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Background/context: Lumbar surgery is one of the interventions performed for patients with degenerative conditions., Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of pain management education on pain intensity, anxiety, and disability after the lumbar surgery., Study Design/setting: This randomized controlled trial was performed on 70 30-65-year-old patients with lumbar canal stenosis and lumbar disc herniation from 2018 to 2019., Patient Sample: Seventy participants were randomly divided into a control and an intervention group by a randomized block design. Participants in the intervention group received in-person pain management training twice a week for seven 60-90-minute sessions., Outcome Measures: All participants in the two groups completed the study instruments (numeric rating scale [NRS], Oswestery disability index [ODI], and pain anxiety symptoms scale [PASS]) before, immediately after, and 3 months after the study., Methods: Participants in the intervention group received in-person pain management training twice a week for seven 60-90-minute sessions. To analyze the treatment effects, repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and effect sizes were used where appropriate and calculated by Partial ɳ 2 . Clinical outcome (MDC) for pain intensity and PASS was also reported. For participants lost to follow-up, we also used an "intention-to-treat" (ITT) approach., Results: The results of MANOVA indicated that there were significant differences between the two groups on ratings of pain intensity, anxiety, and disability. According to the MDC, the mean differences of pain intensity for the intervention group was also clinically improved. Meanwhile, the mean differences in pain anxiety between three different times in the two groups were not above the MDC (20.14), suggesting that the clinical improvements were not significant. The results were confirmed for all outcome measures; a statistically significant difference was found between the groups in ITT analyses (p<.001)., Conclusions: Physical and psychological pain management education was shown to be effective in decreasing pain intensity, anxiety, and disability. This strategy may be beneficial for such patients. Variables such as smoking behavior, past history of psychological disorders, and previous surgeries should be considered in future studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The development, implementation, and qualitative evaluation of smartphone-based pain management applications may provide an opportunity for more optimal management of pediatric pain in the homesetting. The present mixed-method study was conducted to assess a smartphone-based pain management application regarding the feasibility, adherence, participant satisfaction, and effectiveness on pain intensity and quality of life in adolescents with chronic pain. The study was carried out in the quantitative and qualitative stages using a mixed-method approach. The quantitative stage included 128 adolescents who met the ICD-11 criteria of chronic pain. After random allocation, adolescents allocated to the intervention group received a pain management program through a smartphone-based application. No education was given to the adolescents in the control group. The adolescents were assessed regarding pain intensity and different dimensions of quality of life at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and three-month follow-up. The findings in the quantitative stage were explained by qualitative interviews. The findings of the quantitative stage showed significant improvements in the pain intensity, emotional, social, and school functioning but not in the physical functioning of the adolescents. A high level of adherence (78.12%) and satisfaction (Mean = 26.45, SD = 6.45) with thes martphone-based pain management program was found. Based on the qualitative interviews, adolescents' pain management strategies can be classified in three main categories: physical management, psychological management, and interpersonal resources. The results confirm the positive effect of a smartphone-based pain management program on the pain intensity and different dimensions of quality of life of adolescents with chronic pain. Within the context of chronic pain management, a mobile application incorporating both the psychological and physical management of pain may help adolescents with chronic pain to reduce the negative impacts of pain on their life.

Background: Pain is a major clinical problem across all ages with serious social and economic consequences and a great negative impact on quality of life. Brain entrainment using binaural beats is a non-pharmaceutical intervention that is claimed to have analgesic effects in acute and chronic pain. We aimed to systematically review the available randomized clinical trials on the efficacy of binaural auditory beats in reducing adults' pain perception in acute and chronic pain. A systematic search in electronic databases including Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Embase was performed. The search was completed through Google Scholar and a manual search of the reference lists of all included studies. Randomized clinical trials with full text available in English that investigated the effect of binaural auditory beats on pain perception in acute and chronic pain in adults were included. The risk of bias was assessed by the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias (RoB 2) tool. Furthermore, The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach was used to assess the quality of the evidence. Sixteen studies (three on chronic pain and thirteen on acute pain perception) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Because of substantial heterogeneity of the studies, a meta-analysis was inappropriate and this review focused on the narrative interpretation of the results. The risk of bias in most studies was high and the quality of evidence was low to very low. Although the effects of binaural beats on pain perception seem to be influenced by the etiology of pain or medical procedures, our review identifies alpha or a combination of tones in the range of delta to alpha as a potential non-pharmacological intervention in reducing acute pain. However, drawing a conclusion regarding the efficacy of binaural beats for chronic pain requires more high-quality studies. Registration: The protocol of this review was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42023425091). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pain, as a psychological experience, is caused by complex interactions among sensory‐discriminative, motivational‐affective, and cognitive‐evaluative dimensions. The psychosocial approach is one of the important approaches in managing musculoskeletal pain in patients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine and compare the effects of psychosocial skills training on pain intensity in patients with acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Methods: In this quasi‐experimental study, 64 patients with acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain were selected using convenience sampling. Both groups received psychosocial training in pain management in groups of 8–10 people over six 1‐h sessions. The data were collected at baseline, after the intervention, and 3 months later using a numerical rating scale (NRS). Then, the data were entered into the SPSS 22 software and were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: In this study, the mean age of the participants was 50.10 ± 10.63 years and 60.9% of them were female. Based on the results, time had a significant effect on pain intensity (p < 0.001), but the effect of group on pain intensity was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). The group × time effect on pain intensity was also statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Psychosocial training had a positive impact on the reduction of pain among the patients with acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Additionally, the training was more effective in patients with acute pain due to early training. These findings can help healthcare providers in the field of musculoskeletal pain management, especially in patients with acute pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic pain (CP) among adolescents has received less attention than adultsandthere is limited qualitative studies about it in Iran. This study explored the experience of CP among adolescents.Methods: This exploratory qualitative study was conducted in April-October 2019. Participants were 14 adolescent students purposively recruited from schools in Shiraz, Iran. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection and data analysis was done through conventional content analysis.Findings: Adolescents' experiences of CP came into nine subcategories and three main categories, namely perceived suffering, attempt to overcome pain, and attempt to find sources of support.Conclusion: Adolescents with CP experience physical and mental suffering and attempt to manage their pain and its associated suffering through different physical and psychological strategies and using different sources of support such as family, peers, healthcare providers, and school staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although there is a growing body of evidence linking parenting styles to health outcomes, little emphasis has been dedicated to how parenting styles affect chronic pain in adolescents. Given the high prevalence of chronic pain in adolescents and taking into consideration the complexity of chronic pain and the factors affecting it, further research is needed to better understand the processes through which parenting styles affect adolescents' pain. The purpose of the present study was to explore the mediating role of maladaptive schemas in the association between different parenting styles and chronic pain. Method: 1302 adolescents aged 12 to 21 in Shiraz, Iran, were randomly selected to participate in this study. To identify adolescents with chronic pain, screening questions based on the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases were used. Buri's Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and Young's Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) were used to assess the parenting styles and maladaptive cognitive schemas, respectively. The structural equation modeling approach was carried out to evaluate the direct, indirect, and total effects of different parenting styles on chronic pain. Results: The results in the SEM models revealed that disconnection/ rejection (β = − 0.043, 95%CI = − 0.07 to − 0.02), impaired autonomy/ performance (β = − 0.01, 95%CI = − 0.02 to -0.003), over-vigilance/inhibition (β = − 0.007, 95%CI = − 0.01 to − 0.008), and impaired limits schemas (β = − 0.004, 95%CI = − 0.006 to − 0.002) significantly mediated the protective effects of the authoritative parenting style on chronic pain. It was also found that the mediating effects of disconnection/ rejection (β = 0.01, 95%CI = 0.01 to 0.02), and over-vigilance/ inhibition (β = 0.002, 95%CI = 0.001 to 0.02) existed in the relationship between the authoritarian style and chronic pain. The permissive style may also affect chronic pain through disconnection/ rejection (β = 0.004, 95%CI = 0.001 to 0.01), other-directedness (β = 0.01, 95%CI = 0.005 to 0.015), and impaired limits schemas (β = 0.05, 95%CI = 0.04 to 0.06). Discussion: The findings of the present study showed that maladaptive cognitive schemas play a mediating role in the relationship between parenting styles and chronic pain in adolescents. It seems that the interventions that target the effective communication between the parents and the adolescents can be considered as an important part in the chronic pain management in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous studies into Low Back Pain (LBP) assessed the effects of physical interventions or face-to-face (FTF) education mostly in western cultures. The present study aimed to compare the effects of multimedia and FTF pain management education (PME) on pain intensity and pain catastrophizing among participants with chronic LBP. Methods: This double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on ninety participants with chronic LBP randomly allocated to either multimedia, FTF, or control groups. Participants in the multimedia group received PME through watching seven educational CDs at home and their counterparts in the FTF group received the same educations in seven weekly FTF educational sessions. Pain intensity (using a numerical rating scale) and pain catastrophizing (using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale) were assessed before, immediately after, and one month after the study intervention. The effects of the interventions were assessed using the repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Effect size and minimal detectable change (MDC) were reported for both variables. The regression model used in the present study was Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). Findings: The findings of MANOVA showed the significant effects of time on pain intensity and pain catastrophizing (P<0.001). The Tukey's test showed that before and immediately after the intervention, the mean scores of pain intensity and pain catastrophizing in the FTF and PME groups were significantly different from the control group (P<0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). MDC did not show clinically significant changes in the mean score of pain intensity and GEE revealed significant difference among the groups. Conclusion: The findings suggested that multimedia PME is as effective as FTF education in reducing pain intensity and pain catastrophizing among participants with LBP. Future studies into the effects of education on LBP are recommended to consider longitudinal designs, a reliable cutoff score for pain catastrophizing, and participants' physical ability. IRCT registration code: IRCT20180313039074N1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigacion & Educacion en Enfermeria is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Enfermeria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigacion & Educacion en Enfermeria is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Enfermeria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Although the context of parenting has been incorporated into psychosocial pain research, very little attention has been paid to how parenting styles influence chronic pain in adolescents. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-esteem, emotional intelligence, and psychological distress in the association between parenting styles and chronic pain. Method: Seven hundred and thirty nine adolescents and their parents participated in this study. To identify adolescents with chronic pain, screening questions based on the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases were used. Baumrind parenting style questionnaire was used to assess the parenting style (permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles). The structural equation modelling (SEM) was carried out in M-Plus version 6 to evaluate the direct, indirect, and total effects of different parenting styles on chronic pain. Results: The results in the SEM models revealed that only the indirect paths from authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles to pain through emotional intelligence (βauthoritative = − 0.003, 95% CI = − 0.008 to − 0.003; βauthoritarian = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.001 to 0.003) and psychological distress (βauthoritative = − 0.010, 95% CI = − 0.021 to − 0.004; βauthoritarian = 0.008, 95% CI = 0.004 to 0.016) were significant. Indirect paths from permissive style to pain and the mediating role of self-esteem were not significant. Discussion: Emotional intelligence and psychological distress significantly mediated the effects of authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles on chronic pain. The current results support the notion that interventions targeting effective parent–adolescent communication may be an important part of chronic pain management in adolescents. Moreover, the results provide rationale for targeting emotional intelligence and psychological distress in adolescents by explicitly teaching effective communication skills, expressing opinions and minds, and emotion regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Reduction in pain following multidisciplinary treatment is most often associated with a reduction in disability. To further elaborate the relationship between pain intensity and disability, the present study investigated three main questions: first, whether multidisciplinary treatment leads to a significant improvement in pain, disability and psychological variables (depression, pain acceptance and catastrophizing). Second, it was examined whether pain reduction may account for significant changes in the psychological variables (pre- to follow-up change scores). Finally, it was analyzed whether the psychological changes mediate the association between reduction in pain and in disability after controlling for age, sex and pain history. Patients and methods: Patients suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pain (n=279) attended a German inpatient multidisciplinary program lasting 15 consecutive days on average, with self-report data collected at pretreatment, posttreatment and three-month follow-up. Results: Repeated measures ANOVAs showed a significant improvement in pain intensity, disability, pain acceptance, catastrophizing and depression at posttreatment and follow-up. Univariate regression analyses revealed that changes in pain intensity accounted for significant changes in depression, pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance (pre- to follow-up change scores). The results of Multiple Mediation Procedure showed that pain reduction did affect reduction in disability through improvement of depression, catastrophizing and acceptance. Conclusion: Our findings support a cognitive-behavioral model of pain that posits an important role for pain-related cognitive and emotional processes in long-term outcomes following multidisciplinary pain treatment, in particular for the modulation of disability due to pain. The results add evidence to the notion that pain-related cognitions are dynamic features varying over time dependent on the internal situation. Perspective: The current findings are relevant to the management of patients with musculoskeletal pain. The results support the notion that, in contrast with the view of enduring personality traits, pain-related cognitions and emotions reflect a situational response that varies over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic pain in adolescents is prevalent, disabling, and costly. So, providing methods to improve the multidisciplinary management of adolescents' pain is important. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of a mobile-based educational application on the severity of chronic pain in adolescents. Material and Methods: This study used a double-blind randomized parallel-group design. 192 adolescents with chronic pain were assigned to three conditions equally (Face-to-face educational program, mobile-based educational program, and Wait-list control condition). Participants in the group of mobile-based educational program completed four modules in the area of pain, stress and anger management and communication skills (1 module per week) via their mobile application. The participants completed pain intensity questionnaire at the baseline, immediately after the mobile-based educational program, and three months after the program. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software. Results: There were significant main effects of time on ratings of pain intensity (P<0.01). The main effects of group on ratings of pain intensity (P<0.10) and pain diagnosis on ratings of pain intensity (P<0.84) weren't significant. There were not significant interactions of group × time (P<0.09) and pain diagnosis × time (P<0.69) for pain intensity. Conclusion: Over time, pain intensity decreased, but there were no differences in pain intensity across treatment groups. It seems that adolescents with chronic pain who do not have access to pain care may benefit from remote pain management programs delivered by mobile application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The development, implementation and qualitative evaluation of smartphone-based pain management applications may provide an opportunity for more optimal management of pediatric pain. Objective: To assess a smartphone-based pain management application regarding the feasibility, adherence, participant satisfaction and effectiveness on pain intensity and quality of life in adolescents with chronic pain. Material and Methods: The study was carried out in the quantitative and qualitative stages using a mixed method approach. The quantitative stage included 128 adolescents who had chronic pain. The intervention group received a pain management program through a smartphone-based application. The adolescents were assessed regarding pain intensity and different dimensions of quality of life at three phases. The findings in the quantitative stage were explained by qualitative interviews. Results: The findings of the quantitative stage showed significant improvements in pain intensity, emotional, social and school functioning, but not in physical functioning of the adolescents. A high level of adherence (78.12%) and satisfaction (26.45±6.45) with the smartphone-based pain management program was found. Based on the qualitative interviews, adolescents' pain management strategies can be categorized in three main categories: physical management, psychological management, and interpersonal resources. Conclusion: The results confirm the positive effect of a smartphone-based pain management program on the pain intensity and different dimensions of quality of life of adolescents with chronic pain. A mobile application incorporating both the psychological and physical management of pain may be able to help adolescents with chronic pain to reduce the negative impacts of pain on their life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a very common problem among different age groups. Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effects of multimedia and FTF pain management education (PME) on pain intensity and pain catastrophizing (PC) among patients with chronic LBP. Material and Methods: This single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on ninety patients with chronic LBP selected from three healthcare centers affiliated to FUMS. Participants were randomly allocated to a multimedia, an FTF, and a control group. Participants in the multimedia PME group received PME through watching seven educational CDs and their counterparts in the FTF PME group received the same educations in seven weekly FTF educational sessions. Data were collected before, immediately after, and one month after the study intervention. To analyze treatment effects, MANOVA with Tukey post hoc test was performed. Effect size was reported where appropriate. Clinical outcomes (Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)) for pain intensity also reported. Results: The results indicated that the two interventions exerted significant statistical effects on decreasing the participants' pain intensity and catastrophizing compared to the control group. The findings indicated non-significant main effect of time and non-significant difference between groups for mean differences of immediately and one month after intervention for intensity and PC scores. The MDC for pain intensity also showed no significant clinical difference. Conclusion: Both multimedia and FTF PME are effective in significantly reducing pain intensity and PC among patients with chronic LBP. Therefore, PME through multimedia and FTF is recommended for chronic LBP management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]