment, produced dissolved and exchangeable Ca increases similar to the phosphogypsum treatment; however, soluble and exchangeable Al were increased and pH slightly decreased throughout the soil profiles. Mg-lime, added at an acidity-neutralizing rate equivalent to the Ca-lime treatment, produced results similar to Ca-lime except that soluble and exchangeable Mg rather than Ca were increased in the topsoil. Apple tree root densities were enhanced in the soil layers that were made simultaneously high in exchangeable Ca and low in exchangeable Al by the soil amendments. The trees with the more extensive root systems had higher leaf Ca concentrations and produced more and larger fruit. The Ca concentrations in these larger fruit were not reduced by fruit expansion, suggesting enhanced Ca supply from the soil