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This bachelor thesis focuses on the problems of law and ethics in the periodicals of Northern Lithuania. Ten newspapers from seven regions of Northern Lithuania were analyzed, looking for possible violations of The Lithuanian Ethical code of journalists and publishers and The Lithuanian Republic law of public information. Newspapers from the regions of Akmenė, Biržai, Joniskis, Mažeikiai, Pakruojis, Pasvalys and Siauliai were analyzed. Apart from the research that was contucted, the thesis present the self-regulation and law system of Lithuanian media. In the first part of the thesis there are presentations of Lithuanian committee of journalists ethics as well as the Lithuanian Ethical code of journalists and publishers. In the same chapter information about The Law of public information, Inspector of journalists ethics and Committee of Lithuanian radio and television is given. Using iliustrations and information from Lithuanian and foreign authors an insight into Lithuanian media system is given. The second part of the bachelor thesis is the research and analysis of the ten newspapers. All of the newspapers that were analyzed are only published in the particular regions. There are not published nationally. 1456 of published newspapers issues were analyzed. In all these newspapers 127 publications with possible violations of The Ethical code of journalists and publishers and 25 publications with possible violations of The law of public infomation were found. The possible violations that were found most often were: advertisment published as impartial information, identities that could not be public were revealed, information about family conflicts were published, disturbing pictures were published. Newspaper that had the most possible violations was Akmenės “Vienybė”. It had 35 publications with possible violations. 20 of those 35 publications were advertisment related. Other newspapers had somewhat between 6 and 20 publications with possible violations. The conclusion that was made says that it is nessessary to talk about the fact that journalists in Lithuania are not required to have university or college degree. They lack professionalism and excellence. That is one of the reasons for all the violations of law and ethics in the media.

The first mills appeared in Lithuania in the 14th century. By the 17th century, 61 millers were counted in the Great Duchy of Lithuania. In the second half of the 17th and 18th centuries there were about 100 millers in Samogitia. Until the end of the 19th century, windmills in Lithuania were a typical detail of rural and town landscape. At the time, there were about 200 of them. According to the cartographic material of 1914–1921, there were already about 1000 windmills in Lithuania. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries there were about 2000 water mills. In Northern Lithuania, mills were found in the districts of Akmenė, Joniškis, Radviliškis, Pakruojis, Pasvalys, Šiauliai and other places. At the end of the 19th century, windmills accounted for 54 percent, water for 43 percent and steam for 3 percent of all Lithuanian mills. During the interwar period, there were over a hundred windmills in Pakruojis district alone. The oldest were in Pakruojis (1828), Geručiai (1841), Pamūšis (1861) and Guostagalis (1870). The last windmill in Pakruojis district was built in Gelčiai village in 1936.

Pratarmė -- Įvadas. Pakruojo rajono šventviečių paieškos ir tyrimai -- Pakruojo rajono šventviečių apskaita ir apsauga -- Pakruojo rajono šventviečių sąvadas -- Joniškio rajono šventviečių sąvado papildymai -- Santrumpos -- Šaltiniai ir literatūra -- Paveikslų autoriai ir šaltiniai -- Summary. Ancient sacred places of Lithuania. The Pakruojis district -- Vietovardžių rodyklė -- Asmenvardžių rodyklė -- Dalykų ir temų rodyklė -- Senųjų Pakruojo rajono šventviečių žemėlapis. 2017-2018 m. archyvuose ir bibliotekose buvo renkami, žvalgomosiose ekspedicijose tikslinami ir pildomi duomenys apie baltų religijos šventvietes Pakruojo rajone. Leidinį pradeda įvadas, kuriame nagrinėjami su šventvietėmis, jų tyrinėjimų istorija ir apsauga susiję klausimai. Toliau aprašomos 333 Pakruojo r. ir 8 Joniškio r. vietos, skelbiamos jų geografinės padėties koordinatės, matavimai, daugelis archeologinių, istorinių, tautosakinių ir etnologinių duomenų, 1840-1979 m. žemėlapių iškarpos, schemos ir nuotraukos. Leidinys tęsia autoriaus atliktus Žemaitijos (1998), Rytų Aukštaitijos (2006) ir Joniškio rajono (2016) šventviečių tyrinėjimus. When collecting information for the archaeological map of the Kaunas Province (prepared and published in 1899), the attention of the then researchers was attracted by two most famous stones of the Pakruojis land: Devil's Armchair in Titoniai and a stone with a footprint, called Holy, in Zigmantiškiai. Around 1908-1913, the Peleniškiai Hillfort was surveyed and the stone with a bowl at its foot was measured by Liudvikas Kšivickis. In the 20s to 30s of the 20th century, the State Archaeological Commission paid attention to some more sacred places: stones with bowls in Binėnai and Pašvitinys, the sacred hill in Paežeriai, etc. Teacher of English Juozas Šliavas who started work in Žeimelis in 1949 had never heard about that. In 1958, he founded a schoolchildren's folklore club and became its leader, and in 1959, a school museum was established on his initiative. The year 1966 marked a turning point in the folklore research activity of teacher Šliavas, related to the beginning of the wide-scale land reclamation and destruction of individual farms. Assisted by archaeologist Adolfas Tautavičius, linguist Aleksandras Vanagas, ethnographer Vacys Milius, and folklorist Norbertas Vėlius, Šliavas became a distinguished expert of Žiemgala (Semigallia): a researcher on Northern Lithuania and Southern Latvia, a connoisseur of their history and culture. It should be noted that he became actively involved in the search of the heritage treasures and took care of their preservation: before 1975, he had already visited and described all the archaeological and mythological sites in the Akmenė, Joniškis, Pakruojis, Panevėžys, Pasvalys, and Radviliškis districts. On 1 January 1975, Jonas Treškevičius (b. 1952) took up the post of the monument protection specialist of the Pakruojis district; he became a loyal assistant to Juozas Šliavas and independently discovered a number of sacred places, and primarily stones with bowls. Valentina Alekseriūnaitė (b. 1951), Juozas Čybas (1928-2004), Bronius Pupinis (1909-1992), and Algimantas Senulis (b. 1937) also contributed substantially to the monument preservation. An expedition led by the author of the present book worked intermittently in the Pakruojis district from 26 January 2017 to 17 August 2018. Over 18 days, 163 destinations sites were visited by cars, and 333 sites were described in the Code of Sacred Places, including hills, fields, groves, trees, stones, and springs related to the Baltic religion and mythology;1 moreover, the publication includes additions to the Code of the Joniškis District Sacred Places prepared in 2015-2016. The Code of the Pakruojis District Sacred Places includes: forests and groves (23), individual trees (15), hills (33), fields and meadows (11), swamps (29), streams (4), river parts (7), springs (24), non-processed boulders (40), and stones with bowls (154) that account for almost half of all the entries in the Code. Most of the villages in the Pakruojis District boast three, four, or even five stones with bowls. The villages following one another on the left bank of the Mūša River have especially many stones with bowls: three stones in Miciūnai, five in Sosdvaris, three in Pociūnai, and six in Kalevai. The stones were discovered and usually kept at the door of the house, in place of the stairs to the granary, in flower beds, at the arbours, or were frequently bricked into the foundations or masonry walls. For the first time, evidence was found that stones with bowls could be kept in a cooking room of the house at the floor level. It should be noted that the bowls of the stones in the Pakruojis district did not have the form of a regular circle at the top, they were rather of an oval shape; the bowls were usually moved from the centre towards the edge, and the stones were frequently rough-hewn. However, from now on, it is necessary to take a critical view of the classification of the stones with bowls in accordance with their form and the hypothesis of the stones possessing marks of hewing as having been intended for the corner of the house. The latest accumulated information leads to considering hewing to be a consequence of the later adjustment of sacred stones to various uses: stones with straight sides were usually put and to and aligned with other stones in the foundations and walls, the threshold of the house, the granary wall, etc. True, such a conclusion does not exclude the possibility that in a new place - the villages established in the second half of the 16th century -stones with bowls were still appreciated and respected, rites were performed at them, and even sacrifices were offered. The period (and most likely the previous one as well) is characterised by the association of those stones with grass snakes which represented the ancient Lithuanian deities of home (Dievai Pagirniai) known from written sources. It should be separately mentioned that a typical characteristic of the Pakruojis district is sacred forests and groves called Ąžuolyne [an oak wood] (11 sites), sacred oaks (12 trees), and hills called Bobkalnis [women's hill] (6 sites); moreover, valuable information was obtained about four stones with cup-marks: those sites in Northern Lithuania date back to the 1st millennium ВС. The same areas also stayed inhabited later and, in the 1st to the 4th century AD, they boasted barrows with stone circles. [...]

Straipsnyje analizuojamos Lietuvos kaimo apgyvenimo kaitos ir kaimo gyvenviečių sistemos transformacijos regioninės ypatybės 2001–2011 m. Analizė atlikta remiantis LR Statistikos departamento pateikiamais 2001 ir 2011 m. visuotinių gyventojų ir būstų surašymo duomenimis. Nustatyta, kad gyventojų skaičius mažėjo daugumoje gyvenviečių nepriklausomai nuo jų dydžio, tačiau išryškėjo ženklūs regioniniai skirtumai; taip pat nustatyta stiprėjanti veiksnio „centras–periferija“ įtaka. Aplink didžiuosius miestus (Vilniaus r., Kauno r. ir Klaipėdos r. savivaldybių teritorijose) gyventojų skaičius intensyviai augo apie 40 proc. visų gyvenviečių, o augimo tempai šiose gyvenvietėse buvo kelis kartus didesni nei tose gyvenvietėse, kuriose gyventojų mažėjo. Didžiųjų miestų kaimynystėje esančiose savivaldybėse (Trakų, Elektrėnų, Jonavos, Kazlų Rūdos, Kretingos r.) ir šalia mažesnių miestų (Panevėžio, Marijampolės, Druskininkų, Utenos) esančiose savivaldybių teritorijose gyvenviečių augimo/nykimo tempai buvo panašūs, tačiau gyventojų skaičius augo tik 20–30 proc. kaimo gyvenviečių ir tai lėmė bendrą neigiamą kaimo gyventojų skaičiaus pokytį. Nuošaliose periferinėse savivaldybėse: Pagėgių, Akmenės r., Pakruojo r., Joniškio r., Skuodo r., Radviliškio r. ir kitose vyko ne tik spartus gyventojų skaičiaus mažėjimas daugumoje (>83 proc.) kaimo gyvenviečių, bet ir gyventojų skaičiaus mažėjimo tempai buvo kelis kartus intensyvesni, lemiantys itin sparčią periferinių kaimo teritorijų depopuliaciją. This article pays attentions to the rural population and rural settlement’s system regional changes during the period since 2001 till 2011. The analysis is based on the 2001 and 2011 population and houses census data provided by Statistics Lithuania. The performed analysis revealed that the number of population decreased in the majority of settlements independently on their size. However, the distinct regional changes could be stressed. Besides, it was estimated the increasing infl uence of “centre-periphery” factor. Around the biggest cities (in the territories of Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda districts) the number of inhabitants was rapidly growing in 40% of the settlements’ and the tempos of growth in these settlements have exceeded several times the tempos of decrease of population in those settlements where the number of population decreased. In the territories of municipalities (Trakai, Elektrėnai, Jonava, Kazlų Rūda, Kretinga districts) that neighbour the biggest cities and the municipalities close to smaller Lithuanian cities (Panevėžys, Marijampolė, Druskininkai, Utena) the tempos of settlements’ number increase/decrease were similar, meanwhile, the number of inhabitants in these municipalities was increasing only in 20-30% of rural settlements. Therefore, such situation led to the general negative population change. In peripheral municipalities that are located further from bigger cities (Pagėgiai, Akmenė dis., Pakruojis dis., Joniškis dis.., Skuodas dis.., Radviliškis dis. and others) the rapid depopulation appeared in the majority (>83%) of rural settlements. Also, the tempos of depopulation in these municipalities were several times higher. Therefore, this situation infl uenced especially fast depopulation in the peripheral rural territories. The analysis allows to underline that the increasing importance of the “centre-periphery“ factor will further determine the decline of rural settlements in peripheral territories.

Cultural memory displays itself through the symbols relevant to the community: holidays, texts, pictures, etc. The source of cultural memory analysed in the paper is the heraldry of small towns. In the Šiauliai region, which was researched in the study, twenty-two small towns have their coats of arms: Kruopiai, Papilė (Akmenė district); Kriukai, Skaistgirys (Joniškis district); Kražiai, Lioliai, Šaukėnai (Kelmė district); Klovainiai, Lygumai, Pašvitinys, Rozalimas, Žeimelis (Pakruojis district); Baisogala, Grinkiškis, Šaukotas, Šiaulėnai, Sidabravas (Radviliškis district); Gruzdžiai, Kairiai, Kužiai, Meškuičiai, and Šakyna (Šiauliai district). The heraldry of a small town consists of a coat of arms, a heraldic flag and an armorial seal. The study has shown that there is no single strategy in the Šiauliai region specifying what cultural memory should be created through a small town's heraldry and how. The relationship of the townspeople with a small town's coat of arms is varied. In some cases, the townspeople remember and are able to explain the coat of arms of their town and they see it's importance of today. In other cases, small town residents know and are able to describe the town's coat of arms, but do not believe that it is relevant nowadays. In the worst case, the townspeople, although they recognise the coat of arms of the town, fail to explain or associate it with certain events and do not consider the coat of arms to be significant today. Such an approach depends on various factors: whether the figure of the emblem is easy to remember and understandable and whether various authorities carry out the activities aimed at the promotion of the small town's coat of arms, show interest in it, etc. In the latter case, it is sought to make coats of arms more noticeable and display them not only in the municipalities of small townships, but also in small town schools, museums, to depict them on souvenirs and publish them in books and articles. The analysis has also shown that during the process of restoration and development of the coats of arms of the Šiauliai region, it was not very important to take into account the region and its overall image. Today, the region is rich in coats of arms of small towns that are not matched to each other either by the range of colours or by the division of the shield into segments. These coats of arms do not reflect a unified image of the Šiauliai region.

Sport heritage is analyzed in the article is an important source of physical culture and sport research that helps to specify, underlie and reconstruct the details of historical sport processes and events, determining their role, sense and significance in political and social cultural development of the state. Individual experience of sport heritage collection and protection is summarized through the analysis of scientific literature and empirical research; the forms of sport heritage actualization and protection are presented. The research data has been systemized, analyzed and discussed using classic content analysis. The society’s attitude towards the collecting of sport objects is revealed in the article; the data of sport heritage motivation and attitude to the importance of collection and protection is systemized; the main tendencies of sport heritage collections saving, as well as the variety in local geographic territory, North Lithuania is determined. 275 informants (202 men and 73 women) participated in the research—citizens of Akmenė, Mažeikiai, Pakruojis, Pasvalys, Joniškis, Šiauliai, Kuršėnai, Radviliškis, Biržai regions and cities. Women formed 25,5% of respondents and men made up 74,5% of the sample. The analysis of sport heritage collecting experience showed that most frequently people collect sport trophies, prizes, documents, sport inventory or iconographical material forming the major part of valuable objects. Material prizes and sport clothes are rare in collections of sport heritage. The motives of keeping sport collections and taking care of them are usually related to a profession or a hobby; they are seldom determined by the aspects of social prestige, loyalty, curiosity, aesthetic charm and, very seldom, by comprehension of value or scientific research.The most popular ways and spaces of sport heritage scattering are studied in the article; the most usual dangers for sport heritage collections and state of disposal are determined. The category “place of scattering” demonstrates a big part of sport heritage collected specially for exposition in state institutions, non-state institutions, various educational institutions, research and study institutions, enterprises, organizations and other spaces. The possibilities of scattering of sport heritage collections are developed by private space that is frequently used for this purpose. The most frequent participants of sport collections’ scattering are coaches, teachers, sportsmen, journalists, museum workers. The most frequently used forms of sport heritage scattering are the following: radio, internet, mass media, sport events. The opinions about the dangers to sport collections are usually expressed in statements about inappropriate record and care, keeping conditions; careless keeping was indicated as one of the frequent dangers while natural disasters are one of the most seldom dangers for sport heritage collections. The conclusions concerning the needs of sport heritage, keeping the environment suitable, the state of scattering and significance of possibilities, regulation and legalization are formed basing on conducted classic content analysis. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas sporto paveldas – reikšmingas kūno kultūros ir sporto tyrimo šaltinis, padedantis tikslinti, išryškinti ir konkretizuoti istorinių sporto procesų ir įvykių detales, nustatyti jų prasmę, svarbą ir reikšmę valstybės politinėje ir sociokultūrinėje raidoje. Remiantis mokslinės literatūros analize ir empirinio tyrimo duomenimis, apibendrinta individuali asmenų sporto paveldo kaupimo ir saugojimo patirtis, pristatytos sporto paveldo aktualizacijos ir išsaugojimo formos, nustatytos ir išryškintos pagrindinės sporto paveldo kolekcijų kaupimo tendencijos ir įvairovė lokalioje geografinėje Šiaurės Lietuvos teritorijoje. Tiriami populiariausi sklaidos būdai ir erdvės, atskleidžiamas visuomenės požiūris ir nuostatos į sporto daiktų kolekcionavimą, sisteminami sporto paveldo motyvacijos duomenys, nuostatos į kaupimo, saugojimo svarbą, disponavimo būklę, išskiriamos dažniausiai sporto paveldo kolekcijoms kylančios grėsmės. Tyrimo duomenys sisteminami, analizuojami ir aptariami kokybinės turinio analizės (angl. classic content analysis) metodu. Atlikto kokybinio tyrimo pagrindu formuluojamos išvados dėl sporto paveldo saugojimo sąlygų, sklaidos galimybių, reglamentavimo ir teisinio įforminimo.

Straipsnyje išanalizuota arklininkystės situacija Akmenės, Joniškio, Kelmės, Pakruojo, Radviliškio, Šiaulių rajonų ir Šiaulių miesto savivaldybėse. Nustatyta, kad Šiaulių regiono ūkiai laiko apie 17,6%. visų veislinių Lietuvos žirgų, daugiausia lietuviškų veislių: Lietuvos sunkiuosius (26,4%), žemaitukus (10%.), Lietuvos jojamuosius (24,7%), taip pat Baltijos hanoverius (10,8%). Populiarūs Lietuvoje veisiami trakėnai (9,3%.) bei hanoveriai (10,1%). Iš viso Šiaulių regione registruota 20 skirtingų arklių veislių. Daugiausia neveislinių arklių laiko Kelmės savivaldybės gyventojai (56,9%), mažiausia - Šiaulių miesto savivaldybės (0,7%). Kelmės rajone vyrauja smulkūs 1-2 arklių laikytojai, kai tuo tarpu Joniškio rajone auginama 31,1%. visų šio regiono veislinių arklių ir čia vienam laikytojui tenka vidutiniškai 9,4 arklio. Nuo 2011 iki 2013 m. regione arklių skaičius sumažėjo 18%. Labiausiai sumažėjo arklių skaičius Joniškio rajone (42%). Smulkūs, iki 10 arklių laikantys ūkiai vyrauja Pakruojo, Kelmės ir Akmenės rajonuose. Stambiausi arklininkystės ūkiai yra Šiaulių, Joniškio ir Radviliškio rajonuose. Šiaulių krašte arkliai auginami darbui, veislei, sportui, vaikų užimtumui, laisvalaikiui, terapijai, o dalis arklių realizuojama mėsai. Regione labai mažai lenktyninių ir važiuojamojo tipo arklių, nėra ir jiems tinkamų sąlygų - hipodromo ir lenktynių takų. [...] Regiono arklininkystė turi tendenciją vystytis veislininkystės, sporto bei rekreacine veiklos kryptimis ir gali būti perspektyvi. Šioms veikloms būtinas teisinis pagrindas ir mokesčių lengvatos. The article examines horse-breeding situation and trends of further development in Šiauliai region. The situation of horse-breeding has been analyzed in Akmenė, Joniškis, Kelmė, Pakruojis, Radviliškis, Šiauliai districts and Šiauliai city. It has been identified, that in the farms of Šiauliai district there are almost 17.6% of all stock horses grown in Lithuania. The most popular horse breeds, mainly Lithuanian, are the following: Lithuanian Heavy Draught horses (26.4%), Žemaitukai (10%), Lithuanian Saddle horses (24.7%) and Baltic Hanoverians (10.8%). Such breeds as Trakhner (9.3%) and Hanoverians (10.1%) are also quite popular among the Lithuanian horse- breeders. In Šiauliai region there are 20 different horse breeds registered. The highest number of non bloodstock horses was identified in Kelmė district (56,9%) - the lowest in Šiauliai city (0,7% ). Kelmė district is dominated by 1-2 horse keepers, while in Joniškis district there is about 31,1% of all the bloodstock horses kept in Šiauliai region. According the statistical data each horse- breeder in Joniškis district has an average of 9,4 of the horse. Since 2011 up to 2013 total number of the horses bred in Šiauliai region has decreased by 18%, mostly in Joniškis district - 42%. Three of the six largest horse farms situated in Šiauliai district have the status of the breeding-ground (one of A category, one of В category and one of С category). Two horse farms having the status of the breeding- ground are situated in Radviliškis district (one of A category, one of В category). […] While in Pakruojis Akmenė and Šiauliai districts there no registered horse breeding- grounds. Šiauliai district differs among others in the number of horses registered in ecological farms. 14 of the 451 horse registered in ecological farms are in Šiauliai district and 8 in Kelmė district. Small, up to 10 horses farms, are dominated in Pakruojis, Kelmė and Akmenė districts. The largest horse- breeding farms are in Šiauliai, Joniškis and Radviliškis districts. The horses bred in Šiauliai region are mostly kept for work or breeding purposes, also for horseback riding competitions, children's occupation, leisure and therapy. Some horses are sold for breeding or sport purposes to foreign countries; some are used for tourism or educational purposes, while a part of the heavy draught horses are sold for meat production. The number of racing and harness horses is very low in the region. This is because of the lack of proper conditions - properly equipped racecourses and racing tracks. In Šiauliai region there is a number of entities providing educational, touring services, special occupational programs for children and disabled people. There are horses suitable for these purposes. The herds of young (0-8 years) horses are dominant. The horse- breeding of the region has a tendency to develop in the fields of bloodstock breeding, sports or recreational activities and would be more perspective if such groups of local community as children, young people, disabled, therapists and scientists would be involved. However for this the legal basis and tax exemptions are essential.

Lietuvoje galvijų auginimas yra pirmoji pagal svarbą gyvulininkystės Saka. Tačiau staigūs kainų svyravimai ir nevienodos pieno pardavimo sąlygos pastebimai sumažino smulkiųjų pieno gamintojų skaičių. Mažėja ūkininkų suinteresuotumas plėtoti gyvulininkystę. Šiaulių apskrities rajonuose galvijų ir karvių skaičius kito nevienodai. 2013 m. gegužės mėn. daugiausia galvijų (30004 vnt.) bei karvių (12931 vnt.) buvo Kelmės r., kas sudarė atitinkamai 31,9% nuo visų galvijų ir 29,9% nuo visų karvių laikomųvnt.)beikarvių Šiaulių krašte. Kontroliuojamų karvių ir karvių bandų skaičius atskiruose Šiaulių krašto rajonuose svyruoja ir yra gana įvairus. Vidutinis karvių bandos dydis Akmenės r. buvo 4,6; Joniškio r. - 5,3; Kelmės r. - 4,5; Pakruojo r. - 7,0; Radviliškio r. - 6,1; Šiaulių r. - 5,3 vnt. Šiaurės Lietuvos regiono analizuojamuose rajonuose šis rodiklis vidutiniškai sudarė 5,2 vnt., arba buvo 21,4% didesnis nei visos Lietuvos vidurkis. Šiaulių krašto rajonuose daugiausia bandų (31,5%), kuriose kontroliuojamų karvių produktyvumas siekia vidutiniškai 6001-7000 kg pieno per laktaciją. Mažiausiai bandų (2,1%), kuriose primilžis siekia 4000 kg ir mažiau. Apie 5,0% bandų, kuriose kontroliuojamų karvių produktyvumas siekia 8001 kg pieno ir daugiau. Tačiau šio regiono ūkiuose labai silpnai vystoma mėsinė galvijininkystė.

Straipsnyje išanalizuota kiaulininkystės situacija Akmenės, Joniškio, Kelmės, Pakruojo, Radviliškio ir Šiaulių rajonų ūkiuose. Nustatyta, kad 2012 m. liepos 1 d. Šiaulių apskrities 6 rajonų savivaldybių ūkiuose laikytos 150888 kiaulės, kurios sudarė 26,1% nuo viso šalyje auginamų kiaulių skaičiaus. Daugiausia kiaulių auginta Radviliškio ir Akmenės rajonuose (27,0 ir 21,8%), mažiausia - Šiaulių rajone (0,1%). Gyventojų tankis šiam verslui atskiruose rajonuose įtakos neturi. 2012 m. liepos 1 d. regione kiaules augino 288 ūkininkai ir šeimos ūkiai bei 15 žemės ūkio bendrovių ir įmonių. Kiaulių pasiskirstymo vidurkis visų 6 rajonų minėtuose ūkiuose sudarė atitinkamai 5,1 ir 94,9% (net 73,6% visų regiono kiaulių laikyta penkiuose stambiuose - virš 14000 vnt. gyvulių kompleksuose). Taigi regione yra susidariusi neracionali kiaulininkystės sektoriaus struktūra: vyrauja smulkūs ūkiai (83,5% ūkių turi tik 1-9 kiaules), kiaulienos gamyba sukoncentruota 5 stambiuose kompleksuose, beveik nėra tvaraus dydžio (nuo 2 iki 5 tūkst. kiaulių) ūkių. Iš regione esančių 303 kiaulininkystės ūkių, 98,7% yra prekiniai ūkiai ir 1,3%- veislynai. Stambūs kiaulininkystės ūkiai yra labiau modernizuoti. Šiaurės Lietuvos regionui svarbus vaidmuo tenka kiaulių veislininkystės sistemoje. Čia yra AB „Lietuvos veislininkystė“ (Šiaulių г.), kuriai nuo 2012 m. rugpjūčio mėn. priskirtas ir kiaulių veislininkystės skyrius (Radviliškio г., buvusi Valstybinė kiaulių veislininkystės stotis). Regione yra 4 kiaulių veislynai [...] Although pig farming is the second (after cattle fanning) most important branch of stockbreeding in Lithuania, pork supply makes up only 50-60% with the remaining 40-50% being imported. In the article the situation of pig farming have been analyzed by Akmenė, Joniškis, Kelmė, Pakruojis, Radviliškis and Šiauliai districts. It was indicated, that as of the 1st of July 2012, there were 150888 pigs kept in farms throughout the six districts of Šiauliai region, which constitutes 26.1% of the total number of pigs kept in Lithuania. The largest number of pigs was recorded in Radviliškis and Akmenė districts (27.0 and 21.8% respectively), with the smallest number in Šiauliai district (0.1%). Varied population density in different districts of the region has no impact on this field of business. As of the 1st July of 2012, in the region there were 288 farmers and family farms, as well as 15 agricultural companies and enterprises producing pigs. The average distribution of pigs in the above holdings in all 6 districts was 5.1 and 94.9% respectively (73.6 % of the total pigs in region are kept in five large-scale complexes with more than 14000 animals). It means that an irrational structure of pig farming has formed in the region: small farms dominate (83.5% of the holdings keep only 1-9 pigs), pig production is concentrated in 5 large-scale complexes, there are practically no farms of stable size (2000 to 5000 pigs). Quite a large part of family farms and small farmers raise pigs partially ecologically by using only feed of their own production. These are holdings of extensive practice which fatten pigs to greater weight: approximately 110-130 kg. Agricultural companies/enterprises and large farmers raise pigs intensively: during the period of 5-7 months pigs are fattened to live weight of approximately 100 kg and sold on the home or foreign markets. Of the 303 pig farms in the region, 98.7% are commercial farms and 1.3% is breeding centres. The large pig farms are well modernised. […] Unfortunately, all the five large-scale complexes do not buy breeding boars and gilts from local Lithuanian breeding centres as they get them from Denmark. North Lithuania region plays an important role in the system of pig breeding. Joint-stock company "Lietuvos veislininkystė" (Šiauliai district) is situated there, under the authority of which department of pig breeding is placed since August 2012 (in Radviliškis district, the ex-State Pig Breeding Station). In the region there are four pig breeding centres (1 for the pig breed of genetic pool: Lithuanian Native and Lithuanian White of the old genotype, and 3 for cultural pig breeds: 1 for Landrace, 1 for Yorkshire and 1 for the active population or the improved Lithuanian White). In the breeding centres for cultural breeds selection process is directed at increasing fertility and milk yield and at improving fattening and meatiness traits. Two breeding centres stand out. Agricultural joint-stock company "Gražionių bekonas" in Radviliškis district is the largest breeding centre for the Landrace pigs breed, and Closed joint-stock company "Berka" in Kelmė district is the only breeding centre in the country for the improved Lithuanian White pigs breed.

Straipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti jaunimo užimtumo situacijos pokyčius. Aptartos priemonės jaunimo užimtumui didinti. Duomenų analizė parodė, kad jaunimo užimtumo problemos yra labai sudėtingos ir negali būti išspręstos tik Darbo biržos ar Sodros jėgomis. Jaunimui labai stinga žinių apie greitai kintančią situaciją darbo rinkoje. Duomenų analizė parodė, kad geriausi rezultatai gaunami, kai šioje veikloje dalyvauja savivaldybių institucijos, darbdavių asociacijos, verslo inkubatoriai ir nevyriausybinės organizacijos. [...] Since 2009 the possibility of youth employment in Šiauliai region increased by about one and a half times. The fastest growth of youth employment was in the districts of Akmene (2.2 times), Joniškis (2 times), Radviliškis and Šiauliai (1.8 times). The youth employment contracts of indefinite duration increase. During the month of September the largest number of employed young people was in Šiauliai and suburban area and the least number was in Pakruojis region. Using active labor market policies since 2009 more than a thousand young unemployed people were employed. The subsidized employment measures have helped to employ the largest number (1330) of young people in 2010. But it was revealed that a significant proportion of young people employed by them soon leave the workplace in search for better working conditions and higher wages. Many people of this group, who acquired an initial professional experience in Lithuania, travel to other countries, where wages are higher. Statistics show that last year more than half of the graduates joined the social sciences programs. These students, choosing a degree course, ignored the prevailing labor market demand. In Lithuania felt the technical science graduates lack. Thoughtlessly chosen field of study graduates are unemployed. The orientation of students to the exact, i. d. technical sciences could be one of the solutions to solve the problem. It is important to organize training system so that young people could gain the skills they need in the labor market. One would anticipate that the state support more trainees receive private companies. Practice time recruiting young people receive wages that compensate the state. Available to educational institutions to set up businesses in which students can make studying the law. This young people is granted the opportunity to learn and grow, to develop their professional competence. Projects, that help young personality in the foothold labor market, are as one of the youth employment opportunities. So we should look for opportunities to continue the successful projects. Also continuing of using "Sodra" pay compensation measure is reasonable. It is proposed to adjust the pay of compensation not for the young people's first work, but for young people up to a certain age, for example up to 25 years. Some young people, studying at schools and universities, find work during the summer. Under the current regulation practice, they have been removed from this group. They do not meet the conditions – first job as an employeeSo the research object is unemployed young people registered in Šiauliai region. Research objective is to analyze the unemployment situation of young people. We are analyzing youth unemployment in Šiauliai region and opportunities to improve the situation. Research methods: scientific literature analysis, document's and secondary statistics analysis, periodic press reviews, statistic data and state institution information analysis. Research based on the newest data from January, 2011 to August, 2012. Studies are organized and their data is processed with the Šiauliai University Rural Development Research Centre. Youth unemployment in Šiauliai region on 1st January, 2012 , comparing with the same period of the last year, decreased by 1 percent and on 1st January. In 2012 it was equal to 12.8 percent. To compare with the situation in 2009, when the labor exchange registered more than 7.5 thousand young people, on 1st October, 2012 the registration of young people decreased by 1.3 times. The registration of Šiauliai City young people decreased more than 1.5 times. The more complicated situation young people face in rural areas. [...]

Švietimui, kaip svarbiam visuomenės raidos veiksniui ir socialinių reformų pagrindui, besikuriančios informacinės visuomenės uždaviniai yra ypač aktualūs, informacinės ir komunikacinės technologijos (IKT) turi įtakos švietimo organizacijos (konkrečiai mokyklos) vadybai. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama viena iš vadybinių funkcijų - valdymas. Tyrimo tikslas - ištirti veiksnius, lemiančius IKT taikymą įvairių tipų mokyklų valdyme. Tiriamieji - Šiaulių apskrities miestų vidurinių (gimnazijų), pagrindinių ir pradinių mokyklų vadovai (direktoriai ir jų pavaduotojai). Dokumentų analizė parodė, kad pedagogų kvalifikacinė kompetencija siejama su IKT naudojimu ugdyme, tačiau ji ligi šiol nesiejama (kol kas yra tik projektas) su IKT naudojimo gebėjimais. Tyrimu nustatyti veiksniai, turintys įtakos respondentų informacinei-kompiuterinei kompetencijai: dalyvavimas kompiuterinio raštingumo kursuose, galimybė dirbti asmeniniu kompiuteriu namuose, kompiuterizuota darbo vieta. Kompiuterių pasiskirstymą mokyklose lemia ne tik mokyklos tipas, mokinių bei mokytojų skaičius, bet ir netolygus finansavimas, mokyklos bendruomenės aktyvumas, dalyvavimas projektuose, rėmėjų paieška. Mokyklų vadovų galimybės naudotis kompiuterine technika mokyklos valdyme tebėra ribotos, nes kompiuteris dažniausiai naudojamas tik interneto paslaugoms bei dokumentų parengimui, papildomai ugdymo medžiagai rengti, epizodiškai naudojamos specialios, valdymą palengvinančios programos. IKT strategijos kūrimas bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje priklauso nuo vadovo požiūrio ir gebėjimo suburti komandą konkretiems tikslams įgyvendinti. Forming ICT society's tasks are especially actual for Education as important society's factor and social reform's basis. In the article are discussed the problems of ICT usage in management in Lithuanian ëducational organizations (schools), factors influencing ICT usage in school governing (control). Informational technologies and ICT innovations and their usage in school management are a spécifie process. Documents analysis and interprétation helped to diagnose outer and inner factors, influencing ICT usage in school's management. Quizing directors and statistic analysis let to diagnose factual ICT usage in management of Šiauliai region elementary, basie, secondary schools (gymnasiums), showed (stressed) the factors connected with schools' organizational peculiarities and directors' attitude. In the article are given 2004 years research technique and its results. Quized people are Šiauliai district towns: Akmenė, Joniškis, Kelmė, Kuršėnai, Pakruojis, Radviliškis, Šiauliai comprehensive schools' principais and assistants. There are made concluded survey and documents analysis.

Straipsnyje bandoma suregistruoti visus iki šiol žinomus vėlyvuosius Šiaurės Vidurio Lietuvos senkapius, trumpai aptarti jų radinius bei pasekti šio regiono apgyvendinimą po kalavijuočių ordino agresijos. Taip pat aptariama archeologinė medžiaga, surinkta buvusioje Lietuvos Žiemgalos teritorijoje, t. y. dabartiniuose Akmenės, Joniškio, Pakruojo ir Pasvalio rajonuose, rytinėje Mažeikių bei šiaurinėje Šiaulių rajonų dalyse. XVI–XVII a. datuojamų kapų gausa leidžia manyti, jog Šiaurės Vidurio Lietuva tuo metu buvo palyginti tankiai apgyvendinta. Tiesa, šioje teritorijoje dar nėra žinoma ir tyrinėta XIII–XIV a. pradžios laidojimo paminklų, todėl nežinia, kiek Lietuvos Žiemgala nukentėjo nuo Livonijos ordino puldinėjimų. Pavieniai atsitiktiniai radiniai rodo, jog Lietuvos Žiemgaloje buvo laidojama ir po XIII a. Turimi archeologijos laidojimo paminklų duomenys leidžia manyti, jog nuo XVI a. gyventojų čia daugėjo. Didžioji dauguma šios teritorijos vėlyvųjų senkapių priskiriami XVI a. antrajai pusei–XVII a. Dalis vėlyvųjų senkapių įrengti senuosiuose kapinynuose po kelių šimtų ar net tūkstančio metų, tuo tarpu kita dalis senkapių XV–XVII a. perauga iš pagoniškųjų į krikščioniškuosius, nors paprotys laidoti mirusiuosius su papuošalais išliko iki XVI a. vidurio ir galutinai išnyko tik XVII a. pabaigoje. Vėlyvuosiuose kapuose atsiranda ir naujų, jau su krikščioniškąja tradicija susijusių įkapių (žalvariniai žiedai su kristogramomis bei įrėžtomis raidėmis „INRI“ ir „IHS“). Dalis vėlyvųjų senkapių įkurti naujose, kur iki tol nelaidota, greičiausiai ir neapgyvendintose vietose. The article tries to register all presently known late tombs of Northern Central Lithuania, briefly describes artefacts found in them and traces populating of this region after invasion of the Livonian Order. It also discusses archeological material collected in the territory of the former Lithuanian Žiemgala (Zemgale), i.e. e. in present districts of Akmenė, Joniškis, Pakruojis and Pasvalys, in the eastern part of Mažeikiai and the northern part of Šiauliai districts. Numerous tombs dated by the 16th-17th centuries allow assuming that Northern Central Lithuania at that period was relatively densely populated. On the other hand, this territory has not been investigated yet with respect to burial monuments of the 13th-14th centuries, this is why it is not known how the Lithuanian Žiemgala suffered from attacks of the Livonian Order. Available archeological data of burial monuments allow assuming that from the 16th c. population was growing in the area. The majority of the late tombs in this territory are dated back to the second half of the 16th – 17th c. A part of the late tombs was located in old graveyards of several hundred or even a thousand years old, meanwhile another part of tombs in the 15th-17th c. transformed from pagan into Christian, although the tradition to bury the dead with ornamentations survived till the 16th century and totally disappeared only at the end of the 17th c. The late tombs contain also artefacts of the Christian tradition (copper rings with Christograms and indented letters “INRI” and “HIS”). Some tombs were made in newly established graveyards and in presumably unpopulated areas.

Lietuvoje, taip pat ir Šiaulių apskrityje, gyventojų skaičius mažėja. Demografinius pokyčius lemia neigiamas natūralusis gyventojų prieaugis dėl sunkios ekonominės situacijos, gyventojų migracijos kryptys ir jos dydžio pokyčiai. Pensinio amžiaus žmonių kasmet daugėja. Kyla problema, kaip patenkinti socialinius gyventojų poreikius. Analizuojama socialinės paramos ir paslaugų gavėjų dinamika Šiaulių regione. Pateikiama socialinių paslaugų, teikiamų namuose, poreikio analizė. Nagrinėjama invalidų skaičiaus didėjimo problema Šiaulių apskrityje. Siūlomas valdžios institucijų ir verslo aplinkos atstovų bendradarbiavimo modelis, sprendžiant socialinės paramos problemas. Lithuania's accession to the European Union requires awareness of the consequences so as to work out special means in order to minimize their negative impact. It is forecasted that mandatory work payment and social guarantees will affect labor costs. The analysis carried out has revealed that the rate of unemployment has a tendency to rise until 2003. It has been stated that the following factors show influence on unemployment rate: Low labor efficiency. Insignificant co-operation between market members. Unstable raw material markets. Undeveloped business services. Concentration of investments in the centers. Difficult economic situation has revealed a growth tendency of persons living on social security benefits. Relying on the analysis of the social economic situation in the Region the following conclusions have been made: Unfavorable business environment influences growth of unemployment rate. Number of families living on social security benefits will rise in Akmenė and Kelmė Regions. Social security infrastructure programs are functioning most actively in Pakruojis and Joniškis Regions. General satisfaction of social care needs in Šiauliai County is 60–80%. Satisfaction of social care needs in 2002 is minimal. For the accession to the EU period deep social environment analysis has to be made in order to construct a mechanism to satisfy social care needs in Šiauliai Region. Market economy requires development of social care services at home. Needs for social care at home are satisfied 76.9 %

Tyrimai atlikti 1993-2000 m. Lietuvos žemės ūkio universitete. Lietuva turi palankias sąlygas grūdų ūkio plėtrai, tačiau turėtų būti atsižvelgiama į tinkamiausius jų auginimo arealus. Juos suformavus, regionų gamtinės sąlygos leistų atpiginti grūdų gamybą, turėtų įtakos konkurencingumui rinkoje. Norint nustatyti perspektyvoje tinkamiausius žiemkenčių auginimo ir koncentravimo arealus, nagrinėtas jų auginimo arealų išsidėstymas bei derlingumas pagal rajonus. Tyrimu nustatyta, kad žieminių kviečių auginimui tinkamiausia beveik visa Vidurio zona, šiek tiek mažiau - Panevėžio rajonas. Perspektyvai siūlomas toks žieminių kviečių auginimo arealas, kurio vakarinė riba eitų per Mažeikių, Akmenės, Šiaulių, Kelmės, Raseinių, Jurbarko rajonus, rytinė - per Biržų, Kupiškio, Panevėžio, Jonavos, Kauno, Prienų, Alytaus ir Marijampolės rajonus. Patys tinkamiausi - Pasvalio, Pakruojo ir Šakių rajonai. Išaiškinta, kad kvietrugių auginimo ateityje arealai galėtų būti ne tik Vidurio zona, bet ir Vakarų zonos (pvz., Kretingos, Šilutės, Plungės, Šilalės, Tauragės, Raseinių) bei Rytų zonos (pvz., Kupiškio, Ukmergės, Širvintų, Vilniaus, Šalčininkų, Lazdijų, Kaišiadorių, Utenos) rajonai. Rugių auginimo arealai - Pietryčių Lietuvos pazonis ir Šilutės rajonas, kur vyrauja velėniniai jauriniai priesmėlio bei smėlio dirvožemiai. Nemažai rugių auginama ir kituose Rytų zonos rajonuose, tačiau besiribojančiuose su Vidurio zona jų dalis javų pasėlių struktūroje mažesnė. Daugiau rugių sėjama ir Vakarų zonoje. Ateičiai rugių auginimo arealai galėtų būti Pietryčių Lietuvos pazonis ir Šilutės rajonas. Rugių auginimui tinka ir kaimyniniai rajonai. Jų auginimo rajonas yra ir centrinė Žemaitija (Plungės, Telšių, Šilalės rajonai). The research was carried out during 1993-2000 at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. There are favourable conditions for development of crop production in Lithuania, however, the suitability of areas for their production must be taken into consideration. After establishing those areas, natural conditions of the regions should allow reducing the price of crop production and influence the market competition. For establishing the area’s most suitable for growing and concentrating winter crops in perspective, the location of their growing areas and crops capacity among the regions in 1993-2000 were investigated. The cartogram of wheat crop area in 1993-2000, when it comprised about 25.5% of all crop area, reveals the region’s most suitable for winter crop growing. It is almost the whole Middle zone, however, the Panevėžys region is less suitable for this purpose. The averages of winter crop capacity in the regions in 1993-2000 were in resilient correlation with soil productivity scale - in all farms it’s depended on soil productivity by 73.9%. The average of winter crop capacity in all Lithuanian farms in 1993-2000 was 2.74 t/ha. The crop capacity was highest in the Šakiai, Joniškis and Pasvalys regions. After summarizing the research results, the following area for wheat crop growing were suggested: the west boundary of this area should cross the Mažeikiai, Akmenė, Šiauliai, Kelmė, Raseiniai and Jurbarkas regions, the east boundary should cross the Biržai, Kupiškis, Panevėžys, Jonava, Kaunas, Prienai, Alytus and Marijampolė regions. The most suitable are Pasvalys, Pakruojis and Šakiai regions. The areas for future growing of triticale may be used not only the Middle zone, but also the West zone, such as the Kretinga, Šilutė, Plunge, Šilalė, Tauragė and Raseiniai regions, and the East zone regions such as Kupiškis, Ukmergė, Širvintos, Vilnius, Šalčininkai, Lazdijai, Kaišiadorys and Utena. The areas for rye crop growing lye in the subzone of Southeast Lithuania and Šilutė region, where turf sand and sandy soils are predominant. The large part of rye crop is growing in other regions of the East zone, however, in regions near the Middle zone their part in the crop structure is smaller. More rye crops are sowed in the West zone. The average capacity of rye crops on all Lithuanian farms depends on soil productivity by 63.0%. The largest rye crop capacity in 1993-2000 was observed in Joniškis, Pakruojis and Radviliškis regions. In future, the subzone of Southeast Lithuania and Šilutė region should be used as the areas for rye crop growing. The neighbouring regions are suitable for rye crop growing (Žemaitija - Plungė, Telšiai and Šilalė regions).