Search

In situ measurement oxygen (O2) and temperature (Tsi) for silage production.Simultaneously tracking O2 diffusion and Tsi dynamics with three packed densities.Evaluating accuracy/feasibility of Pitt-Muck model to advance silage management. Aerobic deterioration is a major concern for silage production and quality change in unloading phase. To simulate silage aerobic deterioration relative to an exposure surface of bunker silo, a partial differential equation system model including oxygen (O2) concentration, silage temperature (Tsi) rise and microbial activity was presented. There is still a need to assess the predictability of the developed model at different bulk densities (BDs). For this study, the Clark oxygen electrodes (COE) was employed for the in situ simultaneous measurements of O2 and Tsi within maize silage samples, which were packed into twelve barrels (i.d.: 35.7cm, length: 60cm, vol. 60L) at three BD levels (low: 520550kgm3; medium: 660730kgm3; high: 860950kgm3). To assure the COE to be insensitive to CO2, a cross calibration for O2 concentrations (020% vol.) was made at 15% vol. of CO2 in advance of performing the experiment. For each barrel, two of the COEs were installed at 10cm and 40cm behind the exposure surface, respectively. The model was computed taking the in situ measurements of O2 and Tsi to be targets. Our study showed general well-agreements between the model simulations and the in situ measurements of O2 and Tsi for all BD levels. Some uncertainties and relevant reasons were also addressed. Based on these results, we concluded that the model has sufficient ability to predict aerobic deterioration in silage for bunker silos being unloaded.

Abnormal rise of temperature in silage is regarded as a signal of aerobic deterioration caused by the permeation of atmospheric oxygen into the silage, which indicates the growth of lactate-assimilating yeasts and energy release. Although baled silage has distinct advantages over other forms of silage, the high surface-area to volume ratio of the bale leads to a high risk of aerobic deterioration due to plastic cover damage. With an objective to spatially assess any aerobic deterioration within round-bales silage, we modified a bale-penetrometer that is capable of profiling temperature distribution. For each tested bale having a cylindrical volume of 2.154 m 3 , 72 path profiles including 504 stepwise measurements were made. Furthermore, two paths were re-profiled to check if the proposed invasive method has a significantly contaminative effect on the internal temperature field. The resulting R 2 = 0.9978 between the profiling data and the re-profiling data verified that the contamination due to the invasion of ambient air following the temperature probe penetration could be negligible. We presented two mapping methods, one for two-dimensional (2D) cross-sections and one for three-dimensional (3D) volumes. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, six representative samples of round bales with varied damage to plastic covers were tested. All temperature patterns, generated in both 2D- and 3D-space, were informative and clearly interpretable. Therefore, we conclude that the tested measurement method can benefit advance of bale silage research and production.

Making silage involves a complicated biochemical process where oxygen (O2) is rapidly consumed within the sealed environment leading to fermentation and stable storage of the biomass. Reintroduction of the oxygen from a leak or the feed-out process results in silage degradation. Monitoring silage O2 concentration and temperature (Tsi) can provide critical insight regarding silage quality. Thus, an in situ biosensor for simultaneous monitoring of O2 and Tsi to track silage aerobic deterioration has long been needed but was unavailable. Although the Clark oxygen electrode (COE) is traditionally applied for O2 concentration dissolved in liquids, we extended its use to the gaseous phase of silage based on Henry's law. This study tested COE's using two trials, where trial-1 explored the initial-aerobic/ensiling phase and trial-2 examined the silage feed-out phase. The experimental results of both trials demonstrated that the COE can be an important monitoring tool for assessing the O2 dynamics throughout the silage lifecycle.

Oxygen (O2) concentration inside the substrate is an important measurement for silage-research and-practical management. In the laboratory gas chromatography is commonly employed for O2 measurement. Among sensor-based techniques, accurate and reliable in situ measurement is rare because of high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) generated by the introduction of O2 in the silage. The presented study focused on assessing three types of commercial O2 sensors, including Clark oxygen electrodes (COE), galvanic oxygen cell (GOC) sensors and the Dräger chip measurement system (DCMS). Laboratory cross calibration of O2 versus CO2 (each 0–15 vol.%) was made for the COE and the GOC sensors. All calibration results verified that O2 measurements for both sensors were insensitive to CO2. For the O2 in situ measurement in silage, all O2 sensors were first tested in two sealed barrels (diameter 35.7 cm; height: 60 cm) to monitor the O2 depletion with respect to the ensiling process (Test-A). The second test (Test-B) simulated the silage unloading process by recording the O2 penetration dynamics in three additional barrels, two covered by dry ice (0.6 kg or 1.2 kg of each) on the top surface and one without. Based on a general comparison of the experimental data, we conclude that each of these in situ sensor monitoring techniques for O2 concentration in silage exhibit individual advantages and limitations.