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The Changbaishan volcano, located in northeast China, produced a large amount of charcoal during the "Millennium Eruption" (c. 946 CE). In this paper, we report a high-resolution date for the eruption using multiple methods applied to the fossil charcoal and living trees, including wood anatomy, radiocarbon dating and tree-ring cross-dating. In addition, we develop a new floating annual-resolution tree-ring chronology spanning nearly 200 years that provides information about paleoclimate conditions. In our study, we identified 60 samples of charcoal as Larix olgensis based on anatomical characteristics and geographical location. Using these materials, we dated the eruption to the winter of 946 CE based on a combination of radiocarbon dating, traditional dendrochronological cross-dating and cambial cell growth status. This allowed us to develop an L. olgensis tree-ring width chronology covering 764–946 CE and 1715–2016 CE, with significant sensitivities to April–September temperature (p < 0.05). The tree-ring data have great potential to indicate extreme climate events; for example, we identify an extremely cold year in 903 CE. Such marker years can improve the reliability and accuracy of tree-ring data. Our study provides direct and precise tree-ring evidence for volcanic eruptions and anomalous climate years in the Middle Ages. [Display omitted] • Cambial activity enables us to date the Millennium Eruption to winter 946 CE. • The first chronology reaching the Middle Ages so far developed in northeastern China. • The chronology was assembled from volcanic charcoal and living larch. • This chronology is sensitive to temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]